| 词条 | Ryazan | ||
| 释义 |
| en_name = Ryazan | ru_name = Рязань | loc_name1 = | loc_lang1 = | loc_name2 = | loc_lang2 = | loc_name3 = | loc_lang3 = | loc_name4 = | loc_lang4 = | other_name = | other_lang = | image_skyline = Ryazan collage.jpg | image_caption = Ryazan attractions | image_map = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|54|36|N|39|42|E|display=inline,title}} | image_flag = Flag of Ryazan.svg | flag_caption = | image_coa = Coat of Arms of Ryazan large.png | coa_caption = | anthem = | anthem_ref = | holiday = | holiday_ref = | federal_subject = Ryazan Oblast | federal_subject_ref = | adm_district_jur = | adm_district_jur_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = city of oblast significance of Ryazan | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = [1] | adm_citydistrict_jur = | adm_citydistrict_type = | adm_citydistrict_jur_ref = | adm_selsoviet_jur = | adm_selsoviet_type = | adm_selsoviet_jur_ref = | capital_of = | capital_of_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = Ryazan Oblast | adm_ctr_of1_ref = [1] | adm_ctr_of2 = Ryazansky District | adm_ctr_of2_ref = | adm_ctr_of3 = city of oblast significance of Ryazan | adm_ctr_of3_ref = [1] | inhabloc_cat = City | inhabloc_cat_ref = [1] | inhabloc_type = | inhabloc_type_ref = | mun_district_jur = | mun_district_jur_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = Ryazan Urban Okrug | urban_okrug_jur_ref = [5] | urban_settlement_jur = | urban_settlement_jur_ref = | rural_settlement_jur = | rural_settlement_jur_ref = | inter_settlement_territory = | inter_settlement_territory_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = Ryazan Urban Okrug | mun_admctr_of1_ref = [5] | mun_admctr_of2 = Ryazansky Municipal District | mun_admctr_of2_ref = [1] | leader_title = City manager | leader_title_ref = | leader_name = Oleg Bulekov [2] | leader_name_ref = | representative_body = City Duma | representative_body_ref = | elevation_m = | area_km2 = 224.163 | area_km2_ref = [3] | pop_2010census = 524927 | pop_2010census_rank = 31st | pop_2010census_ref = [4] | pop_latest = 532772 | pop_latest_date = 2015 | pop_latest_ref = | population_demonym = | time_zone_ref = | established_date = 1095 | established_title = First mentioned | established_date_ref = | current_cat_date = | current_cat_date_ref = | abolished_date = | abolished_date_ref = | postal_codes = 390000-390048 | postal_codes_ref = | dialing_codes = 4912 | dialing_codes_ref = | website = http://www.admrzn.ru }} Ryazan ({{lang-rus|Рязань|p=rʲɪˈzanʲ|a=ru-Ryazan.ogg}}) is a city and the administrative center of Ryazan Oblast, Russia, located on the Oka River {{convert|196|km|sp=us}} southeast of Moscow. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=524,927|p2002=521,560|p1989=514,638}} It was previously known as Peryslavl-Ryazansky (until 1776). History{{See also|Principality of Ryazan}}The area of Ryazan was settled by Slavic tribes around 6th century.[5] It is argued that the Ryazan kremlin was founded in 800, by Slavic settlers,{{citation needed|date=May 2007}} as a part of their drive into territory previously populated by Finnic peoples.{{citation needed|date=November 2008}} Initially it was built of wood, gradually replaced by masonry. The oldest preserved part of the Kremlin dates back to the 12th century. However, the first written mention of the city, under the name of Pereslavl, dates to 1095. At that time, the city was part of the independent Principality of Ryazan, which had existed since 1078 and which was centered on the old city of Ryazan. The first ruler of Ryazan was supposedly Yaroslav Sviatoslavich, Prince of Ryazan and Murom (cities of Kievan Rus'). The lands of Ryazan, situated on the border of forest and steppe, suffered numerous invasions from the south as well as from the north, carried out by a variety of military forces including Cumans, but particularly the Principality was in a conflict with Vladimir-Suzdal. By the end of the 12th century, the capital of Duchy was burnt several times by the armies of Suzdal. Ryazan was the first Russian city to be sacked by the Mongol horde of Batu Khan. On December 21, 1237, it was thoroughly devastated and never fully recovered. As result of the sack, the seat of the principality was moved about {{convert|55|km|sp=us}} to the town of Pereslavl-Ryazansky, which subsequently took the name of the destroyed capital. The site of the old capital now carries the name of Staraya Ryazan (Old Ryazan), close to Spassk-Ryazansky. In 1380, during the Battle of Kulikovo, the Grand Prince of Ryazan Oleg and his men came under a coalition of Mamai, a strongman of the Tatar Golden Horde, and the Grand Duke of Lithuania, against the armies under the command of the Grand Prince of Vladimir, Dmitry Donskoy. Late in the 13th century, the Princes of Ryazan moved their capital to Pereslavl, which is known as Ryazan from the 16th century (officially renamed in 1778). The principality was finally incorporated into that of Moscow in 1521. Soviet periodRyazan was bombed by Germany in World War II and was an Extermenent Camp of Jews and Poles, 1917-1991. After 1945Immediately after World War II, rapid development of the city began. Ryazan became a major industrial, scientific, and military center of the European part of Russia. Massive factories were constructed in the city, occupying the entire urban areas. Such establishments included the largest refinery in Europe, the Soviet Union's only producer of potato-harvesting equipment - Ryazselmash Plant, accounting machines, a machine-tool plant, heavy forging equipment, foundry Centrolit, chemical fiber company, instrument factory and others. Leading areas of industry are heavy and non-ferrous metallurgy, oil refining and machine-tool industry, mechanical engineering and food industries. More than half of the plants produce for export. The military potential of the city has also developed: Ryazan became the main training center of the Airborne Forces of the Soviet Union - a city surrounded by numerous training centers and military training-grounds. Several positioned MANPADS protect the urban sky. Besides the Airborne School, Ryazan hosts the Automobile School and Institute of Communications, a regiment of railway troops, airbase strategic bombers, and a training center in Diaghilev. Ryazan developed particularly rapidly while Nadezhda Nikolaevna Chumakova served as Chair of the Council of People's Deputies of Ryazan and Ryazan mayor. Under Chumakova, the city's population increased more than seven times: from 72 to 520 thousand people. Chumakova oversaw the construction of social and cultural amenities, more than 20 urban areas, and hundreds of kilometers of trolleybus, tram and bus routes. Landscaping became a fundamental strategy for the development of the city at that time. A "green" ring of forests, parks, and garden associations surrounded Ryazan, with large parks located in each area of the city, and compositions of flowers and vertical gardening became customary, not only for the main streets, but also for industrial zones and factory buildings. Ryazan repeatedly won recognition among the cities of the Soviet Union for its landscaping. During her 26 years in office, Nadezhda Chumakova often accepted awards of the Red Banner of the USSR on behalf of Ryazan. Post-Soviet periodIn September 1999, Ryazan became one of the cities involved in the Russian apartment bombings episode, though it did not actually experience a successful bomb attack. ArchitectureRyazan's buildings are too diverse to be characterised by any particular architectural style. Many famous Russian architects worked in Ryazan. Example: Kazakov, who worked and died in this city, built the house of Politech University. Ryazan's churches were built between the 15th and 19th centuries. Ryazan classicism is very interesting. In 1900s style moderne was popular. Soviet Constructivism was an important step in Ryazan architecture. TourismRyazan is one of the leading tourist destinations in the Central Russia. The monuments of history and culture attract many tourists. The Ryazan Kremle is famous symbol and main landmark in Ryzan. It is ensemble of The Old main of Ryazan fortress(11 cen.), beautiful churches (15 - 20 cen.) and Palace of Oleg. Sobornaia Bell is one of the highest bells of The Orthodox Church. Ryazan State Museum of Art is one of the largest museums of Russian and European arts. It has paintings of F. Guardi, A. van Ostade, V. V. Kandinsky and others. In the Political system of Ryazan, the legislature, a city council is the Ryazan City Duma. Kind of the lower house of the municipality - Youth Parliament, preparing draft legislative initiatives. Executive power in the city of Ryazan carried by the administration headed by the city manager. Control over the activities of the authorities is administered by the Public Chamber of the city of Ryazan, work with youth involved in the headquarters of youth activists. Ryazan is also a system of community councils areas which are deliberative bodies coordinating the work of services housing and communal services and the Department of Public Works on urban areas. In addition to the city, is also located in the complex regional authorities - Ryazan Oblast Duma, Government and the Governor of the Ryazan Oblast. In two urban and one suburban residence being received at the highest level. ClimateRyazan has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb).[6] The highest temperature recorded is {{convert|39.5|C|F}} in August 2010 while the lowest temperature recorded is {{convert|-40.9|C|F}} in January 1940.[13] {{Weather box|location=Ryazan |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan record high C=6.3 |Feb record high C=7.8 |Mar record high C=17.8 |Apr record high C = 29.0 |May record high C = 33.5 |Jun record high C = 36.7 |Jul record high C = 38.9 |Aug record high C = 39.5 |Sep record high C = 33.0 |Oct record high C = 24.2 |Nov record high C = 15.8 |Dec record high C = 8.9 |year record high C = 39.5 |Jan high C = -4.6 |Feb high C = -4.4 |Mar high C = 1.5 |Apr high C = 11.8 |May high C = 19.8 |Jun high C = 23.2 |Jul high C = 25.1 |Aug high C = 23.3 |Sep high C = 16.9 |Oct high C = 9.2 |Nov high C = 0.7 |Dec high C = -3.5 |year high C = 9.9 |Jan mean C = -7.5 |Feb mean C = -7.9 |Mar mean C = -2.3 |Apr mean C = 6.6 |May mean C = 13.6 |Jun mean C = 17.2 |Jul mean C = 19.2 |Aug mean C = 17.3 |Sep mean C = 11.6 |Oct mean C = 5.4 |Nov mean C = -1.8 |Dec mean C = -6.2 |year mean C = 5.4 |Jan low C = -10.5 |Feb low C = -11.2 |Mar low C = -5.6 |Apr low C = 2.4 |May low C = 8.1 |Jun low C = 12.0 |Jul low C = 14.1 |Aug low C = 12.4 |Sep low C = 7.6 |Oct low C = 2.4 |Nov low C = -4.0 |Dec low C = -9.0 |year low C = 1.6 |Jan record low C = -40.9 |Feb record low C = -34.8 |Mar record low C = -28.6 |Apr record low C = -18.6 |May record low C = -5.0 |Jun record low C = -1.8 |Jul record low C = 3.5 |Aug record low C = 0.4 |Sep record low C = -7.3 |Oct record low C = -14.7 |Nov record low C = -24.5 |Dec record low C = -39.7 |year record low C = -40.9 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 38 |Feb precipitation mm = 34 |Mar precipitation mm = 26 |Apr precipitation mm = 38 |May precipitation mm = 34 |Jun precipitation mm = 64 |Jul precipitation mm = 80 |Aug precipitation mm = 57 |Sep precipitation mm = 51 |Oct precipitation mm = 64 |Nov precipitation mm = 46 |Dec precipitation mm = 43 |year precipitation mm = 575 |source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net[7] }} Administrative and municipal statusRyazan is the administrative center of the oblast[8] and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Ryazansky District, even though it is not a part of it.{{citation needed|date=April 2010}} As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Ryazan[8]—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.{{citation needed|date=April 2010}} As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Ryazan is incorporated as Ryazan Urban Okrug.[9] City divisionsThe city of Ryazan is divided into four administrative districts: Moskovsky, Oktyabrsky, Sovetsky, and Zheleznodorozhny. EconomyMajor industries in the city include electronics and oil refining. Ryazan has a reputation of being one Russia's electronics hubs. Around a quarter of the city's population is affected by the electronics industry. The most notable company in this sector is Plazma (company), which produces plasma screens for products including tanks and locomotives. In 1994, the company created a 50-50 research and development joint-venture with the South Korean company Orion PDP. Plazma's expertise helped Orion PDP become one of the world's leading manufacturers of plasma television panels. In addition to plasma technology, Plazma produces LCD screens, industrial gas lasers and medical lasers. The company exports its products to foreign countries, including to the United States, China and Israel.[10] Another key industry in the city is oil refining. The Ryazan Oil Refinery, owned by Rosneft, is one of the city's largest employers. The plant can refine 17 million metric tons of oil per year.[10] The economy of Ryazan benefits from a large number of skilled engineers graduating from the State Radioengineering University, and from the city's close proximity to Moscow, which can be reached in 90 minutes by car.[10] The strategic bomber base Dyagilevo is just west of the city, and the air base of Alexandrovo is to the southeast as is the Turlatovo Airport. TransportSince 1864, there is a railway connection between Ryazan and Moscow.[11] The city has two train stations, {{Interlanguage link multi|Ryazan I|ru|3=Рязань I|vertical-align=sup}} and {{Interlanguage link multi|Ryazan II|ru|3=Рязань II|vertical-align=sup}}, both of which are part of the Ryazan transit system within the city. EducationAn economically important educational institution in the city is the Ryazan State Radio Engineering University. The Higher Paratrooper Command Academy used to be Russia's only military school training officers for the airborne forces, giving Ryazan the reputation as the "paratrooper capital". However, in 2010 the institution discontinued enrollment to its paratrooper program, and now focuses on training professional sergeants for the armed forces.[10] The Gorky Library serves Ryazan as well as Ryazan Oblast. It is the largest library in the region. Located In the city center is Ryazan only medical University Ryazan State Medical University. High-tech centerRyazan is one of the leading hubs for high-tech innovation and development in Russia. Thousands of students learn mathematics and engineering at Ryazan State University and Ryazan State Radio Engineering University. It is home to iAGE , whose solutions and technologies help companies automate their digital marketing data-driven campaigns. Software engineering company EPAM Systems has an office in Ryazan . In 2012 Russian search giant Yandex launched the 40MW data center in Sasovo; it's expected to accommodate 100,000 servers by 2019.[12] In addition, one of the company operates in Ryazan is BiznesInterSoft, which develops latest-generation technologies - NoSQL-databases. Civil societyCivil society plays an extensive role of city life . Ryazan constantly working several public oversight organizations. One of them is the Committee to Protect Ryazan Kremlin, founded in 2006 in opposition to the Federal Reserve to transfer ownership Archdiocese, in fact, operates all architectural and cultural supervision in the city. Thanks to the work of environmental organizations in Ryazan adopted a program to clean up illegal dumps, whose presence is indicated by the citizens themselves, created an arboretum, purified water areas [36] work "Green Patrol" . Public Committee Ryazan cycling alone is building velomagistraley in the central part of the city. This activity attracted the attention of the authorities, who promise to build several similar highways passing through the whole territory of Ryazan. Public hearings, which at construction sites in the city is required by law, almost always draw full houses. Often with the construction of many facilities in the city can not undo the damage. ReligionRyazan is the seat of Diocese of Ryazan and Kasimov, an eparchy of the Russian Orthodox Church. Assumption Cathedral of the Ryazan Kremlin is one of the most important cathedrals in the city. Metropolia is the holder of the majority of religious temples in the city and the sole holder of the monasteries. Believers is the cathedral church of All Who Sorrow Church. In addition to them, the city is also located confessional institution Catholics, Lutherans, Baptists, autonomous church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Pentecostals, Seventh-day Adventists (their church is featured on a 2001 Russian stamp), Mormons, Charismatics and Muhtasibat Muslims for whom built the Islamic Cultural Center. CrimeRyazan, like many cities in Russia after the collapse of the Soviet Union, saw a spike in crime during the 1990s. Slonovskii OPG, one of the largest gangs in Russia, operated in the city where they managed to monopolize the downtown area and the criminal underworld in Ryazan. In 1991, the gang became heavily involved with racketeering, newly-privatized industries, motor vehicle sales, real estate, contract killings, and committed armed attacks in the city. By 1995, Slonovskii managed to briefly seize control over all the businesses in Ryazan, but by 1996 law enforcement started to apprehend criminals related to the gang, which was completely eliminated by 2000. At the same time evidence was being built for the court hearing of former mayor and chairman of the city duma, Fyodor Provotorova, the largest trial in Russia at the time. Provotorova held powerful positions in the city for 8 years, and was associated with the activities of the Slonovskii organization. Today, the crime rate in Ryazan is one of the lowest among the cities of the Central Federal District according to the Russian Interior Ministry. In the first six-months of 2012, 579.6 crimes were reported per hundred-thousand people, almost half the Central Federal District average of 839 reported crimes per hundred-thousand people. The low crime rate in Ryazan is often attributed to increased police patrols, the high number of military schools in the city, and voluntary militias which have headquarters located in all city districts. Notable peopleArts
Athletics
Engineering and science
Others
Twin towns and sister cities{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}Ryazan is twinned with:
ReferencesNotes1. ^Law #74-OZ 2. ^ 3. ^БД ПМО Рязанской области. Город Рязань 4. ^{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://russiatrek.org/ryazan-city|title=Ryazan city, Russia travel guide|website=russiatrek.org|access-date=2018-09-06}} 6. ^{{cite journal |author=Peel, M. C. |author2=Finlayson, B. L. |author3=McMahon, T. A. | year=2007 | title= Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification | journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. | volume=11 | pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 | url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf | issn = 1027-5606}} 7. ^1 {{cite web| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/27730.htm| title = Weather and Climate-The Climate of Ryazan| language = Russian| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)| accessdate = 4 April 2016}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 Law #128-OZ 9. ^1 2 Law #75-OZ 10. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/beyond_moscow/ryazan.html|title=Ryazan: Plasma Screens and Pavlov's Dogs |author=Anatoly Medetsky|publisher=The Moscow Times|date=26 Jun 2011}} 11. ^Train Station in Ryazan {{ru icon}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120323173557/http://www.nnov-airport.ru/rus/wokzal_ryazan.html |date=March 23, 2012 }} 12. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.ryazanreg.ru/news/archive/2012/12681 |title=Oleg Kovalyov at Yandex's data center |language=ru |access-date=April 1, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074031/http://www.ryazanreg.ru/news/archive/2012/12681 |archive-date=April 7, 2014 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.muenster.de/stadt/partnerstaedte/portrait-en.html|title=Portrait of Münster: Die Partnerstädte|accessdate=2013-08-07|work=Stadt Münster|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509134659/http://www.muenster.de/stadt/partnerstaedte/portrait-en.html|archivedate=2013-05-09}} Sources
Further reading
External links
3 : Ryazan|Ryazan Governorate|Populated places established in the 11th century |
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