词条 | Rzeczpospolita |
释义 |
Rzeczpospolita Polska ({{IPAc-pl|AUD|Pl-Rzeczpospolita.ogg|rz|e|cz|p|o|'|s|p|o|l|i|t|a}}) is a traditional and official name of the Polish State. It is a compound of {{wikt-lang|pl|rzecz}} "thing, matter" and {{wikt-lang|pl|pospolity|pospolita}} "common", a calque of Latin res publica (res "thing" + publica "public, common"), i.e. republic, in English also rendered commonwealth. In Poland, the word Rzeczpospolita Polska is used exclusively in relation to the Republic of Poland, while any other republic is referred to in Polish as a republika, e.g., Italian Republic — {{lang-pl|Republika Włoska}}. OriginsThe term rzeczpospolita has been used in Poland since the beginning of the 16th century. Originally it was a generic term to denote a state or a commonness. The famous quote by Jan Zamoyski, the Lord Chancellor of the Crown, on the importance of education, is an example of its use: {{Quote|{{lang-pl|Takie będą Rzeczypospolite, jakie ich młodzieży chowanie.}}Such will be the Commonwealths as the upbringing of their youth.|Jan Zamoyski|Foundation Act of the Academy of Zamość; 1600}} The meaning of rzeczpospolita is well described by the term commonwealth. As a result, the literal meaning of Rzeczpospolita Polska is "Polish Commonwealth", or "Republic of Poland". However, the connotation with the term republic may be somewhat misleading in the context of the Polish State within the period of the 16th to the 18th century, because Poland in that time was an elective monarchy and the rzeczpospolita was reflected in the official name, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Three rzeczpospolitasRzeczpospolita is also used in a series of symbolic names referring to three periods in the History of Poland:
(Please note: The above list is by no means a complete list of the various official titles for the Polish State throughout its history; it is simply a list of those which are referred to as a rzeczpospolita.) Other usageExpressions that make use the concept of rzeczpospolita include:
Nowadays, the terms Rzeczpospolita and Rzeczpospolita Polska are used interchangeably, so far as they relate to the Polish State by default. Before 1939, Rzeczpospolita was sometimes abbreviated to Rzplita in written documents, while RP is still a common abbreviation for Rzeczpospolita Polska. While Lithuanian word Žečpospolita is a direct borrowing from Polish, {{lang-ru|Речь Посполитая|Rječ Pospolitaja}}, {{lang-uk|Річ Посполита|Rič Pospolyta}} and {{lang-be|Рэч Паспалітая|Reč Paspalitaja}} are like in Polish literal translations from Latin. All of them refer to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. See also{{Portal|Poland}}
ReferencesExternal links{{Wiktionary}}
2 : Country name etymology|Government of Poland |
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