“January 1886 blizzard”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The January 1886 blizzard was caused by a strong extratropical cyclone which initially dropped southeast across Texas before strengthening while it moved through the South and East, near the Eastern Seaboard through New England. The cyclone was at its strongest as it moved by New Jersey. This system formed within an active pattern which brought significant snow to the southern Rockies over many days. The system brought high winds and snowfall near and west of its path, resulting in blizzard conditions across portions of the Plains and East. A significant cold spell was ushered in by this system across portions of the southern and eastern United States. A slightly stronger storm on January 3, 1913 would break January low sea level pressure records originally set by this storm.^[1]^[2]

Meteorological evolution

A cold wave was ongoing across the northern Plains when this low developed, with temperatures close to {{convert|-50|F|C}} near the central Canada–US border. A surface low developed north of Texas on January 6,^[3] dropping southeast to the lower Texas coast early on January 7. The cyclone tracked inland of the coast through the Deep South later on January 7 and early January 8, before turning northeast through Georgia and emerging offshore the Virginia Capes late on January 8. The system reached its maximum intensity as it moved near New Jersey late on January 8.^[4]

The lowest pressure measured on land was {{convert|28.69|inHg|hPa}} at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Providence, Rhode Island, and Blue Hill Observatory in Massachusetts; the cyclone was considered one of the most extreme to pass through New England at the time. The storm's center then moved inland across Long Island by 11 a.m. on January 9, then across Rhode Island by 1 p.m. and Boston by 2 p.m. before turning northward through Maine around 10 p.m. Temperature readings quickly fell 10-15F (6-9 C) after the passage of the cyclone. High-level cirrus clouds led the center of circulation by 24 hours, with snow occurring 12 hours after the cirrus invasion.^[3] While weakening, the storm moved through southeast Quebec on January 10.^[4] The low pressure area moved at an average forward motion of {{convert|34|mph|km/h}} through the United States.^[5]

Wind and related damage near the coast

Fort Macon, North Carolina registered winds up to {{convert|62|mph|km/h}} from the southwest on January 8. The high winds led to the wreck of the Cressie Wright, with six of the seven aboard perishing. Norfolk, Virginia reported high winds which caused damage. High water and wave action from the Atlantic greatly damaged the New Jersey Southern Railroad track in Sandy Hook, New Jersey on January 9. The gale in New York City blew away the anemometer cups at the local weather observing site, and led to numerous maritime mishaps. A blizzard was caused by the high winds and heavy snow at New London, Connecticut. A schooner sank with all aboard offshore Charles Island.

The schooner Alan Greene beached near Port Judith, Rhode Island, while the Mattie D. went ashore near Newport, Rhode Island. This storm reopened an inlet at Martha's Vineyard first opened by a storm in 1856. The inlet would reclose between 1902 and 1903.^[6] Provincetown, Massachusetts experienced their worst gale in a decade,^[5] with winds peaking at an estimated {{convert|68|mph|km/h}}. Blue Hill Observatory, Massachusetts saw winds peak at {{convert|65|mph|km/h}}.^[3] Boston, Massachusetts measured winds as high as {{convert|64|mph|km/h}} and heavy snow. Seven lives were lost in Boston Harbor while 40 vessels went ashore in New England. Eastport, Maine experienced a $20,000 (1886 USD) loss during the storm. Snow and sleet fell at that station, and 19 schooners were damaged, with five sinking in the rough seas.^[5]

Blizzard and related snowfall

As the initial low pressure system formed, a cold front swept through the Plains, stirring up snow which had fallen from a previous blizzard. Although a minimal amount of new snow fell, blizzard conditions resumed in Colorado, Kansas, and Nebraska late on January 6 due to increasing winds. Telegraph wires were downed over a large area, with the rails of the Santa Fe, Burlington, Union, and Kansas Pacific railroads recovered with snow, resuspending travel. Cattle across the region were driven southward.^[7] Across the Texas Panhandle, at least five died due to exposure on January 6.^[8]

Other locations across the Midwest received blizzard condition's along the inverted trough to the north and northwest of the main low pressure area. On January 7 and 8, this system's associated blizzard led to the largest loss of life from a blizzard in Iowa's history, with 20 perishing.^[9] Snow drifts across Kentucky shut down travel on the Louisville and Nashville, Chesapeake and Ohio, and Chesapeake and Southwestern railroads.^[15]

In Jasper, Alabama, a mix of rain, sleet, and snow fell on January 8 and 9.^[10] Savannah, Georgia, reported a light snowfall for the first time in six years.^[15] On January 8, a site within Wilkes County, North Carolina recorded {{convert|8|in|cm}} of snowfall.^[11] The South Mountains near Staunton, Virginia reported {{convert|14|in|cm}} of snow, with {{convert|6|in|cm}} measured in Staunton proper. The snow delayed trains and covered area roads. Harrisonburg, Virginia received {{convert|10|in|cm}} of snow during a "raging blizzard" the night of January 8. Baltimore, Maryland was blanketed by {{convert|9|in|cm}} of snow.^[12] Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania recorded {{convert|18.5|in|cm}} of snow from this storm, which was their heavy snowfall on record at the time (this snowfall has since fallen to fifth place).^[13]

Up to {{convert|24|in|cm}} of snow fell in parts of Long Island,^[14] with {{convert|11.9|in|cm}} falling in Central Park.^[15] As the system moved through New England, snowfall appeared concentrated along the cyclone's path, with areas of over {{convert|15|in|cm}} measured across southeast Connecticut and northeast Massachusetts. A separate maximum of over {{convert|10|in|cm}} was noted across central Vermont. A 7:1 snow to liquid ratio (or 7 cm/in of snow for every 1 cm/in of rain) was determined from an average of the available snowfall and liquid equivalent measurements made at the time.^[3] Montreal experienced blizzard conditions with heavy snow and wind on January 9.^[12]

Cold wave in its wake

A significant chunk of arctic air from the north filtered down into the South in the wake of this system. Corpus Christi, Texas saw its temperature plunge 64 F° (38 C°) within 12 hours. Palestine, Texas fell to {{convert|0|F|C}}, its coldest temperature in 40 years.^[12] Nashville, Tennessee recorded five consecutive days with lows below {{convert|0|F|C}} between January 8 and January 12, with a minimum of {{convert|-9|F|C}} on January 11.^[16] Chattanooga, Tennessee fell to {{convert|-5|F|C}} on January 9, their coldest reading on record at the time.^[12] On January 11, the temperature at Jasper, Alabama fell to {{convert|0|F|C}}.^[10] Portions of North Carolina saw temperatures fall well below {{convert|0|F|C}} from January 11 through 14, with readings as low at {{convert|-18|F|C}} in Wilkes County, North Carolina on January 12.^[11]

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/JanuaryWhenRecordLowSLPswhite.gif|title=Occurrence of January Record Low SLPs|date=2015|accessdate=2015-02-21|author=David M. Roth|publisher=Weather Prediction Center}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/research/roth/JanuaryRecordLowSLPs.gif|title=January Record Low SLPs|date=2015|accessdate=2015-02-21|author=David M. Roth|publisher=Weather Prediction Center}}
3. ^¹²³{{cite journal|journal=The American Meteorological Journal|volume=III|date=December 1886|number=8|pages=367–382|author=Winslow Upton|title=An Investigation of Cyclonic Phenomena in New England: The Cyclone Of January 9, 1886}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/014/mwr-014-01-c1.pdf|title=Chart I. Tracks of Areas of Low Pressure. January, 1886|author=United States Army Signal Corps|publisher=War Department|accessdate=2015-02-21|date=February 1886}}
5. ^¹²³{{cite journal|journal=Monthly Weather Review|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/014/mwr-014-01-0004.pdf|pages=4–5|title=Areas of Low Pressure|date=January 1886|accessdate=2015-02-21|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1886)14[4:AOLP]2.0.CO;2|volume=14|issue=1|bibcode=1886MWRv...14....4.}}
6. ^{{cite journal|journal=Martha's Vineyard Magazine |url=http://www.mvmagazine.com/article.php?29657 |title=A Record of Openings and Closings |author=Tom Dunlop |date=May 2011 |publisher=Vineyard Gazette, Inc. |accessdate=2015-02-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221183111/http://www.mvmagazine.com/article.php?29657 |archivedate=2015-02-21 |df= }}
7. ^{{cite news|url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=DAC18860109.2.45.1#|title=The Blizzard: Trains Stopped and Cattle Driven Before the Blasts|newspaper=Daily Alta California|volume=40|number=13084}}
8. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GA306Jt6bQ8C&pg=PA216|page=216|title=Texas Disasters: True Stories of Tragedy and Survival|author=Mike Cox|publisher=Globe Pequot|date=2006|isbn=0762736755}}
9. ^{{cite journal|journal=The Annals of Iowa|volume=40|number=3|date=Winter 1970|title=Outstanding Iowa Storms|author=Paul J. Waite|url= http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7939&context=annals-of-iowa|page=197}}
10. ^¹{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIeTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|page=42|title=People and Things from the Walker County, Alabama Jasper Mountain Eagle (1884 - 1897)|author=Robin Sterling|publisher=Lulu.com|date=2013|isbn=1304126099}}
11. ^¹{{cite news|newspaper=Wilkes Journal-Patriot|title=Articles describe extreme cold in Wilkes in late 1890s|date=2014-02-28|author=Jule Hubbard}}
12. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{cite news|newspaper=Indiana State Sentinel|volume=31|number=50|title=A Howling Blizzard: The Worst For Many Years, Sweeps Over Entire Country|date=1886-01-13}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov/media/pbz/records/snow.pdf|title=Snowfall Records in Pittsburgh|author=National Weather Service Forecast Office Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|date=2014|accessdate=2015-02-21}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://wintercenter.homestead.com/photojan1886.html|title=Photo Archives|author=Don Sutherland|accessdate=2015-02-21}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.wcsu.edu/weatherconference/presentations-second/9%20-%20Jeffrey%20Tongue/The%20Forgotten%20Blizzard%20of%201886.ppt|title=The Forgotten Blizzard of 1886|author=Tim Morrin and Jeffrey Tongue|accessdate=2015-02-21|publisher=Western Connecticut State University}}
16. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.srh.noaa.gov/ohx/?n=calendar |title=Calendar of Significant Weather Events in Middle Tennessee|author=National Weather Service Forecast Office Nashville Tennessee|date=2014-09-02|accessdate=2015-02-21|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}