“Sacred geometry”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Sacred geometry ascribes symbolic and sacred meanings to certain geometric shapes and certain geometric proportions.^[1] It is associated with the belief that a god is the geometer of the world. The geometry used in the design and construction of religious structures such as churches, temples, mosques, religious monuments, altars, and tabernacles has sometimes been considered sacred. The concept applies also to sacred spaces such as temenoi, sacred groves, village greens and holy wells, and the creation of religious art.

As worldview and cosmology

The belief that a god created the universe according to a geometric plan has ancient origins. Plutarch attributed the belief to Plato, writing that "Plato said God geometrizes continually" (Convivialium disputationum, liber 8,2). In modern times, the mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss adapted this quote, saying "God arithmetizes".^[2]

As late as Johannes Kepler (1571–1630), a belief in the geometric underpinnings of the cosmos persisted among some scientists.^[3]

Natural forms

According to Stephen Skinner, the study of sacred geometry has its roots in the study of nature, and the mathematical principles at work therein.^[4] Many forms observed in nature can be related to geometry; for example, the chambered nautilus grows at a constant rate and so its shell forms a logarithmic spiral to accommodate that growth without changing shape. Also, honeybees construct hexagonal cells to hold their honey. These and other correspondences are sometimes interpreted in terms of sacred geometry and considered to be further proof of the natural significance of geometric forms.

Art and architecture

Geometric ratios, and geometric figures were often employed in the designs of ancient Egyptian, ancient Indian, Greek and Roman architecture. Medieval European cathedrals also incorporated symbolic geometry. Indian and Himalayan spiritual communities often constructed temples and fortifications on design plans of mandala and yantra.

Many of the sacred geometry principles of the human body and of ancient architecture were compiled into the Vitruvian Man drawing by Leonardo da Vinci. The latter drawing was itself based on the much older writings of the Roman architect Vitruvius.

Islamic geometric patterns are well known too, which are used in the Qu'ran, Mosques and even in the calligraphies of personal names.

In Hinduism

The Agamas are a collection of Sanskrit,^[5] Tamil, and Grantha^[6] scriptures chiefly constituting the methods of temple construction and creation of idols, worship means of deities, philosophical doctrines, meditative practices, attainment of sixfold desires, and four kinds of yoga.^[5]

Elaborate rules are laid out in the Agamas for Shilpa (the art of sculpture) describing the quality requirements of such matters as the places where temples are to be built, the kinds of image to be installed, the materials from which they are to be made, their dimensions, proportions, air circulation, and lighting in the temple complex. The Manasara and Silpasara are works that deal with these rules. The rituals of daily worship at the temple also follow rules laid out in the Agamas.

In European Religious Architecture

The construction of Medieval European cathedrals was often based on geometries intended to make the viewer see the world through mathematics, and through this understanding, gain a better understanding of the divine.^[7] These churches frequently featured a Latin Cross floor-plan.^[8]

At the beginning of the Renaissance in Europe, views shifted to favor simple and regular geometries. The circle in particular became a central and symbolic shape for the base of buildings, as it represented the perfection of nature and the centrality of man's place in the universe.^[8] The use of the circle and other simple and symmetrical geometric shapes was solidified as a staple of Renaissance religious architecture in Leon Battista Alberti's architectural treatise, which described the ideal church in terms of spiritual geometry.^[9]

Unanchored geometry

See also

References

1. ^dartmouth.edu: Paul Calter, Polygons, Tilings, & Sacred Geometry
2. ^Cathérine Goldstein, Norbert Schappacher, Joachim Schwermer, The shaping of arithmetic, [https://books.google.com/books?id=IUFTcOsMTysC&pg=PA235 p. 235].
3. ^{{cite web |last1=Calter |first1=Paul |title=Celestial Themes in Art & Architecture |url=https://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/math5.geometry/unit10/unit10.html |publisher=Dartmouth College |accessdate=5 September 2015 |date=1998}}
4. ^{{cite book |last=Skinner |first=Stephen |title=Sacred Geometry: Deciphering the Code |publisher=Sterling |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4027-6582-7}}
5. ^¹Grimes, John A. (1996). A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. State University of New York Press. {{ISBN|9780791430682}}. LCCN 96012383. [https://books.google.com/books?id=eP5p0ev3nJEC]
6. ^Nagalingam, Pathmarajah (2009). The Religion of the Agamas. Siddhanta Publications.
7. ^{{Citation|last=Petersen|first=Toni|chapter=A(rt and) A(rchitecture) T(hesaurus)|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t000037|title=Oxford Art Online}}
8. ^¹{{Citation|last=CUMMINGS|first=L.A.|chapter=A RECURRING GEOMETRICAL PATTERN IN THE EARLY RENAISSANCE IMAGINATION|date=1986|pages=981–997|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9780080339863|doi=10.1016/b978-0-08-033986-3.50067-7|title=Symmetry}}
9. ^{{Cite book|title=Architectural principles in the age of humanism.|last=Rudolf.|first=Wittkower|date=1998|publisher=Academy Editions|isbn=978-0471977636|oclc=981109542}}
10. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=CG0EeHGl_dQC&pg=PA91 Stephen Skinner, Sacred geometry: deciphering the code, p91]