| 词条 | Japan–Portugal relations | ||
| 释义 |
}}{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Japanese-Portuguese|Japan|Portugal}} Japanese–Portugal relations describes the foreign relations between Japan and Portugal. Although Portuguese sailors visited Japan first in 1543, diplomatic relations started in the nineteenth century. HistoryThe first affiliation between Portugal and Japan started in 1543, when the Portuguese discoveries, the first Europeans to reach Japan, landed in the southern archipelago of Japan. This period of time is often entitled Nanban trade, where both Europeans and Asians would engage in mercantilism. The Portuguese at this time would found the port of Nagasaki, through the initiative of the Jesuit Gaspar Vilela and the Daimyo lord Ōmura Sumitada, in 1571. The expansion for commerce extended Portuguese influence in Japan, particularly in Kyushu, where the port became a strategic hot spot after the Portuguese assistance to Daimyo Sumitada on repelling an attack on the harbor by the Ryūzōji clan in 1578. The cargo of the first Portuguese ships upon docking in Japan were basically cargo coming from China (silk, porcelain, etc.). The Japanese craved these goods, which were prohibited from the contacts with the Chinese by the Emperor as punishment for the attacks of the Wokou piracy. Thus, the Portuguese acted as intermediaries in Asian trade. In 1592 the Portuguese trade with Japan started being increasingly challenged by Chinese smugglers on their reeds, in addition to Spanish vessels coming to Manila in 1600, the Dutch in 1609, and English in 1613. One of the many things that the Japanese were interested in were Portuguese fire guns. The first three Europeans to arrive in Japan in 1543 were Portuguese traders António Mota, Francisco Zeimoto and António Peixoto (also presumably Fernão Mendes Pinto). They arrived at the southern tip of Tanegashima, where they would introduce firearms to the local population. These muskets would later receive the name after its location. Because Japan was in the midst of a civil war, called the Sengoku period, the Japanese bought many Portuguese guns. Oda Nobunaga, a famous daimyo who nearly unified all of Japan, made extensive use of guns ( arquebus ) playing a key role in the Battle of Nagashino. Within a year, Japanese smiths were able to reproduce the mechanism and began to mass-produce the Portuguese arms. Later on, Tanegashima firearms were improved and Japanese matchlocks were of superior quality. As with Chinese experimentation with firearms of this period, the Japanese developed better sights and cord protection. And just 50 years later, his armies were equipped with a number of weapons perhaps greater than any contemporary army in Europe. The weapons were extremely important in the unification of Japan under Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu, as well as in the invasion of Korea in 1592 and 1597. Europeans brought by trade not only weapons, but also soap, tobacco, and other unknown products in Feudal Japan. After the Portuguese first made contact with Japan in 1543, a large scale slave trade developed in which Portuguese purchased Japanese as slaves in Japan and sold them to various locations overseas, including Portugal itself, throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.[1][2] Many documents mention the large slave trade along with protests against the enslavement of Japanese. Japanese slaves are believed to be the first of their nation to end up in Europe, and the Portuguese purchased large numbers of Japanese slave girls to bring to Portugal for sexual purposes, as noted by the Church in 1555. King Sebastian feared that it was having a negative effect on Catholic proselytization since the slave trade in Japanese was growing to massive proportions, so he commanded that it be banned in 1571[3][4] Japanese slave women were even sold as concubines, serving on Portuguese ships and trading in Japan, mentioned by Luis Cerqueira, a Portuguese Jesuit, in a 1598 document.[5] Japanese slaves were brought by the Portuguese to Macau, where some of them not only ended up being enslaved to Portuguese, but as slaves to other slaves, with the Portuguese owning Malay and African slaves, who in turn owned Japanese slaves of their own.[6][7] Hideyoshi was so disgusted that his own Japanese people were being sold en masse into slavery on Kyushu, that he wrote a letter to Jesuit Vice-Provincial Gaspar Coelho on 24 July 1587 to demand the Portuguese, Siamese (Thai), and Cambodians stop purchasing and enslaving Japanese and return Japanese slaves who ended up as far as India.[8][9][10] Hideyoshi blamed the Portuguese and Jesuits for this slave trade and banned Christian proselytizing as a result.[11][12]Some Korean slaves were bought by the Portuguese and brought back to Portugal from Japan, where they had been among the tens of thousands of Korean prisoners of war transported to Japan during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98).[13][14] Historians pointed out that at the same time Hideyoshi expressed his indignation and outrage at the Portuguese trade in Japanese slaves, he himself was engaging in a mass slave trade of Korean prisoners of war in Japan.[15][16] Fillippo Sassetti saw some Chinese and Japanese slaves in Lisbon among the large slave community in 1578.[17][18][19][20][21] The Portuguese "highly regarded" Asian slaves like Chinese and Japanese, much more "than slaves from sub-Saharan Africa".[22][23] The Portuguese attributed qualities like intelligence and industriousness to Chinese and Japanese slaves which is why they favored them more.[24][25][26][27] In 1595 a law was passed by Portugal banning the selling and buying of Chinese and Japanese slaves.[28] LanguageAs a result of the Portuguese arrival to Japan, after a continuous influx of trade between Asia and Europe, Japanese vocabulary absorbed words of Portuguese origin as well as Portuguese of Japanese. Among its great part, these words mainly refer to products and customs that arrived through Portuguese traders. Portuguese was the first Western language to have a Japanese dictionary, the Nippo Jisho (日葡辞書, Nippojisho) dictionary or "Vocabulário da Língua do Japão" ("Vocabulary of the Language of Japan" in old-fashioned orthography), compiled by Jesuits such as João Rodrigues, published in Nagasaki in 1603. Resident diplomatic missions
See also
References1. ^{{cite news |last= HOFFMAN|first= MICHAEL|date=May 26, 2013|title=The rarely, if ever, told story of Japanese sold as slaves by Portuguese traders |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2013/05/26/books/the-rarely-if-ever-told-story-of-japanese-sold-as-slaves-by-portuguese-traders/|newspaper=The Japan Times |location= |publisher= |accessdate=2014-03-02 }} 2. ^{{cite news |last= |first= |date=May 10, 2007|title=Europeans had Japanese slaves, in case you didn’t know… |url=http://www.japanprobe.com/2007/05/10/europeans-had-japanese-slaves-in-case-you-didnt-know/|newspaper=Japan Probe |location= |publisher= |accessdate=2014-03-02 }} 3. ^{{cite web|jstor=25066328|title=Monumenta Nipponica (Slavery in Medieval Japan)|last=Nelson|first=Thomas|volume=Vol. 59|number=No. 4|date=Winter 2004|page=463|publisher=Sophia University.}} 4. ^{{cite book|publisher=Sophia University|year=2004|location=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XoQMAQAAMAAJ&q=Portuguese+and+other+Occidental+sources+are+replete+with+records+of+the+export+of+Japanese+slaves+in+the+second+half+of+the+sixteenth+century.+A+few+examples+should+serve+to+illustrate+this+point.+Very+probably,+the+first+Japanese+who+set+foot+in+Europe+were+slaves.+As+early+as+1555,+complaints+were+made+by+the+Church+that+Portuguese+merchants+were+taking+Japanese+slave+girls+with+them+back+to+Portugal+and+living+with+them+there+in+sin.+By+1571,+the+trade+was+being+conducted+on+such+a+scale+that+King+Sebastian+of+Portugal+felt+obliged+to+issue+an+order+prohibiting+it+lest+it+hinder+Catholic+missionary+activity+in+Kyushsu.&dq=Portuguese+and+other+Occidental+sources+are+replete+with+records+of+the+export+of+Japanese+slaves+in+the+second+half+of+the+sixteenth+century.+A+few+examples+should+serve+to+illustrate+this+point.+Very+probably,+the+first+Japanese+who+set+foot+in+Europe+were+slaves.+As+early+as+1555,+complaints+were+made+by+the+Church+that+Portuguese+merchants+were+taking+Japanese+slave+girls+with+them+back+to+Portugal+and+living+with+them+there+in+sin.+By+1571,+the+trade+was+being+conducted+on+such+a+scale+that+King+Sebastian+of+Portugal+felt+obliged+to+issue+an+order+prohibiting+it+lest+it+hinder+Catholic+missionary+activity+in+Kyushsu.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=j3YVU9-ZKImZ0QHKsIHQCg&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA|quote= |volume=|page=463|title=Monumenta Nipponica: Studies on Japanese Culture, Past and Present, Volume 59, Issues 3-4|isbn=|others=Jōchi Daigaku|edition=|accessdate=2014-02-02}} 5. ^{{cite book|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2004|location=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4z_JJfG-hyYC&pg=PA408&dq=japanese+slaves+portuguese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xYcVU5uJN5GU0gGF44H4Bw&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=japanese%20slaves%20portuguese&f=false|quote= |volume=|page=408|title=Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan: Imagined and imaginary minorites|isbn=0415208572|editor=Michael Weiner|edition=illustrated|accessdate=2014-02-02}} 6. ^{{cite book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|location=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TMZMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA479&dq=japanese+slaves+portuguese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xYcVU5uJN5GU0gGF44H4Bw&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=japanese%20slaves%20portuguese&f=false|quote= |volume=|page=479|title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience|isbn=0195170555|editors=Kwame Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Gates, Jr.|edition=illustrated|accessdate=2014-02-02}} 7. ^{{cite book|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|location=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC&pg=PA187&dq=japanese+slaves+portuguese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xYcVU5uJN5GU0gGF44H4Bw&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=japanese%20slaves%20portuguese&f=false|quote= |volume=|page=187|title=Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1|isbn=0195337700|editors=Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Gates|edition=illustrated|accessdate=2014-02-02}} 8. ^{{cite book|publisher=Sophia University|year=2004|location=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wAdDAAAAYAAJ&q=It+has+come+to+our+attention+that+Portuguese,+Siamese,+and+Cambodians+who+come+to+our+shores+to+trade+are+buying+many+people,+taking+them+captive+to+their+kingdoms,+ripping+Japanese+away+from+their+homeland,+families,+children+and+friends.+This+is+insufferable.+Thus,+would+the+Padre+ensure+that+all+those+Japanese+who+have+up+until+now+been+sold+in+India+and+other+distant+places+be+returned+again+to+Japan.+If+this+is+not+possible,+because+they+are+far+away+in+remote+kingdoms,+then+at+least+have+the+Portuguese+set+free+the+people+whom+they+have+bought+recently.+I+will+provide+the+money+necessary+to+do+this.&dq=It+has+come+to+our+attention+that+Portuguese,+Siamese,+and+Cambodians+who+come+to+our+shores+to+trade+are+buying+many+people,+taking+them+captive+to+their+kingdoms,+ripping+Japanese+away+from+their+homeland,+families,+children+and+friends.+This+is+insufferable.+Thus,+would+the+Padre+ensure+that+all+those+Japanese+who+have+up+until+now+been+sold+in+India+and+other+distant+places+be+returned+again+to+Japan.+If+this+is+not+possible,+because+they+are+far+away+in+remote+kingdoms,+then+at+least+have+the+Portuguese+set+free+the+people+whom+they+have+bought+recently.+I+will+provide+the+money+necessary+to+do+this.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Z3cVU_IElIuQB_2RgNAC&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA|quote= |volume=|page=465|title=Monumenta Nipponica|isbn=|others=Jōchi Daigaku|edition=|accessdate=2014-02-02}} 9. ^{{cite book|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2013|location=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lani3dFCC9UC&pg=PA144&dq=Hideyoshi+korean+portuguese+slaves&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wIcVU6fRO6TJ0wHL74HYBg&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Hideyoshi%20korean%20portuguese%20slaves&f=false|quote= |volume=|page=144|title=Religion in Japanese History|isbn=023151509X|author=Joseph Mitsuo Kitagawa|edition=illustrated, reprint|accessdate=2014-02-02}} 10. ^{{cite book|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|location=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0KvyZp9VKAC&pg=PA37&dq=japanese+slaves+portuguese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xYcVU5uJN5GU0gGF44H4Bw&ved=0CFwQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=japanese%20slaves%20portuguese&f=false|quote= |volume=|page=37|title=Nature and Origins of Japanese Imperialism|isbn=1134918437|author=Donald Calman|edition=|accessdate=2014-02-02}} 11. ^{{cite book|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|year=2008|location=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVSMAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT63&dq=Hideyoshi+korean+portuguese+slaves&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wIcVU6fRO6TJ0wHL74HYBg&ved=0CGUQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=Hideyoshi%20korean%20portuguese%20slaves&f=false|quote= |volume=|page=|title=FOREIGNERS IN JAPAN: A Historical Perspective|isbn=1469102447|author=Gopal Kshetry|edition=|accessdate=2014-02-02}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}} 12. ^{{cite book|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|location=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kruXu_m64ccC&pg=PT223&dq=japanese+slaves+portuguese&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xYcVU5uJN5GU0gGF44H4Bw&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=japanese%20slaves%20portuguese&f=false|quote= |volume=|page=|title=Japanese and the Jesuits|isbn=1134881126|author=J F Moran, J. F. Moran|edition=|accessdate=2014-02-02}} 13. ^{{cite book|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|location=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9Ro7b0tWz4C&pg=PA277&dq=Hideyoshi+korean+slaves+guns+silk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=j4QVU-aVIZLo0wG1voCoAg&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Hideyoshi%20korean%20slaves%20guns%20silk&f=false|quote= |volume=|page=277|title=The Specter of Genocide: Mass Murder in Historical Perspective|isbn=0521527503|editors=Robert Gellately, Ben Kiernan|edition=reprint|accessdate=2014-02-02}} 14. ^{{cite book|publisher=Harvard University, Edwin O. Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies|year=2001|location=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afCfAAAAMAAJ&q=Other+Koreans+were+sold+as+slaves,+or+exchanged+for+guns,+silk,+or+other+prized+foreign+goods,+either+directly+or+via+third+country+slave+traders,+to+many+countries,+some+finishing+up+as+far+away+as+Portugal.+It+seems+to+me+in+short+that+a+case+...&dq=Other+Koreans+were+sold+as+slaves,+or+exchanged+for+guns,+silk,+or+other+prized+foreign+goods,+either+directly+or+via+third+country+slave+traders,+to+many+countries,+some+finishing+up+as+far+away+as+Portugal.+It+seems+to+me+in+short+that+a+case+...&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zZIVU8C2Kc_LkQfp9ICABg&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA|quote= |volume=|page=18|title=Reflections on Modern Japanese History in the Context of the Concept of "genocide"|isbn=|author=Gavan McCormack|others=Edwin O. Reischauer Institute of Japanese Studies|edition=|issue=Issue 2001, Part 1 of Occasional papers in Japanese studies|accessdate=2014-02-02}} 15. ^{{cite book|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|location=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FliQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA170&dq=Hideyoshi+korean+slaves&hl=en&sa=X&ei=u4cVU9vFFtTukQf6-oDABA&ved=0CC0Q6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=Hideyoshi%20korean%20slaves&f=false|quote= |volume=|page=170|title=Tanegashima - The Arrival of Europe in Japan|isbn=1135788715|author=Olof G. Lidin|edition=|accessdate=2014-02-02}} 16. ^{{cite book|publisher=University of California Press|year=2012|location=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yjTKhcy0jYC&pg=PT60&dq=Hideyoshi+korean+portuguese+slaves&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wIcVU6fRO6TJ0wHL74HYBg&ved=0CEgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=Hideyoshi%20korean%20portuguese%20slaves&f=false|quote= |volume=Volume 21 of Asia: Local Studies / Global Themes|page=|title=Selling Women: Prostitution, Markets, and the Household in Early Modern Japan|isbn=0520952383|author=Amy Stanley|others=Matthew H. Sommer|edition=|accessdate=2014-02-02}} 17. ^{{cite book|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1985|location=|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=DN6hT8zdGKS16AHNsY30CA&id=YmauWWluaqcC&dq=sassetti+chinese+slaves&q=sassetti+scattering+chinese+slaves|quote=countryside.16 Slaves were everywhere in Lisbon, according to the Florentine merchant Filippo Sassetti, who was also living in the city during 1578. Black slaves were the most numerous, but there were also a scattering of Chinese |volume=|page=208|title=The memory palace of Matteo Ricci|author=Jonathan D. Spence|isbn=0140080988|editor=|edition=illustrated, reprint|accessdate=2012-05-05}} 18. ^{{cite book|language=Portuguese|publisher=UNICAMP. Universidade Estadual de Campinas|year=1999|location=|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=_OGhT5PyGobA6AGCh-33CA&id=wNZ6AAAAMAAJ&dq=Muitos+desses+escravos+chineses+de+Lisboa+tinham+sido+sequestrados+ainda+em+crian%C3%A7a+em+Macau+e+vendidos+%28n%C3%A3o+raro+pelos+pr%C3%B3prios+pais%29+aos+lusitanos.+O+c%C3%A9lebre+jesu%C3%ADta+padre+Matteo+Ricci+estava+a+par+do+com%C3%A9rcio+de+escravos+chineses+na&q=escravos+chineses+lisboa+sequestrados|quote=Idéias e costumes da China podem ter-nos chegado também através de escravos chineses, de uns poucos dos quais sabe-se da presença no Brasil de começos do Setecentos.17 Mas não deve ter sido através desses raros infelizes que a influência chinesa nos atingiu, mesmo porque escravos chineses (e também japoneses) já existiam aos montes em Lisboa por volta de 1578, quando Filippo Sassetti visitou a cidade,18 apenas suplantados em número pelos africanos. Parece aliás que aos últimos cabia o trabalho pesado, ficando reservadas aos chins tarefas e funções mais amenas, inclusive a de em certos casos secretariar autoridades civis, religiosas e militares. |volume=|page=19|title=A China no Brasil: influências, marcas, ecos e sobrevivências chinesas na sociedade e na arte brasileiras|author=José Roberto Teixeira Leite|isbn=8526804367|editor=|edition=|accessdate=2012-05-05}} 19. ^{{cite book|publisher=Himalaya Pub. House|year=1992|location=|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=I9-hT_HxO7Ce6QHb75zbCA&id=PHPaAAAAMAAJ&dq=respectable+families+for+sale+as+slaves+in+India.36+Chinese+slaves+and+domestic+servants+were+for+the+most+part+kidnapped+from+their+villages+when+they+were+young&q=circa+1580|quote=ing Chinese as slaves, since they are found to be very loyal, intelligent and hard working' . . . their culinary bent was also evidently appreciated. The Florentine traveller Fillippo Sassetti, recording his impressions of Lisbon's enormous slave population circa 1580, states that the majority of the Chinese there were employed as cooks. |volume=|page=18|title=Slavery in Portuguese India, 1510-1842|author=Jeanette Pinto|isbn=|editor=|edition=|accessdate=2012-05-05}} 20. ^{{cite book|publisher=2, illustrated, reprint|year=1968|location=|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=xvylT8XlEJDUgAflqoS3AQ&id=qUAsAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+Florentine+traveller+Filipe+Sassetti+recording+his+impressions+of+Lisbon%27s+enormous+slave+population+circa+1580%2C+states+that+the+majority+of+the+Chinese+there+were+employed+as+cooks&q=enormous+majority|quote=be very loyal, intelligent, and hard-working. Their culinary bent (not for nothing is Chinese cooking regarded as the Asiatic equivalent to French cooking in Europe) was evidently appreciated. The Florentine traveller Filipe Sassetti recording his impressions of Lisbon's enormous slave population circa 1580, states that the majority of the Chinese there were employed as cooks. Dr. John Fryer, who gives us an interesting ... |volume=|page=225|title=Fidalgos in the Far East 1550-1770|author=Charles Ralph Boxer|isbn=|editor=|edition=2, illustrated, reprint|accessdate=2012-05-05}} 21. ^{{cite book|publisher=UNICAMP. Universidade Estadual de Campinas|year=1999|location=|language=Portuguese|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MyEsAAAAYAAJ&q=Idéias+e+costumes+da+China+podem+ter-nos+chegado+também+através+de+escravos+chineses,+de+uns+poucos+dos+quais+sabe-se+da+presença+no+Brasil+de+começos+do+Setecentos.17+Mas+não+deve+ter+sido+através+desses+raros+infelizes+que+a+influência+chinesa+nos+atingiu,+mesmo+porque+escravos+chineses+(e+também+japoneses)+já+existiam+aos+montes+em+Lisboa+por+volta+de+1578,+quando+Filippo+Sassetti+visitou+a+cidade,18+apenas+suplantados+em+número+pelos+africanos.+Parece+aliás+que+aos+últimos+cabia+o+trabalho+pesado,+ficando+reservadas+aos+chins+tarefas+e+funções+mais+amenas,+inclusive+a+de+em+certos+casos+secretariar+autoridades+civis,+religiosas+e+militares.&dq=Idéias+e+costumes+da+China+podem+ter-nos+chegado+também+através+de+escravos+chineses,+de+uns+poucos+dos+quais+sabe-se+da+presença+no+Brasil+de+começos+do+Setecentos.17+Mas+não+deve+ter+sido+através+desses+raros+infelizes+que+a+influência+chinesa+nos+atingiu,+mesmo+porque+escravos+chineses+(e+também+japoneses)+já+existiam+aos+montes+em+Lisboa+por+volta+de+1578,+quando+Filippo+Sassetti+visitou+a+cidade,18+apenas+suplantados+em+número+pelos+africanos.+Parece+aliás+que+aos+últimos+cabia+o+trabalho+pesado,+ficando+reservadas+aos+chins+tarefas+e+funções+mais+amenas,+inclusive+a+de+em+certos+casos+secretariar+autoridades+civis,+religiosas+e+militares.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=gH8VU4-EDoT1kQeZjIC4BA&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA|quote= |volume=|page=19|title=A China No Brasil: Influencias, Marcas, Ecos E Sobrevivencias Chinesas Na Sociedade E Na Arte Brasileiras|isbn=8526804367|author=José Roberto Teixeira Leite|editor=|edition=|accessdate=2014-02-02}} 22. ^{{cite book|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA, Simon & Schuster Macmillan|year=1998|location=|language=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5s0YAAAAIAAJ&q=In+the+sixteenth+century+North+African+and+black+African+slaves+were+joined+by+captives+from+Brazil,+India,+Southeast+Asia,+China,+and+Japan.+Asian+slaves,+especially+Japanese+and+Chinese,+were+much+more+highly+regarded+than+slaves+from+sub-+Saharan+Africa,+who+in+turn+were+valued+and+trusted+more+than+Muslim+slaves+from+North+Africa.&dq=In+the+sixteenth+century+North+African+and+black+African+slaves+were+joined+by+captives+from+Brazil,+India,+Southeast+Asia,+China,+and+Japan.+Asian+slaves,+especially+Japanese+and+Chinese,+were+much+more+highly+regarded+than+slaves+from+sub-+Saharan+Africa,+who+in+turn+were+valued+and+trusted+more+than+Muslim+slaves+from+North+Africa.&hl=en&sa=X&ei=F4cVU73eApLv0QGWl4DwDQ&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA|quote= |volume=|page=737|title=Macmillan encyclopedia of world slavery, Volume 2|isbn=0028647815|author=Paul Finkelman|editor=Paul Finkelman, Joseph Calder Miller|edition=|accessdate=2014-02-02}} 23. ^{{harvnb|Finkelman|Miller|1998|p=737}} 24. ^{{cite book|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|year=2012|location=|language=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2DUmk9XUsMC&pg=RA1-PT294&dq=Japanese,+and+Chinese,+slaves+were+greatly+appreciated+by+the+Portuguese+because+they+were+highly+intelligent+and+industrious&hl=en&sa=X&ei=AokVU_azIeGX0QGO44DACg&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Japanese%2C%20and%20Chinese%2C%20slaves%20were%20greatly%20appreciated%20by%20the%20Portuguese%20because%20they%20were%20highly%20intelligent%20and%20industrious&f=false|quote= |volume=Volume 25 of 3: Works, Hakluyt Society Hakluyt Society|page=|title=Japanese Travellers in Sixteenth-century Europe: A Dialogue Concerning the Mission of the Japanese Ambassadors to the Roman Curia (1590)|isbn=140947223X|author=Duarte de Sande|editor=Derek Massarella|issue=Issue 25 of Works issued by the Hakluyt Society|edition=|issn=0072-9396|accessdate=2014-02-02}} 25. ^{{cite book|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1982|location=|language=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g0TCPWGGVqgC&pg=PA168#v=onepage&q&f=false|quote= |volume=Volume 25 of 3: Works, Hakluyt Society Hakluyt Society|page=168|title=A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal, 1441-1555|isbn=0521231507|author=A. C. de C. M. Saunders|editor=|issue=|edition=illustrated|issn=|accessdate=2014-02-02}} 26. ^{{cite book|publisher=Himalaya Pub. House|year=1992|location=|language=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PHPaAAAAMAAJ&q=Jean+Mocquet+in+his+book+Old+China+Hands+records+that+the+Portuguese+were+particularly+desirous+of+securing+Chinese+as+slaves,+since+'they+are+found+to+be+very+loyal,+intelligent+and+hard+working'&dq=Jean+Mocquet+in+his+book+Old+China+Hands+records+that+the+Portuguese+were+particularly+desirous+of+securing+Chinese+as+slaves,+since+'they+are+found+to+be+very+loyal,+intelligent+and+hard+working'&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KokVU4npJqvh0wGdq4C4Dw&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA|quote= |volume=|page=18|title=Slavery in Portuguese India, 1510-1842|isbn=|author=Jeanette Pinto|editor=|issue=|edition=|issn=|accessdate=2014-02-02}} 27. ^{{cite book|publisher=Oxford U.P.|year=1968|location=|language=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qUAsAAAAMAAJ&q=Jean+Mocquet+in+his+book+Old+China+Hands+records+that+the+Portuguese+were+particularly+desirous+of+securing+Chinese+as+slaves,+since+'they+are+found+to+be+very+loyal,+intelligent+and+hard+working'&dq=Jean+Mocquet+in+his+book+Old+China+Hands+records+that+the+Portuguese+were+particularly+desirous+of+securing+Chinese+as+slaves,+since+'they+are+found+to+be+very+loyal,+intelligent+and+hard+working'&hl=en&sa=X&ei=KokVU4npJqvh0wGdq4C4Dw&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ|quote= |volume=|page=225|title=Fidalgos in the Far East 1550-1770|isbn=|author=Charles Ralph Boxer|editor=|issue=|edition=2, illustrated, reprint|issn=|accessdate=2014-02-02}} 28. ^{{harvnb|Dias|2007|p=71}}
External links
3 : Japan–Portugal relations|Bilateral relations of Portugal|Bilateral relations of Japan |
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