| 词条 | Jashodaben |
| 释义 |
| name = Jashodaben[1] | alt = Jashodaben | image = File:Jashodaben Narendrabhai Modi painted.jpg | caption = | office1 = Spouse of the Prime Minister of India | term_start1 = 26 May 2014 | predecessor1 = Gursharan Kaur | birth_place = Brahmanwada, Bombay State (presently Gujarat), India | spouse = Narendra Modi (m. 1968) (estranged)[2][3] | occupation = Teacher (retired) |nationality = Indian |citizenship = Indian }}Jashodaben Narendrabhai Modi[4] (born 1952) is an Indian teacher and the[5][6] estranged wife of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Their traditional marriage was arranged in Vadnagar by their families. The couple married in 1968.[7] Shortly thereafter Narendra Modi ceased living with Jashodaben, traveling for three years to practice Sannyasa, going into business with his uncle, and later pursuing public office.[7] He did not officially acknowledge this marriage until 2014 during his campaign. Jashodaben continues to identify as the wife of Narendra Modi. She completed her education and had a career as a teacher.[8] Retired from teaching, Jashodaben lives a simple life of prayer.[9] As the spouse of the prime minister, she is protected by a security detail, but has been unable to learn what their orders are or what rights she has in this position, despite filing suits with the government.[10] Indian media and commentators have discussed the controversial circumstances of this marriage within the context of relations between men and women in society. Early life, marriage, and careerJashodaben was born in 1952.[11]{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} Her mother died when she was two years old.[11] Narendra Modi and Jashodaben had an arranged marriage in the custom of the Ghanchi caste of Vadnagar. When Modi was thirteen, the couple underwent the religious ceremony of marriage. Per their family custom, they began living together (gauna in Hindi) when Modi was 18 in 1968 but that period was brief.[7] Shortly after this time, Modi separated from his wife and began wandering in the Himalayas practicing Sannyasa.[7] Jashodaben stayed at Modi's family's home for a few months.[3] Two years later her father died.[11] She continued her studies and received her Secondary School Certificate in 1972.[12] After three years of being out of contact with all who knew him, Modi returned home and contacted his family.[7] He made plans to go to Ahmedabad to work at his uncle's canteen without Jashodaben.[7] Before he left, his mother arranged for Jashodaben's parents to send her to meet Modi to sustain the gauna.[7] After Jashodaben arrived at the house of Modi's family, Modi had an argument with his parents and left their home to meet his uncle as planned.[7] Over the three-year period around the marriage, Jashodaben estimates that she spent about three months with her husband.[11] After Modi left, she continued with her professional life. Jashodaben studied further to become a teacher at primary school, and from 1978–1990 taught in Banaskantha district.[12] In 1991 she moved to Rajosana village and remains there.[12] She is retired and her pension is {{INRConvert|14000}} per month.[11] One commentator said that her low salary would have made much of life a hardship for her.[3] In talking about her relationship with Modi, in one interview Jashodaben said "We have never been in touch... There has been no communication from his end to this day."[11] In a later interview Jashodaben said that until 1987 she and Modi spoke "normally".[13] Jashodaben lives with her brother Ashok and his wife in Unjha.[3] She lives a simple life of prayer, waking at 5 am and praying at home before leaving for the temple.[9] Marriage enters public viewIn the Indian general election, 2014, Modi contested the Vadodara seat of the Parliament of India.[14] Under the Representation of the People Act, Modi was asked to declare any previous marriage. In his response, for the first time in public and media, Modi acknowledged that he had a wife.[14] Previously Modi had often said that he would evade corruption in India because he did not have a wife and family.{{clarify|date=December 2016}}[14] Previously Modi had not responded to official documents asking about a spouse.[15] Somabhai Modi, Modi's brother, issued a statement saying that the arranged child marriage had been forced on Modi by his family.[16] He said that the marriage was never consummated, and that Modi left it soon after it was solemnized.[16] Inspired by the teachings of Vivekananda, Modi later worked for society.[16] Before Modi officially acknowledged his marriage, a group of activists and security professionals visited Jashodaben at her home.[3] They offered to escort her on the Char Dham pilgrimage, which was a trip which she had long wanted to take.[3] During the trip they took her to the Rishikesh ashram of Ramdev, a yoga guru, where she stayed around the middle of April.[3] Journalists sought Jashodaben for comment at the news of the marriage, but her family told them that she would return home in May.[3] To contest the election, Modi's political opponents criticized his evasions of facts about his marriage on official documents. Nishant Varma a Citizen of Ahmedabad sought criminal charges against Modi for having failed to acknowledge his legal wife and forge previous Election Documents as against prescribed rules of R. P. Act, the case is subjected to Revision in Supreme Court of India. The lower court refused to pronounce Modi guilty of Criminal offense under this Act.[17] In summer 2014, Congress party politician Ajay Rai filed a lawsuit to be heard by the Allahabad High Court complaining, among other things, that Modi did not give the permanent account number of Jashodaben.[18] Political actions and present lifeIn 1992, Jashodaben refused to be interviewed by the newspaper Abhiyan when that publication presented a story on the marriage of her and Modi.[16] In 2009, a reporter for OPEN found Jashodaben in her village and asked her some questions.[12] In 2014, a reporter for The Indian Express interviewed her.[11] In May 2014, TV9 Gujarat video interviewed her.[13] In December 2014, a writer for Dawn News said that not many newspapers have had the courage to report the troubles which Jashodaben has experienced.[19] Jashodaben said that she was not invited to the swearing-in ceremony of Narendra Modi, but had she been invited, she would have gone.[13] She said that she still had emotions for Modi and was pleased that he acknowledged her as wife on his legal documents in contesting the election.[13] She said that she plans to meet him again at the right time.[13] In June 2014, at what has been described as "her first public event", Jashodaben attended the public funeral of politician Gopinath Munde.[20] In November 2014, she made her first trip to Mumbai where she prayed for her husband at the Mahalakshmi Temple and the Siddhivinayak Temple.[21] In February 2015, Jashodaben hosted some Christian missionaries who invited her to convert to Christianity.[22][23] In June 2015, Jashodaben was scheduled to speak at a conference on politics organized by supporters of Modi.[24] Event organizers report that the conference was shut down on day 2 of the week-long program on the direction of BJP leader Amit Shah and others.[24] No reason was given for cancelling the conference, but people in attendance attributed Jashodaben's presence as the cause.[24] In November 2015, Jashodaben applied for a passport in order to visit relatives and friends overseas. As she was unable to produce a marriage certificate or a joint affidavit from her husband, the application was rejected by the regional passport office as "incomplete." Her brother Ashok said a legal option was being considered.[25] Request for information on security detail{{quote box|width=30.0em|quote=I am surrounded by five security guards all the time. Often my relatives or I have to cook for them, my sister-in-law has to make their beds. This is a bit annoying... You see, it gets really chaotic when I have to travel, because I use public transport and the guards are following me in an air-conditioned car.|source=Jashodaben, to Reuters, November 2014[26]}}From May 2014, police from the Mehsana district began providing continual police protection for Jashodaben.[27] The security agent team following her was assigned as a response to the Special Protection Group Act, which says that the spouse of the Prime Minister of India should receive police protection.[28] The Salaries and Allowances of Ministers' Act describes other benefits which are typically given to spouses of prime ministers.[28] In November 2014, Jashodaben filed a Right to Information Act (RTI) request seeking details about her security and rights as the spouse of the prime minister.[29][30] She reported that she was "very scared" of them and asked for copies of the orders they were following.[31] Various media organizations in India reported the RTI in different ways, including emphasizing Jashodaben's fear, the financial implications of her complaint, the guards' demands to be treated as guests, or the case as an example of female independence.[26] Jashodaben has said that her security details suggest she refrain from talking with the media.[32] The Gulf News reported that her security guards are primarily with her to conduct surveillance on her.[32] Jashodaben's family has complained that her guards do not keep any identity cards, refuse to identify themselves, and refuse to name the person or office supervising them.[1] In December, the Intelligence Bureau denied her request for information about orders, saying that the law has an exemption which applies in this case.[30] Jashodaben uses the name "Jashodaben Narendrabhai Modi", which is her married name.[1] The letter was addressed to "Jashodaben, daughter of Chimanlal Modi" (her father's name).[33] At the end of December 2014, Jashodaben filed an appeal to the refusal.[34] In addition to the appeal, Jashodaben complained that the government officers changed her name from "Jashodaben Narendrabhai Modi" to her maiden name "Jashodaben Chimanlal Modi".[34] Doordarshan, India's public television broadcaster, presented Jashodaben on television 1 January 2015 to hear her comments on the issue.[35][36] As a result of this broadcast, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting chastised staff at Doordashan and transferred the director of the broadcast from Ahmedabad to Port Blair 2500 km away.[35][36] On 6 February Jashodaben's request was again denied, and again addressed to "Jashodaben, Chimanlal Modi's daughter".[37] In May 2015, Jashodaben filed a third request for the information about the security detail and their orders.[10] She also complained that she had completed the forms using her legal name, "Jashodaben Narendrabhai Modi", but the government office replied to her using her maiden name.[1] In response to the filing, a government representative said, "If they are still not satisfied by the information given by the first appellate authority, they can file the second appeal at the Gujarat Information Commission."[1] In response to the RTI request, commentator on women's issues Shobhaa De called Jashodaben a "superhero" and "plucky", and said that her actions were "bold, blunt, and to the point".[38] {{Anchor|Jashodaben as a representative of Indian women}}As a representative of Indian womenThe separation of Jashodaben and Modi has been discussed in the context of a broader trend in India that politicians may have more success if they are known for not having ties to a spouse.[39] The RSS, which gives Modi political support, values celibacy in its senior leadership[39] but contrarian tones have been noted.[40] Many have criticised Modi's treatment of the estrangement of his wife.[41][42][43] References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url= http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/jashodaben-moves-state-info-panel-with-fresh-rti-2/ |title=Jashodaben moves State Information Commission with fresh RTI |author=Express News Service |work=The Indian Express |date=May 3, 2015 |access-date=6 May 2015}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/abandoned-as-a-child-bride-indias-first-lady-still-hopes-her-husband-will-call/2015/01/25/3509dac5-5ac1-49e3-8b44-7d92e027c9ec_story.html|title=Abandoned as a child bride, wife of India's Modi waits for husband's call|first=Annie|last=Gowen|date=25 January 2015|publisher=|access-date=3 November 2017|via=www.WashingtonPost.com}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{citation |url= http://week.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/theWeekContent.do?contentId=16673695 |title=THE FORGOTTEN HALF |first1=Nandini |last1= Oza |first2=Kallol |last2=Bhattacherjee |work=week.manoramaonline.com |publisher=Malayala Manorama |date=22 April 2014 |archivedate=23 June 2015|archiveurl=http://bluerasberry.com/2015/07/mirror-of-the-forgotten-half-an-article-about-jashodaben}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/jashodaben-modi-rti-narendra-modi-gandhinagar-sandip-modi/1/433422.html|title=PM Modi's wife Jashodaben hopes to get 3rd time lucky with RTI|date=23 May 2015|work=India Today}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140411/nation-politics/article/deserted-wife-jashodaben-still-prays-husband-narendra-modi-become-pm|title=Deserted wife Jashodaben still prays for husband Narendra Modi to become Prime Minister|date=12 April 2014|website=DeccanChronicle.com|access-date=3 November 2017}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/modi-deserted-wife-says-congress-kamat-bjp-hits-back/story-OQOW3j6GhLTl0BiSGLO6vN.html|title=Modi 'deserted' wife, says Congress' Kamat; BJP hits back|date=27 January 2015|website=HindustanTimes.com|access-date=3 November 2017}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web |url= http://www.caravanmagazine.in/reportage/emperor-uncrowned |title=The Emperor Uncrowned |first=Vinod K |last=Jose |work=The Caravan |date=1 March 2012 |access-date=26 September 2014}} 8. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/fantasies-of-jashodaben-leave-narendra-modis-wife-alone-1475961.html |author=Lakshmi Chaudhry | title=Fantasies of Jashodaben: Leave Narendra Modi's wife alone | date=Apr 11, 2014 | agency=CNN IBN7 firstpost | access-date=27 September 2014}} 9. ^1 {{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/abandoned-as-a-child-bride-indias-first-lady-still-hopes-her-husband-will-call/2015/01/25/3509dac5-5ac1-49e3-8b44-7d92e027c9ec_story.html |title=Abandoned as a child bride, wife of Narendra Modi hopes he calls |first=Annie |last=Gowen |work=The Washington Post |date=25 January 2015|publisher=WPC |location=Washington, DC |issn=0190-8286 |access-date=20 May 2015}} 10. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jashodaben-modi-rti-narendra-modi-gandhinagar-sandip-modi/1/433422.html |title=PM Modi's wife Jashodaben hopes to get 3rd time lucky with RTI |first=Darshan |last=Desai |work=India Today |date=3 May 2015 |access-date=8 May 2015}} 11. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web |url= http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/i-like-to-read-about-him-modi-i-know-he-will-become-pm/ |title=I like to read about him (Modi)... I know he will become PM |first=Lakshmi |last=Ajay |work=The Indian Express |date=1 February 2014 |access-date=26 September 2014}} 12. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url= http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/i-am-narendra-modi-s-wife |title=I am Narendra Modi's Wife |first=Haima |last=Deshpande |work=OPEN|date=11 April 2009 |access-date=26 September 2014}} 13. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sFj0G2GgG0 |title=Exclusive : Narendra Modi's wife Jashodaben in conversation with Tv9 |author=(interviewer's name not in English) |publisher=TV9 (Gujarati) |date=23 May 2014 |quote=Tv9 Gujarati |access-date=27 September 2014}} 14. ^1 2 {{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2014/04/10/why-did-narendra-modi-keep-his-wife-secret-for-almost-50-years/ |title=Why did Narendra Modi keep his wife secret for almost 50 years? |first=Adam |last=Taylor |work=The Washington Post |date=10 April 2014 |publisher=WPC |location=Washington, DC |issn=0190-8286 |access-date=26 September 2014}} 15. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-26970397 |title=India election: BJP 'bachelor' Modi admits marriage |author=staff |work=bbc.com |date=10 April 2014 |access-date=10 November 2014}} 16. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url= http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/narendra-modi-marriage-jashodaben/1/354912.html |title=Revealed: Why Narendra Modi walked out of his marriage with Jashodaben |first=Uday |last=Mahurkar |work=India Today |date=10 April 2014 |access-date=26 September 2014}} 17. ^{{cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Modis-defective-affidavit-issue-reaches-high-court/articleshow/44828755.cms |title=Modi's defective affidavit issue reaches high court – The Times of India |first=Saeed |last=Khan |work=IndiaTimes.com |date=15 October 2014 |accessdate=7 November 2014}} 18. ^{{cite web |url= http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-10-31/news/55631299_1_prime-minister-narendra-modi-jashodaben-six-weeks |title=Allahabad HC gives 6 weeks' time to PM Narendra Modi to file statement on election petition |author=staff writer |work=IndiaTimes.com |date=31 October 2014 |access-date=7 November 2014}} 19. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.dawn.com/news/1153889/new-year-resolve-for-jashodaben |title=New Year resolve for Jashodaben |first=Jawed |last=Naqvi |work=Dawn News |date=30 December 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2015}} 20. ^{{cite web |url= http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/modis-wife-jashodaben-attends-condolence-meeting-for-gopinath-munde/ |title=Modi's wife Jashodaben attends condolence meeting for Gopinath Munde |first=Lakshmi |last=Ajay |work=IndianExpress.com |date=11 June 2014 |access-date=7 November 2014}} 21. ^{{cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Jashodaben-prays-at-city-temples-for-PM-Modi/articleshow/45234366.cms? |title=Jashodaben prays at Mumbai temples for PM Modi |author=staff|work=The Times of India |date=21 November 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2015}} 22. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.amarujala.com/feature/samachar/national/s-peter-paul-meet-with-jasodaben-hindi-news-rk/?page=0 |title=s peter paul meet with jasodaben. किसने कहा, 'जशोदाबेन की प्रार्थनाओं से पीएम बने मोदी'|author=staff |work=Amar Ujala |date=6 February 2015 |accessdate=23 April 2015}}{{Failed verification|date=January 2017}} 23. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.opindia.com/2015/02/christian-missionary-meets-jashoaben-to-heal-her-hindu-groups-are-busy-in-redundancies/ |title=Christian missionary meets Jashodaben to heal her, Hindu groups are busy being stupid |author=staff |work=opindia.com |date= February 6, 2015 |accessdate=23 April 2015}}{{Failed verification|date=January 2017}} 24. ^1 2 {{cite web |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150612/jsp/nation/story_25267.jsp |title=She who BJP can't stomach |first=Basant |last=Rawat |work=telegraphindia.com |date=12 June 2015|accessdate=17 June 2015}} 25. ^{{cite news|title=No passport for PM's spouse, as she has no marriage certificate|date=7 November 2015|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/no-passport-for-narendra-modis-wife-as-she-has-no-marriage-certificate/article7855384.ece|publisher=The Hindu}} 26. ^1 {{cite web |url= https://www.theguardian.com/politics/shortcuts/2014/nov/26/why-is-indias-first-lady-trying-to-shake-off-her-security-detail- |title=Jashodaben Modi: why is the Indian prime minister's wife trying to shake off her security detail? |first=Jason |last=Burke |work=theguardian.com |date=26 November 2014 |accessdate=8 May 2015}} 27. ^{{cite web |url= http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/pm-narendra-modis-wife-jashodaben-given-police-protection/ |title=PM Narendra Modi's wife Jashodaben given police protection |author=Press Trust of India |work=indianexpress.com |date=30 May 2014 |accessdate=26 September 2014}} 28. ^1 {{cite news |url= http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/jashodaben-s-security-cover-to-stay-the-jury-is-out-on-rules-for-privileges-114112600027_1.html |title=Jashodaben's security cover to stay; the jury is out on rules for privileges |first=Nivedita |last=Mookerji |work=Business Standard |date=26 November 2014 |accessdate=8 May 2015}} 29. ^{{cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Modis-wife-Jashodaben-unhappy-over-security-cover-files-RTI-to-seek-details-from-government/articleshow/45261936.cms |title=PM Modi's wife Jashodaben 'unhappy' over security cover, files RTI to seek details from government |author=staff |work=The Times of India |date=24 November 2014 |accessdate=5 May 2015}} 30. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/jashodaben-denied-info-under-rti-again/ |title=Jashodaben denied info under RTI again |author=Express News Service |work=The Indian Express |date=11 February 2015 |accessdate=20 May 2015}} 31. ^{{cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Scared-of-her-guards-PM-Narendra-Modis-wife-Jashodaben-files-RTI/articleshow/45265149.cms |title=Scared of her guards, PM Narendra Modi's wife Jashodaben files RTI |author=staff |work=indiatimes.com |date=25 November 2014 |accessdate=8 May 2015}} 32. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://gulfnews.com/opinion/thinkers/let-modi-change-his-mindset-towards-women-1.1429238 |title=Let Modi change his mindset towards women |first=S.N.M. |last=Abdi|work=gulfnews.com |date=19 December 2014 |accessdate=11 May 2015}} 33. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.khaleejtimes.com/kt-article-display-1.asp?xfile=data/international/2014/December/international_December705.xml§ion=international |title=Modi's estranged wife fails to get details on security provided to her |first=Mahesh |last=Trivedi |work=Khaleej Times |date=29 December 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2015}} 34. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Denied-information-under-RTI-Jashodaben-files-appeal/articleshow/45737596.cms |title=Denied information under RTI, Jashodaben files appeal |author=staff |work=The Times of India |date=3 January 2015 |accessdate=20 May 2015}} 35. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://www.outlookindia.com/article/interruption-regretted/293175 |title=Interruption Regretted |first=Anuradha |last=Raman|work=Outlook |date=2 February 2015 |accessdate=20 May 2015}} 36. ^1 {{cite web |url= http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-31/news/58650737_1_jashodaben-ib-ministry-andamans |title=DD Gujarat official sent to Andamans for airing Jashodaben news – timesofindia-economictimes |first=Vasudha |last=Venugopal |work=indiatimes.com |date=31 January 2015 |accessdate=20 May 2015}} 37. ^{{cite web |url= http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/jashodaben-denied-info-under-rti-again/ |title=Jashodaben denied info under RTI again |author=staff |work=The Indian Express |date=11 February 2015 |accessdate=20 May 2015}} 38. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/columns/others/Jashodaben-The-superhero/articleshow/45313021.cms |title=Jashodaben – The superhero |first=Shobhaa |last=De |work=Ahmedabad Mirror |date=29 November 2014 |accessdate=8 May 2015}} 39. ^1 {{cite news |url= https://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/mr-modis-abandoned-wife-joins-an-alarming-trend-in-indian-politics/article18091206/ |title=Mr. Modi's abandoned wife joins an alarming trend in Indian politics|first=Amrit |last=Dhillon |work=The Globe and Mail |date=22 April 2014 |accessdate=27 September 2014}} 40. ^{{cite web |url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Sakshi-Maharajs-ode-to-Modis-wife-surprises-crowd/articleshow/45421323.cms? |title=Sakshi Maharaj's ode to Modi's wife surprises crowd |first=Maria |last=Akram |work=indiatimes.com |date=9 December 2014 |accessdate=11 May 2015}} 41. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jashodaben-should-get-bharat-ratna-for-her-sacrifice-gogoi/article5908134.ece |title=Jashodaben should get Bharat Ratna for her sacrifice: Gogoi – The Hindu |author=Guwahati |work=thehindu.com |date=13 April 2014 |accessdate=27 September 2014}} 42. ^{{cite web |url= http://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/tarun-gogoi-attacks-narendra-modi-over-married-status/ |title=Tarun Gogoi attacks Narendra Modi over 'married' status |author=Press Trust of India |work=indianexpress.com |date=13 April 2014 |accessdate=27 September 2014}} 43. ^{{cite web |url= http://m.newindianexpress.com/nation-2/421056 |title=Kamat Rakes up Row by Comparing Irani to Jashodaben |first=Kiran |last=Tare |work=m.newindianexpress.com |date=28 January 2015 |accessdate=20 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618162925/http://m.newindianexpress.com/nation-2/421056 |archivedate=18 June 2015}} External links
11 : Narendra Modi|Spouses of Prime Ministers of India|1952 births|Living people|Educators from Gujarat|Indian Hindus|Women educators from Gujarat|20th-century Indian educators|20th-century Indian women|Indian schoolteachers|Women from Gujarat |
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