| 词条 | Safsaf |
| 释义 |
| name = Safsaf | native_name = صفصاف | native_name_lang = ar | other_name = Safsofa | settlement_type = Village | etymology = "the Osier willow"[1] | pushpin_map = Mandatory Palestine | pushpin_mapsize = 200 | coordinates = {{coord|33|00|42|N|35|26|44|E|type:city_region:IL|display=inline,title}} | grid_name = Palestine grid | grid_position = 192/268 | subdivision_type = Geopolitical entity | subdivision_name = Mandatory Palestine | subdivision_type1 = Subdistrict | subdivision_name1 = Safad | established_title1 = Date of depopulation | established_date1 = 29 October 1948[2] | established_title2 = Repopulated dates | area_footnotes = [3] | unit_pref = dunam | area_total_dunam = 7,391 | population_as_of = 1945 | population_total = 910[3][4] | blank_name_sec1 = Cause(s) of depopulation | blank_info_sec1 = Military assault by Yishuv forces | blank1_name_sec1 = Secondary cause | blank1_info_sec1 = Fear of being caught up in the fighting | blank3_name_sec1 = Current Localities | blank3_info_sec1 = Kfar Hoshen,[5][6] Bar Yohai[7] }} Safsaf ({{lang-ar|صفصاف}}, the weeping willow, also known in Roman times as Safsofa) was a Palestinian village located 9 kilometres northwest of Safed, present-day Israel. Its villagers fled to Lebanon after the Safsaf massacre in October 1948, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. HistoryThe village was called Safsofa in Roman times.[8] According to Yaqut, it was harried in 339AH / 950CE by Saif ad Daulah.[9] Ottoman eraIn the early sixteenth century CE, Safsaf was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire, and by the 1596 tax records, it was a village in the nahiyah ("subdistrict") of Jira, part of Sanjak Safad. It had a population of 25 households, an estimated 138 persons, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on several agricultural items, including wheat, barley, olives and fruits, as well as other types of produce, such as beehives and goats; a total of 3,714 akçe. A quarter of the revenue went to a waqf.[10][11] In 1838 es-Sufsaf was noted as a village in the Safad district,[12] while in 1875 Victor Guérin described it as a village with fifteen Muslim families.[13] In 1881 the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine described Safsaf as a small village situated on a plain, with a population of about 100. They also noted that "ornamented stones of a preexisting public building" had been built into the doorway of the village mosque.[14] The villagers cultivated olive and fig trees and vineyards.[15] A population list from about 1887 showed Sufsaf to have about 740 inhabitants, all Muslim.[16] British Mandate eraSafsaf became a part of the British Mandate in 1922. During this time, the village lay on the eastern side of the Safad-Tarshiha highway and extended in a northeast-southwest direction. All the residents of Safsaf were Muslims. A mosque and several shops were located in the village center, and an elementary school was established during this period. Agriculture was the main economic activity, and it was both irrigated from springs and rainfed. Fruits and olives were cultivated on the land north of the village.[6] In the 1922 census of Palestine Sufsaf had a population of 521 Muslims,[17] increasing in the 1931 census to 662, still all Muslims, in a total of 124 houses.[18] In the 1945 statistics the population was 910 Muslims,[3] with a total of 7,391 dunams of land, according to an official land and population survey.[4] Of this, a total of 2,586 dunums were allotted to cereals; 769 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,[6][19] while a 72 dunams was built-up (urban) area.[20] 1948, and aftermath{{Main article|Safsaf massacre}}On October 29, 1948, Israeli forces assaulted the village as part of Operation Hiram.[21] After the villagers surrendered, some 50-70 men were massacred while bound and four women reported being raped.[6][22][23][24] The IDF records for this massacre remain classified. In 1949 Kfar Hoshen was established on village land, followed by Bar Yohai in 1979, also on village land.[6] In 1992 the village site was described: "The site is overgrown with grass and scattered trees among which can be seen a few terraces and piles of stones from destroyed houses. A few houses are inhabited by Israelis. A fraction of surrounding land is cultivated by the settlements, and the rest is forested."[6] See also
References1. ^Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/95/mode/1up 95] 2. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR16 xvi], village #45. Also gives causes of depopulation. 3. ^1 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 11 4. ^1 2 Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 71 5. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR21 xxi], Settlement #49, established January 1949. 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 Khalidi, 1992, p. 491 7. ^Established in 1979. Khalidi, 1992, p. 491 8. ^Khalidi, 1992, p. 490 9. ^Le Strange, 1890, p. [https://archive.org/stream/palestineundermo00lestuoft#page/526/mode/1up 526] 10. ^Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p.177, quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 490 11. ^Note that Rhode, 1979, p. [https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century 6] writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9 12. ^Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/134/mode/1up 134] 13. ^Guérin, 1880, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr00gugoog#page/n458/mode/1up1up 418]-419 14. ^Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/257/mode/1up 257]. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 491 15. ^Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p.[https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/200/mode/1up 200]. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 491 16. ^Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n215/mode/1up 190] 17. ^Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Safad, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n43/mode/1up 41] 18. ^Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 110] 19. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 121 20. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 171 21. ^{{Citation|title=Welcome to Safsaf|publisher=Palestine Remembered|accessdate=2007-12-12|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Safad/Safsaf/index.html}} 22. ^Benvenisti, 2000, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7itq6zYtSJwC&pg=PA153 153] 23. ^Nazzal, 1978, pp. 93-96 24. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA481 481] Bibliography{{refbegin}}
|date=1979 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |title=Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=Columbia University}}
External links
3 : District of Safad|Arab villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War|Ancient Jewish settlements of Galilee |
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