| 词条 | Assiniboine | ||||||||||
| 释义 |
|group=Assiniboine |image=Full Moon, Assiniboine.jpg |image_caption=Full Moon, an Assiniboine woman, 1900 |population=3,500[1] |popplace=Canada (Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta) United States (North Dakota and Montana) |rels=traditional tribal religion, Sun Dance, Native American Church, Christianity |langs=Assiniboine, English |related=Dakota, Stoney[1] }} The Assiniboine or Assiniboin people ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|s|ɪ|n|ᵻ|b|ɔɪ|n|}} when singular, {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|s|ɪ|n|ᵻ|b|ɔɪ|n|z}} when plural; Ojibwe: Asiniibwaan, "stone Sioux"; also in plural Assiniboine or Assiniboin), also known as the Hohe and known by the endonym Nakota (or Nakoda or Nakona), are a First Nations/Native American people originally from the Northern Great Plains of North America. Today, they are centered in present-day Saskatchewan. They have also populated parts of Alberta and southwestern Manitoba in Canada, and northern Montana and western North Dakota in the United States. They were well known throughout much of the late 18th and early 19th century, and were members of the Iron Confederacy with the Cree. Images of Assiniboine people were painted by such 19th-century artists as Karl Bodmer and George Catlin. NamesThe Europeans and Americans adopted names that other tribes used for the Assiniboine; they did not until later learn the tribe's autonym, their name for themselves. In Siouan, they traditionally called themselves the Hohe Nakota. With the widespread adoption of English, however, many now use the name that became common in English. The English adopted Assiniboine, used by the Canadian French colonists. It was a transliteration into French phonetics of what they heard the Ojibwe use as a term for these western people. The Ojibwe name was asinii-bwaan (stone Sioux). The Cree called them asinîpwâta (asinîpwâta ᐊᓯᓃᐹᐧᑕ NA sg, asinîpwâtak ᐊᓯᓃᐹᐧᑕᐠ NA pl). In the same way, Assnipwan comes from the word asinîpwâta in the western Cree dialects, from asiniy ᐊᓯᓂᐩ NA – "rock, stone" – and pwâta ᐹᐧᑕ NA – "enemy, Sioux". Early French traders in the west were often familiar with Algonquian languages. They transliterated many Cree or Ojibwe exonyms for other western Canadian indigenous peoples during the early colonial era. The English referred to the Assiniboine by adopting terms from the French spelled using English phonetics. Other tribes associated "stone" with the Assiniboine because they primarily cooked with heated stones. They dropped hot stones into water to heat it to boiling for cooking meat. Some writers believed that the name was derived from the Ojibway term Assin, stone, and the French bouillir, to boil, but such an etymology is very unlikely.[2] LanguageAssiniboine is a Mississippi Valley Siouan language, in the Western Siouan language family. In the early 21st century, about 150 people speak the language[1] and most are more than 40 years old. The majority of the Assiniboine today speak only American English. The 2000 census showed 3,946 tribal members who lived in the United States. Assiniboine are closely linked by language to the Stoney First Nations people of Alberta. The latter two tribes speak varieties of Nakota, a distant, but not mutually intelligible, variant of the Sioux language.[3] HistoryEarly historyThe Assiniboine, along with the Stoney of Alberta, share a common ancestry with the Sioux nation. While it was formerly believed that the Assiniboine originated among the Yanktonai division of the Dakota Sioux, linguistic analysis indicates that the Assiniboine and Stoney together form a group coordinate with that of the Santee, Lakota, and Yankon-Yanktonai, and that they are no more related to one of these subdivisions than another. The separation of the Assiniboine from the Sioux must have occurred at some time prior to 1640, as Paul Le Jeune names them along with the "Naduessi" (Sioux) in his Jesuit Relations of that year.[4] The Assiniboine and Sioux were both gradually pushed westward onto the plains from the woodlands of Minnesota by the Ojibwe, who had acquired firearms from their French allies. Later, the Assiniboine acquired horses via raiding and trading with neighboring tribes of Plains Indians such as the Crow and the Sioux on their south. The Assiniboine eventually developed into a large and powerful people with a horse and warrior culture; they used the horse to hunt the vast numbers of bison that lived within and outside their territory. At the height of their power, the Assiniboine dominated territory ranging from the North Saskatchewan River in the north to the Missouri River in the south, and including portions of modern-day Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Manitoba, Canada; and North Dakota and Montana, United States of America. Contact with Europeans and fur trade{{see also|North American fur trade}}The first person of European descent to describe the Assiniboine was an employee of the Hudson's Bay Company named Henry Kelsey in the 1690s. Later explorers and traders Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye and his sons (1730s), Anthony Henday (1754–55), and Alexander Henry the younger (1800s) confirmed that the Assiniboine held a vast territory across the northern plains, including into the United States (which achieved independence in 1783 but did not acquire the plains until 1803 in the Louisiana Purchase from France.) The Assiniboine became reliable and important trading partners and middlemen for fur traders and other Indians, particularly the British Hudson's Bay Company and North West Company, operating in western Canada in a vast area known then as Rupert's Land. During the later 18th century and early 19th century, south of the border in what became Montana and the Dakota territories, the Assiniboine traded with the American Fur Company and the competing Rocky Mountain Fur Company. The Assiniboine obtained guns, ammunition, metal tomahawks, metal pots, wool blankets, wool coats, wool leggings, and glass beads, as well as other goods from the fur traders in exchange for furs. Beaver furs and bison hides were the most commonly traded furs. Increased contact with Europeans resulted in Native Americans contracting Eurasian infectious diseases that were endemic among the Europeans. They suffered epidemics with high mortality, most notably smallpox among the Assiniboine. The Assiniboine population crashed from around 10,000 people in the late 18th century to around 2600 by 1890.[5] The Lewis and Clark Expedition was mounted by the United States in 1804–1806 to explore the Louisiana Territory, newly acquired from France. The expedition's journals mention the Assiniboine, whom the party heard about while returning from Fort Clatsop down the Missouri River. These explorers did not encounter or come in direct contact with the tribe. Noted European and American painters traveled with traders, explorers, and expeditions for the opportunity to paint the West and its Native American peoples. Among those who encountered and painted the Assiniboine from life were painters Karl Bodmer, Paul Kane, and George Catlin. The Assiniboine signed the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851).[6] In 1885, some Assiniboine scouts aided the Canadian North West Field Force track down Cree renegades who were participating in the Second Riel Rebellion of Métis.[9] Interactions with other tribesIn 1857, a group of Sioux warriors, including Sitting Bull, attacked a party of Assiniboine people. An 11-year-old Assiniboine boy named Jumping Bull fought against the raiders with his child-sized bow. Some Sioux warriors threatened to kill him, but Sitting Bull ran in front of the child and said, "This boy is too brave to die! I take him as my brother." Jumping Bull later died along with Sitting Bull in 1890 while attempting to defend him.[7] The Iron Confederacy{{main|Iron Confederacy}}The Assiniboine were a major part of an alliance of northern Plains Indian nations known as the Iron Confederacy, or Nehiyaw-Pwat, as it is known in Plains Cree, beginning prior to 1692 until the late nineteenth century. The Iron Confederacy were allies in the fur trade, particularly with the Hudson's Bay Company. The Assiniboine and the Cree being important intermediaries in the Great Plains trading networks. Members included the Assiniboine as well as the Plains Cree, Saulteaux, Plains Ojibwe, Métis, and individual Iroquois people who traveled west as employees for the fur traders. Other Indian peoples on the northern plains, such as the Gros Ventre, were occasionally part of the confederacy. The confederacy became the dominant force on the northern plains. It posed a major threat to Indian nations not associated with it, such as the Shoshone and Crow further south. Its members also attacked European-American settlements on the Plains. The eventual decline of the fur trade and overhunting of the bison herds by Canadian and American hunters, which destroyed the Confederacy nations' most important food source, led to the defeat and breaking up of the confederacy. It engaged in military action with Canada during the North-West Rebellion.[8] Traditional lifestyleTraditionally the Assiniboine were semi-nomadic people. During the warmer months, they followed and hunted the herds of bison. The women processed and preserved the meat for winter, and used hides, tendons, and horns for clothing, bedding, tools, cord and other items. Every part of the animal was used by the people. The men hunted on horseback using bow and arrows. The tribe is known for its excellent horsemanship. They first obtained horses by trading with the Blackfeet and the Gros Ventre tribes. They worked with the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara tribes. The Sun god and Thunder god were considered the most important manifestations of the Great Spirit. The Assiniboine people participated in the Sun Dance like other Plains Native peoples. They also took guidance from personal visions in Vision Quests.[7] Subgroups and bands
The bands of chief Manitupotis (also known as Wankanto – Little Soldier) and Hunkajuka (Hum-ja-jin-sin, Inihan Kinyen – Little Chief), together about 300 people with about 50 warriors, on June 1, 1873 were victims of the Cypress Hills massacre. An estimated 25 to 30 Assiniboine were killed by American Wolfers to take revenge for horse-stealing Cree in Montana. This massacre led to the development of the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP), later known as the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP).
Present situationToday, a substantial number of Assiniboine people live jointly with other tribes, such as the Plains Cree, Saulteaux, Sioux and Gros Ventre, in several reservations in Canada and the United States. In Manitoba, the Assiniboine survive as individuals, holding no separate communal reserves. Montana, United States
In March 2012, these two reservations has received 63 American bison from Yellowstone National Park, to be released to a 2,100-acre game preserve 25 miles north of Poplar. There are many other bison herds outside Yellowstone, this is one of the few genetically pure ones, in which the animals were not cross-bred with cattle. Native Americans celebrated this action for restoration of the bison. It came more than a century after the bison were nearly destroyed by overhunting by European Americans and government action to destroy the food source of the powerful Plains Indians. The Assiniboine and Gros Ventre tribes at the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation will also receive a portion of this herd. [17]Saskatchewan, Canada
NamesakesCanada Steamship Lines named one of their new ships the CSL Assiniboine.[23] "Fort Assiniboine" was a name given to trading posts opened in 1793 in Manitoba and in 1824 in Alberta. The Assiniboine River drains much of Saskatchewan and Manitoba into the Red River of the North, which, in turn, flows into the Hudson Bay via Lake Winnipeg and the Nelson River. GalleryAssiniboine people
See also{{Commons category|Assiniboine}}
References1. ^1 2 "Assiniboine." Ethnologue. Retrieved March 30, 2013. 2. ^George Bryce, The Assiniboine River and its Forts, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 1893, Section II, p. 69 3. ^{{cite book | last = Ullrich | first = Jan | title = New Lakota Dictionary (Incorporating the Dakota Dialects of Yankton-Yanktonai and Santee-Sisseton) | publisher = Lakota Language Consortium |year=2008 | pages = 2–6 | month = | isbn = 0-9761082-9-1 }} 4. ^Parks, Douglas R., Raymond J. Demallie. "Sioux, Assiniboine, and Stoney Dialects: A Classification." Anthropological Linguistics, No. 34, Issue 1/4 (1992), 233–55. 5. ^{{cite web|title=Assiniboine|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/articles/assiniboine|work=The Canadian Encyclopedia|accessdate=May 28, 2013}} 6. ^Kappler, Charles (1904): Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. Vol. 2. Washington. P. 594. 7. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Native American Tribes|last=Waldman|first=Carl|publisher=Facts on File, Inc|year=2006|isbn=0816062730|location=New York City|pages=27-28}} 8. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/cree.html |title=Cree |author=Neal McLeod |work=The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan |publisher=Canadian Plains Research Centre |accessdate=November 13, 2012}} 9. ^Hochspringen ↑ AISRI Dictionary Database Search – Assiniboine Dictionary 10. ^Joachim Fromhold: The Western Cree (Pakisimotan Wi Iniwak) – The Canoe Cree 1650–1770, Verlag: lulu.com, 2010, {{ISBN|978-0-557-56744-7}} 11. ^Fort Edmonton was known to the Beaver Hills Cree as Amiskwāciwakahikan – "Beaver Hills House" and by the Assiniboine / Stoney as Ti oda – "great house" 12. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1525/aa.1937.39.3.02a00040 | volume=39 | title=Political Structure and Status among the Assiniboine Indians | year=1937 | journal=American Anthropologist | pages=408–416 | last1 = Rodnick | first1 = David}} 13. ^James L. Long, William Standing: Land of Nakoda: The Story of the Assiniboine Indians, Riverbend Publishing 2004, {{ISBN|978-1-931832-35-9}} 14. ^History of the Fort Peck Reservation {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022163248/http://www.ihs.gov/facilitiesservices/areaoffices/billings/fortpeck/fpsu-history.asp |date=October 22, 2011 }} 15. ^Fort Peck Tribes 16. ^Fort Belknap Indian Community {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111022025330/http://www.ftbelknap-nsn.gov/history.php |date=October 22, 2011 }} 17. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.greatfallstribune.com/article/20120322/NEWS01/203220313/Yellowstone-bison-return-tribal-land?odyssey=tab%7Ctopnews%7Ctext%7CFrontpage | title=Yellowstone bison return to tribal land | work=Great Falls Tribune | date=March 21, 2012 | accessdate=March 23, 2012 }} 18. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.carrythekettle.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2:band-history&catid=13:band-history&Itemid=4 |title=Carry the Kettle First Nation |access-date=October 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123193557/http://www.carrythekettle.ca/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2:band-history&catid=13:band-history&Itemid=4 |archive-date=2011-01-23 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 19. ^FIRST NATION CONNECTIVITY PROFILE – 2003 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403030232/http://www.aboriginalcanada.gc.ca/abdt/apps/connectivitysurvey.nsf/vAllCProfile_en/632.html |date=April 3, 2012 }} 20. ^White Bear First Nation 21. ^Ocean Man First Nation {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425112830/http://www.oceanmanband.com/?go=about |date=April 25, 2012 }} 22. ^Pheasant Rump Nakota Nation {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717032325/http://www.sicc.sk.ca/bands/bpheas.html |date=July 17, 2011 }} 23. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.boatnerd.com/pictures/fleet/cslassiniboine.htm |title=CSL Assiniboine |author=Great Lakes and Seaway Shipping |year=2005 |accessdate=May 2, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616184924/http://www.boatnerd.com/pictures/fleet/cslassiniboine.htm |archivedate=June 16, 2007 }} 24. ^[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0585651/ IMDB] Further reading{{refbegin}}
External links
12 : Assiniboine|Plains tribes|Siouan peoples|First Nations in Alberta|First Nations in Saskatchewan|Native American tribes in Montana|Native American history of Minnesota|Native American history of Montana|Native American history of North Dakota|Algonquian ethnonyms|Native American tribes in North Dakota|First Nations in Manitoba |
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