“Saint Patrick's Day”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Saint Patrick's Day, or the Feast of Saint Patrick ({{lang-ga|Lá Fhéile Pádraig}}, "the Day of the Festival of Patrick"), is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick ({{circa}} AD 385–461), the foremost patron saint of Ireland.

Saint Patrick's Day was made an official Christian feast day in the early 17th century and is observed by the Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion (especially the Church of Ireland),^[4] the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Lutheran Church. The day commemorates Saint Patrick and the arrival of Christianity in Ireland,^[3] and celebrates the heritage and culture of the Irish in general.^[5] Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, céilís, and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks.^[6] Christians who belong to liturgical denominations also attend church services^[5]^[7] and historically the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol were lifted for the day, which has encouraged and propagated the holiday's tradition of alcohol consumption.^[5]^[6]^[8]^[9]

Saint Patrick's Day is a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland,^[10] Northern Ireland,^[11] the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador (for provincial government employees), and the British Overseas Territory of Montserrat. It is also widely celebrated by the Irish diaspora around the world, especially in the United Kingdom, Canada, United States, Brazil, Argentina, Australia and New Zealand. Saint Patrick's Day is celebrated in more countries than any other national festival.{{sfnp|Cronin|Adair|2002 |p=242|ps=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5TYHqrao2PwC&pg=SL26-PA42]}} Modern celebrations have been greatly influenced by those of the Irish diaspora, particularly those that developed in North America. However, there has been criticism of Saint Patrick's Day celebrations for having become too commercialised and for fostering negative stereotypes of the Irish people.

Saint Patrick

Patrick was a 5th-century Romano-British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland. Much of what is known about Saint Patrick comes from the Declaration, which was allegedly written by Patrick himself. It is believed that he was born in Roman Britain in the fourth century, into a wealthy Romano-British family. His father was a deacon and his grandfather was a priest in the Christian church. According to the Declaration, at the age of sixteen, he was kidnapped by Irish raiders and taken as a slave to Gaelic Ireland.^[12] It says that he spent six years there working as a shepherd and that during this time he "found God". The Declaration says that God told Patrick to flee to the coast, where a ship would be waiting to take him home. After making his way home, Patrick went on to become a priest.

According to tradition, Patrick returned to Ireland to convert the pagan Irish to Christianity. The Declaration says that he spent many years evangelising in the northern half of Ireland and converted "thousands". Patrick's efforts against the druids were eventually turned into an allegory in which he drove "snakes" out of Ireland, despite the fact that snakes were not known to inhabit the region.

Tradition holds that he died on 17 March and was buried at Downpatrick. Over the following centuries, many legends grew up around Patrick and he became Ireland's foremost saint.

Celebration and traditions

Today's St Patrick's Day celebrations have been greatly influenced by those that developed among the Irish diaspora, especially in North America. Until the late 20th century, St Patrick's Day was often a bigger celebration among the diaspora than it was in Ireland.{{sfnp|Cronin|Adair|2002 |p=242|ps=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5TYHqrao2PwC&pg=SL26-PA42]}}

Celebrations generally involve public parades and festivals, Irish traditional music sessions (céilithe), and the wearing of green attire or shamrocks.^[6] There are also formal gatherings such as banquets and dances, although these were more common in the past. St Patrick's Day parades began in North America in the 18th century but did not spread to Ireland until the 20th century.{{sfnp|Cronin|Adair|2002 |p=xxiii}} The participants generally include marching bands, the military, fire brigades, cultural organisations, charitable organisations, voluntary associations, youth groups, fraternities, and so on. However, over time, many of the parades have become more akin to a carnival. More effort is made to use the Irish language, especially in Ireland, where the week of St Patrick's Day is "Irish language week".

Since 2010, famous landmarks have been lit up in green on St Patrick's Day as part of Tourism Ireland's "Global Greening Initiative" or "Going Green for St Patrick´s Day".^[13]^[14] The Sydney Opera House and the Sky Tower in Auckland were the first landmarks to participate and since then over 300 landmarks in fifty countries across the globe have gone green for St Patricks day.^[15]^[16]

Christians may also attend church services,^[5]^[7] and the Lenten restrictions on eating and drinking alcohol are lifted for the day. Perhaps because of this, drinking alcohol – particularly Irish whiskey, beer, or cider – has become an integral part of the celebrations.^[5]^[6]^[8]^[9] The St Patrick's Day custom of "drowning the shamrock" or "wetting the shamrock" was historically popular, especially in Ireland. At the end of the celebrations, a shamrock is put into the bottom of a cup, which is then filled with whiskey, beer, or cider. It is then drunk as a toast to St Patrick, Ireland, or those present. The shamrock would either be swallowed with the drink or taken out and tossed over the shoulder for good luck.{{sfnp|Cronin|Adair|2002 |p=26}}^[17]^[18]

Irish Government Ministers travel abroad on official visits to various countries around the globe to celebrate St Patrick's Day and promote Ireland.^[19]^[20] The most prominent of these is the visit of the Irish Taoiseach (Irish Prime Minister) with the U.S. President which happens on or around St Patrick's Day.^[21]^[22] Traditionally the Taoiseach presents the U.S. President a Waterford Crystal bowl filled with shamrocks.^[23] This tradition began when in 1952, Irish Ambassador to the U.S. John Hearne sent a box of shamrocks to President Harry S. Truman. From then on it became an annual tradition of the Irish ambassador to the U.S. to present the St Patrick's Day shamrock to an official in the U.S. President's administration, although on some occasions the shamrock presentation was made by the Irish Taoiseach or Irish President to the U.S. President personally in Washington, such as when President Dwight D. Eisenhower met Taoiseach John A. Costello in 1956 and President Seán T. O'Kelly in 1959 or when President Ronald Reagan met Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald in 1986 and Taoiseach Charles J. Haughey in 1987.^[24]^[25] However it was only after the meeting between Taoiseach Albert Reynolds and President Bill Clinton in 1994 that the presenting of the shamrock ceremony became an annual event for the leaders of both countries for St Patrick's Day.^[26]^[27]

Wearing green

On St Patrick's Day, it is customary to wear shamrocks, green clothing or green accessories. St Patrick is said to have used the shamrock, a three-leaved plant, to explain the Holy Trinity to the pagan Irish.^[28]^[29] This story first appears in writing in 1726, though it may be older. In pagan Ireland, three was a significant number and the Irish had many triple deities, a fact that may have aided St Patrick in his evangelisation efforts.^[30]^[31] Patricia Monaghan says there is no evidence that the shamrock was sacred to the pagan Irish.^[30] However, Jack Santino speculates that it may have represented the regenerative powers of nature, and was recast in a Christian context{{nsmdns}}icons of St Patrick often depict the saint "with a cross in one hand and a sprig of shamrocks in the other".^[32] Roger Homan writes, "We can perhaps see St Patrick drawing upon the visual concept of the triskele when he uses the shamrock to explain the Trinity".^[33]

The first association of the colour green with Ireland is from the 11th century pseudo-historical book Lebor Gabála Érenn (The Book of the Taking of Ireland), which forms part of the Mythological Cycle in Irish Mythology and describes the story of Goídel Glas who is credited as the eponymous ancestor of the Gaels and creator of the Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx).^[47] In the story Goídel Glas, who was the son of Scota and Niul, was bitten by a snake and was saved from death by Moses placing his staff on the snakebite. As a reminder of the incident he would retain a green mark that would stay with him and he would lead his people to a land that would be free of snakes.^[48] This is emphasized in his name Goídel which was anglicised to the word Gaelic and Glas which is the Irish word for green.^[47] Another story from the Lebor Gabála Érenn written after the adventures of Goídel Glas refers to Íth climbing the tower (in reference to the Tower of Hercules) his father Breogán builds in Brigantia (modern day Corunna in Galicia, Spain) on a winters day and is so captivated by the sight of a beautiful green island in the distance that he must set sail immediately. This story also introduces three national personifications of Ireland, Banba, Fódla and Ériu.^[47]^[48] The colour green was further associated with Ireland from the 1640s, when the green harp flag was used by the Irish Catholic Confederation. Green ribbons and shamrocks have been worn on St Patrick's Day since at least the 1680s.{{sfnp|Cronin|Adair|2002}} The Friendly Brothers of St Patrick, an Irish fraternity founded in about 1750,^[34] adopted green as its colour.^[35] However, when the Order of St. Patrick—an Anglo-Irish chivalric order—was founded in 1783 it adopted blue as its colour, which led to blue being associated with St Patrick. During the 1790s, green would become associated with Irish nationalism, due to its use by the United Irishmen. This was a republican organisation—led mostly by Protestants but with many Catholic members—who launched a rebellion in 1798 against British rule. The phrase "wearing of the green" comes from a song of the same name, which laments United Irishmen supporters being persecuted for wearing green. The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries have seen the re-emergence of Irish cultural symbols, such as the Irish Language, Irish mythology, and the colour green, through the Gaelic Revival and the Irish Literary Revival which served to stir Irish nationalist sentiment. The influence of green was more prominently observable in the flags of the 1916 Easter Rising such as the Sunburst flag, the Starry Plough Banner, and the Proclamation Flag of the Irish Republic which was flown over the General Post Office, Dublin together with the Irish Tricolour. Throughout these centuries, the colour green and its association with St Patrick's Day grew.^[36]

The wearing of the 'St Patrick's Day Cross' was also a popular custom in Ireland until the early 20th century. These were a Celtic Christian cross made of paper that was "covered with silk or ribbon of different colours, and a bunch or rosette of green silk in the centre".{{sfnp|Cronin|Adair|2002 |pp=25–26|ps=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5TYHqrao2PwC&pg=PA25]}}

Celebrations by region

Ireland

Saint Patrick's feast day, as a kind of national day, was already being celebrated by the Irish in Europe in the ninth and tenth centuries. In later times, he became more and more widely seen as the patron of Ireland.^[37] Saint Patrick's feast day was finally placed on the universal liturgical calendar in the Catholic Church due to the influence of Waterford-born Franciscan scholar Luke Wadding^[38] in the early 1600s. Saint Patrick's Day thus became a holy day of obligation for Roman Catholics in Ireland. It is also a feast day in the Church of Ireland, which is part of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The church calendar avoids the observance of saints' feasts during certain solemnities, moving the saint's day to a time outside those periods. St Patrick's Day is occasionally affected by this requirement, when 17 March falls during Holy Week. This happened in 1940, when Saint Patrick's Day was observed on 3 April to avoid it coinciding with Palm Sunday, and again in 2008, where it was officially observed on 15 March.^[39] St Patrick's Day will not fall within Holy Week again until 2160.^[40]^[41] However, the popular festivities may still be held on 17 March or on a weekend near to the feast day.

In 1903, St Patrick's Day became an official public holiday in Ireland. This was thanks to the Bank Holiday (Ireland) Act 1903, an act of the United Kingdom Parliament introduced by Irish Member of Parliament James O'Mara.^[42] O'Mara later introduced the law which required that public houses be shut on 17 March after drinking got out of hand, a provision that was repealed in the 1970s.

The first St Patrick's Day parade in Ireland was held in Waterford in 1903. The week of St Patrick's Day 1903 had been declared Irish Language Week by the Gaelic League and in Waterford they opted to have a procession on Sunday 15 March. The procession comprised the Mayor and members of Waterford Corporation, the Trades Hall, the various trade unions and bands who included the 'Barrack St Band' and the 'Thomas Francis Meagher Band'.^[43] The parade began at the premises of the Gaelic League in George's St and finished in the Peoples Park, where the public were addressed by the Mayor and other dignitaries.^[44]^[45] On Tuesday 17 March, most Waterford businesses—including public houses—were closed and marching bands paraded as they had two days previously.^[46] The Waterford Trades Hall had been emphatic that the National Holiday be observed.^[44]

On St Patrick's Day 1916, the Irish Volunteers—an Irish nationalist paramilitary organisation—held parades throughout Ireland. The authorities recorded 38 St Patrick's Day parades, involving 6,000 marchers, almost half of whom were said to be armed.{{sfnp|Cronin|Adair|2002 |p=105}} The following month, the Irish Volunteers launched the Easter Rising against British rule. This marked the beginning of the Irish revolutionary period and led to the Irish War of Independence and Civil War. During this time, St Patrick's Day celebrations in Ireland were muted, although the day was sometimes chosen to hold large political rallies.{{sfnp|Cronin|Adair|2002 |p=108}} The celebrations remained low-key after the creation of the Irish Free State; the only state-organized observance was a military procession and trooping of the colours, and an Irish-language mass attended by government ministers.{{sfnp|Cronin|Adair|2002 |p=134}} In 1927, the Irish Free State government banned the selling of alcohol on St Patrick's Day, although it remained legal in Northern Ireland. The ban was not repealed until 1961.{{sfnp|Cronin|Adair|2002 |pp=135–136}}

The first official, state-sponsored St Patrick's Day parade in Dublin took place in 1931.^[47]

In Northern Ireland, the celebration of St Patrick's Day was affected by sectarian divisions.{{sfnp|Cronin|Adair|2002 |pp=175–177}} A majority of the population were Protestant Ulster unionists who saw themselves as British, while a substantial minority were Catholic Irish nationalists who saw themselves as Irish. Although it was a public holiday, Northern Ireland's unionist government did not officially observe St Patrick's Day.{{sfnp|Cronin|Adair|2002 |pp=175–177}} During the conflict known as the Troubles (late 1960s–late 1990s), public St Patrick's Day celebrations were rare and tended to be associated with the Catholic community.{{sfnp|Cronin|Adair|2002 |pp=175–177}} In 1976, loyalists detonated a car bomb outside a pub crowded with Catholics celebrating St Patrick's Day in Dungannon; four civilians were killed and many injured. However, some Protestant unionists attempted to 're-claim' the festival, and in 1985 the Orange Order held its own St Patrick's Day parade.{{sfnp|Cronin|Adair|2002 |pp=175–177}} Since the end of the conflict in 1998 there have been cross-community St Patrick's Day parades in towns throughout Northern Ireland, which have attracted thousands of spectators.{{sfnp|Cronin|Adair|2002 |pp=175–177}}

In the mid-1990s the government of the Republic of Ireland began a campaign to use St Patrick's Day to showcase Ireland and its culture.^[48] The government set up a group called St Patrick's Festival, with the aims:

The first St Patrick's Festival was held on 17 March 1996. In 1997, it became a three-day event, and by 2000 it was a four-day event. By 2006, the festival was five days long; more than 675,000 people attended the 2009 parade. Overall 2009's five-day festival saw almost 1 million visitors, who took part in festivities that included concerts, outdoor theatre performances, and fireworks.^[50] The Skyfest which ran from 2006 to 2012 formed the centrepiece of the St Patrick's festival.^[51]^[52]

The topic of the 2004 St Patrick's Symposium was "Talking Irish", during which the nature of Irish identity, economic success, and the future were discussed. Since 1996, there has been a greater emphasis on celebrating and projecting a fluid and inclusive notion of "Irishness" rather than an identity based around traditional religious or ethnic allegiance. The week around St Patrick's Day usually involves Irish language speakers using more Irish during Seachtain na Gaeilge ("Irish Language Week").^[53]

Christian leaders in Ireland have expressed concern about the secularisation of St Patrick's Day. In The Word magazine's March 2007 issue, Fr Vincent Twomey wrote, "It is time to reclaim St Patrick's Day as a church festival". He questioned the need for "mindless alcohol-fuelled revelry" and concluded that "it is time to bring the piety and the fun together".^[54]

As well as Dublin, many other cities, towns, and villages in Ireland hold their own parades and festivals, including Cork, Belfast, Derry, Galway, Kilkenny, Limerick, and Waterford.

The biggest celebrations outside the cities are in Downpatrick, County Down, where Saint Patrick is said to be buried. The shortest St. Patrick's Day parade in the world formerly took place in Dripsey, County Cork. The parade lasted just 23.4 metres and traveled between the village's two pubs. The annual event began in 1999, but ceased after five years when one of the two pubs closed.^[55]

Elsewhere in Europe

In England, the British Royals traditionally present bowls of shamrock to members of the Irish Guards, a regiment in the British Army, following Queen Alexandra introducing the tradition in 1901.^[56]^[57] Since 2012 the Duchess of Cambridge has presented the bowls of shamrock to the Irish Guards. While female royals are often tasked with presenting the bowls of shamrock, male royals have also undertaking the role, such as King George VI in 1950 to mark the 50th anniversary of the formation of the Irish Guards, and in 2016 the Duke of Cambridge in place of his wife.^[58]^[59] Fresh Shamrocks are presented to the Irish Guards, regardless of where they are stationed, and are flown in from Ireland.^[60]

While some St Patrick's Day celebrations could be conducted openly in Britain pre 1960s, this would change following the commencement by the IRA's bombing campaign on mainland Britain and as a consequence this resulted in a suspicion of all things Irish and those who supported them which led to people of Irish descent wearing a sprig of shamrock on St Patrick's day in private or attending specific events.^[61] Today after many years following the Good Friday Agreement, people of Irish descent openly wear a sprig of shamrock to celebrate their Irishness.^[62]

Christian denominations in Great Britain observing his feast day include The Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church.^[63]

London, since 2002, has had an annual St Patrick's Day parade which takes place on weekends around the 17th, usually in Trafalgar Square. In 2008 the water in the Trafalgar Square fountains was dyed green.

Liverpool has the highest proportion of residents with Irish ancestry of any English city.^[66] This has led to a long-standing celebration on St Patrick's Day in terms of music, cultural events and the parade.

Malta

The first Saint Patrick's Day celebrations in Malta took place in the early 20th century by soldiers of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers who were stationed in Floriana. Celebrations were held in the Balzunetta area of the town, which contained a number of bars and was located close to the barracks. The Irish diaspora in Malta continued to celebrate the feast annually.^[68]

Today, Saint Patrick's Day is mainly celebrated in Spinola Bay and Paceville areas of St Julian's,^[69] although other celebrations still occur at Floriana^[68] and other locations.^[70]^[71] Thousands of Maltese attend the celebrations, which are more associated with drinking beer than traditional Irish culture.^[72]^[73]

Russia

The first St Patrick's Day parade took place in Russia in 1992.^[74] Since 1999, there has been a yearly "Saint Patrick's Day" festival in Moscow and other Russian cities.^[75] The official part of the Moscow parade is a military-style parade and is held in collaboration with the Moscow government and the Irish embassy in Moscow. The unofficial parade is held by volunteers and resembles a carnival. In 2014, Moscow Irish Week was celebrated from 12 to 23 March, which includes St Patrick's Day on 17 March. Over 70 events celebrating Irish culture in Moscow, St Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Voronezh, and Volgograd were sponsored by the Irish Embassy, the Moscow City Government, and other organisations.^[76]

In 2017, the Russian Orthodox Church added the feast day of Saint Patrick to its liturgical calendar, to be celebrated on {{OldStyleDate|30 March||17 March}}.^[77]

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Scotland

The Scottish town of Coatbridge, where the majority of the town's population are of Irish descent,^[83]^[84] also has a Saint Patrick's Day Festival which includes celebrations and parades in the town centre.^[84]^[85]

Switzerland

While Saint Patrick's Day in Switzerland is commonly celebrated on 17 March with festivities similar to those in neighbouring central European countries, it is not unusual for Swiss students to organise celebrations in their own living spaces on St Patrick's Eve. Most popular are usually those in Zurich's Kreis 4. Traditionally, guests also contribute with beverages and dress in green.^[88]

Asia

Japan

St Patrick's parades are now held in many locations across Japan.^[89] The first parade, in Tokyo, was organised by The Irish Network Japan (INJ) in 1992.

Korea

The Irish Association of Korea has celebrated Saint Patrick's Day since 1976 in Seoul, the capital city of South Korea. The place of the parade and festival has been moved from Itaewon and Daehangno to Cheonggyecheon.^[90]

Malaysia

In Malaysia, the St Patrick's Society of Selangor, founded in 1925, organises a yearly St Patrick's Ball, described as the biggest St Patrick's Day celebration in Asia. Guinness Anchor Berhad also organises 36 parties across the country in places like the Klang Valley, Penang, Johor Bahru, Malacca, Ipoh, Kuantan, Kota Kinabalu, Miri and Kuching.

Caribbean

Montserrat

The island of Montserrat is known as the "Emerald Island of the Caribbean" because of its founding by Irish refugees from Saint Kitts and Nevis. Montserrat is one of three places where St Patrick's Day is a public holiday, along with Ireland and the Canadian province of Newfoundland & Labrador. The holiday in Montserrat also commemorates a failed slave uprising that occurred on 17 March 1768.^[91]

International Space Station

Astronauts on board the International Space Station have celebrated the festival in different ways. Irish-American Catherine Coleman played a hundred-year-old flute belonging to Matt Molloy and a tin whistle belonging to Paddy Moloney, both members of the Irish music group The Chieftains, while floating weightless in the space station on Saint Patrick's Day in 2011.^[92]^[93]^[94] Her performance was later included in a track called "The Chieftains in Orbit" on the group's album, Voice of Ages.^[95]

North America

Canada

One of the longest-running and largest St Patrick's Day parades in North America occurs each year in Montreal,^[98] whose city flag includes a shamrock in its lower-right quadrant. The yearly celebration has been organised by the United Irish Societies of Montreal since 1929. The parade has been held yearly without interruption since 1824. St Patrick's Day itself, however, has been celebrated in Montreal since as far back as 1759 by Irish soldiers in the Montreal Garrison following the British conquest of New France.

In Saint John, New Brunswick St. Patrick's Day is celebrated as a week-long celebration. Shortly after the JP Collins Celtic Festival is an Irish festival celebrating Saint John's Irish heritage. The festival is named for a young Irish doctor James Patrick Collins who worked on Partridge Island (Saint John County) quarantine station tending to sick Irish immigrants before he died there himself.

In Manitoba, the Irish Association of Manitoba runs a yearly three-day festival of music and culture based around St Patrick's Day.^[99]

In 2004, the CelticFest Vancouver Society organised its first yearly festival in downtown Vancouver to celebrate the Celtic Nations and their cultures. This event, which includes a parade, occurs each year during the weekend nearest St Patrick's Day.^[100]

In Quebec City, there was a parade from 1837 to 1926. The Quebec City St-Patrick Parade returned in 2010 after more than 84 years. For the occasion, a portion of the New York Police Department Pipes and Drums were present as special guests.

There has been a parade held in Toronto since at least 1863.^[101] There is a large parade in the city's downtown on the Sunday before 17 March which attracts over 100,000 spectators.{{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}

The Toronto Maple Leafs hockey team was known as the Toronto St. Patricks from 1919 to 1927, and wore green jerseys. In 1999, when the Maple Leafs played on St Patrick's Day, they wore green St Patrick's retro uniforms.{{citation needed|date=March 2018}}

Some groups, notably Guinness, have lobbied to make Saint Patrick's Day a national holiday.^[102]

In March 2009, the Calgary Tower changed its top exterior lights to new green CFL bulbs just in time for St Patrick's Day. Part of an environmental non-profit organisation's campaign (Project Porchlight), the green represented environmental concerns. Approximately 210 lights were changed in time for Saint Patrick's Day, and resembled a Leprechaun's hat. After a week, white CFLs took their place. The change was estimated to save the Calgary Tower some $12,000 and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 104 tonnes.^[103]

Mexico

The Saint Patrick's Battalion is honored in Mexico on Saint Patrick's Day.^[104]

United States

St Patrick's Day, while not a legal holiday in the United States, is nonetheless widely recognised and observed throughout the country as a celebration of Irish and Irish-American culture. Celebrations include prominent displays of the colour green, religious observances, numerous parades, and copious consumption of alcohol.^[8] The holiday has been celebrated in North America since the late 18th century.

South America

Argentina

In Buenos Aires, a party is held in the downtown street of Reconquista, where there are several Irish pubs;^[106]^[107] in 2006, there were 50,000 people in this street and the pubs nearby.^[108] Neither the Catholic Church nor the Irish community, the fifth largest in the world outside Ireland,^[109] take part in the organisation of the parties.

Criticism

St Patrick's Day celebrations have been criticised, particularly for their association with public drunkenness and disorderly conduct. Some argue that the festivities have become too commercialised and tacky,^[110] and have strayed from their original purpose of honouring St Patrick and Irish heritage.^[111]^[112]{{sfnp|Cronin|Adair|2002 |p=240}} Journalist Niall O'Dowd has criticised attempts to recast St Patrick's Day as a celebration of multiculturalism rather than a celebration of Irishness.^[113]

St Patrick's Day celebrations have also been criticised for fostering demeaning stereotypes of Ireland and Irish people.{{sfnp|Cronin|Adair|2002 |p=240}} An example is the wearing of 'leprechaun outfits',^[114] which are based on derogatory 19th century caricatures of the Irish.^[115] In the run up to St Patrick's Day 2014, the Ancient Order of Hibernians successfully campaigned to stop major American retailers from selling novelty merchandise that promoted negative Irish stereotypes.^[116]

Some{{who|date=July 2018}} have described St Patrick's Day celebrations outside Ireland as displays of "Plastic Paddyness"; where foreigners appropriate and misrepresent Irish culture, claim Irish identity, and enact Irish stereotypes.^[117]

Sports events

See also

References

1. ^{{cite news |title=One Irish creative agency is leading the charge against 'St. Patty's Day' |author=Doug Bolton |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/st-patricks-day-2016-pattys-day-name-google-chrome-extension-a6935141.html |work=The Independent |quote=That's the thinking behind the No More Patty Google Chrome extension, created by Dublin-based creative agency in the Company of Huskies. The extension can be installed in a few clicks, and automatically replaces every online mention of the "very wrong" 'Patty' with the "absolutely right" 'Paddy'. |date=16 March 2016}}
2. ^{{cite news |title=Why Some Irish People Don't Want You to Call It St. Patty's Day |author=Aric Jenkins |url=http://time.com/4703066/st-patricks-day-paddys-pattys-dublin-ireland/ |work=Time |date=15 March 2017}}
3. ^¹{{Cite book|title=Tourism, Consumption & Representation |publisher=CAB International |editor1=Kevin Meethan |editor2=Alison Anderson |editor3=Steven Miles |date=2006 |isbn=978-0-851-99678-3 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=AfPxaEo0fwsC}}{{failed verification|date=March 2018}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ireland.anglican.org/index.php?do=news&newsid=3496 |title=St Patrick's Day celebrations |website=Church of Ireland |publisher=The Irish Times |via=ireland.anglican.org |date=12 March 2011 |accessdate=17 March 2013 |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515055936/http://www.ireland.anglican.org/index.php?do=news&newsid=3496 |archive-date=15 May 2011}}
5. ^¹²³⁴{{Cite book |title=Circles of Tradition: Folk Arts in Minnesota |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OstE2fueRvcC |author=Willard Burgess Moore |year=1989 |page=52 |quote=In nineteenth-century America it became a celebration of Irishness more than a religious occasion, though attending Mass continues as an essential part of the day.|accessdate=13 November 2010}}
6. ^¹²³{{Cite book |title=Circles of Tradition: Folk Arts in Minnesota |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OstE2fueRvcC |author=Willard Burgess Moore |year=1989 |page=52 |quote=The religious occasion did involve the wearing of shamrocks, an Irish symbol of the Holy Trinity, and the lifting of Lenten restrictions on drinking. |accessdate=13 November 2010}}
7. ^¹{{Cite book |title=Shamrocks, Harps, and Shillelaghs: The Story of the St. Patrick's Day Symbols |publisher=Sandpiper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7FleEqDJZD8C&pg=PA7 |author=Edna Barth |year=2001 |page=7 |quote=For most Irish-Americans, this holiday is partially religious but overwhelmingly festive. For most Irish people in Ireland the day has little to do with religion at all. St. Patrick's Day church services are followed by parades and parties, the latter being the best attended. The festivities are marked by Irish music, songs, and dances.|accessdate=13 November 2010}}
8. ^¹²{{Cite book |title=Multiculturalism's Double-Bind |author=John Nagle |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-754-67607-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f-HhnQEACAAJ |quote=Like many other forms of carnival, St. Patrick's Day is a feast day, a break from Lent in which adherents are allowed to temporarily abandon rigorous fasting by indulging in the forbidden. Since alcohol is often proscribed during Lent the copious consumption of alcohol is seen as an integral part of St. Patrick's day. |accessdate=13 November 2010}}
9. ^¹{{Cite book |title=Communion of Immigrants: A History of Catholics in America |author=James Terence Fisher |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voeg2IjM4YAC&pg=PA88 |quote=The 40-day period (not counting Sundays) prior to Easter is known as Lent, a time of prayer and fasting. Pastors of Irish- American parishes often supplied "dispensations" for St. Patrick s Day, enabling parishioners to forego Lenten sacrifices in order to celebrate the feast of their patron saint. |accessdate=13 November 2010}}
10. ^{{cite web |title=Public holidays in Ireland |publisher=Citizens Information Board |url=http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/employment/employment_rights_and_conditions/leave_and_holidays/public_holidays_in_ireland.html |accessdate=13 November 2010}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=Bank holidays |publisher=NI Direct |url=http://www.nidirect.gov.uk/index/government-citizens-and-rights/living-in-northern-ireland/bank-holidays.htm |accessdate=13 November 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122114013/http://www.nidirect.gov.uk/index/government-citizens-and-rights/living-in-northern-ireland/bank-holidays.htm |archivedate=22 November 2010 }}
12. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/patrick/confession.ii.html |title=Confession of St. Patrick |publisher=Christian Classics Ethereal Library at Calvin College |accessdate=10 March 2010}}
13. ^St Patrick's Day: Globe Goes Green. (17 March 2018). BBC News. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
14. ^The World Goes Green for St Patrick's Day. (16 March 2018) RTE News. Retrieved 8 January 2019
15. ^Global Greening Campaign 2018. (2018) Tourism Ireland. Retrieved 8 January 2019
16. ^Ó Conghaile, Pól. (16 March 2018). Green Lights: See the Landmarks Going Green for St Patrick's Day!. Independent.ieRetrieved 8 January 2019
17. ^{{cite book|last=Santino|first=Jack|title=All Around the Year: Holidays and Celebrations in American Life |year=1995|publisher=University of Illinois Press|page=82}}
18. ^{{cite web |author=Donal Hickey |url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/outdoors/donal-hickey/the-facts-about-shamrock-262195.html |title=The facts about shamrock |work=Irish Examiner |date=17 March 2014}}
19. ^[https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/03/09/how-st-patricks-day-celebrations-went-global How St Patrick’s Day Celebrations Went Global] (9 March 2018) The Economist Retrieved 8 January 2019
20. ^Doyle, Kevin. (16 January 2018). [https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/politics/st-patricks-day-exodus-to-see-ministers-travel-to-35-countries-36495240.html St Patrick's Day Exodus to See Ministers Travel to 35 Countries]. Irish Independent. Retrieved 8 January 2019
21. ^Collins, Stephen. (11 March 2017). [https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/a-short-history-of-taoisigh-visiting-the-white-house-on-st-patrick-s-day-1.3005736 A Short History of Taoisigh Visiting the White House on St Patrick’s Day]. Irish Times. Retrieved 8 January 2019
22. ^[https://www.whitehouse.gov/articles/st-patricks-day-irish-heritage-american-history/ St. Patrick’s Day and Irish Heritage in American History] (14 March 2018). whitehouse.gov Retrieved 8 January 2019
23. ^Dwyer, Ryle. (2 January 2017). [https://www.irishexaminer.com/viewpoints/analysis/president-reagans-bowl-of-shamrock-and-the-1500-year-wake-437296.html President Reagan’s Bowl of Shamrock and the 1,500-Year Wake]. Irish Examiner. Retrieved 8 January 2019
24. ^Collins, Stephen. (11 March 2017). [https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/a-short-history-of-taoisigh-visiting-the-white-house-on-st-patrick-s-day-1.3005736 A Short History of Taoisigh Visiting the White House on St Patrick’s Day]. Irish Times. Retrieved 8 January 2019
25. ^Dwyer, Ryle. (2 January 2017). [https://www.irishexaminer.com/viewpoints/analysis/president-reagans-bowl-of-shamrock-and-the-1500-year-wake-437296.html President Reagan’s Bowl of Shamrock and the 1,500-Year Wake]. Irish Examiner. Retrieved 8 January 2019
26. ^Collins, Stephen. (11 March 2017). [https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/a-short-history-of-taoisigh-visiting-the-white-house-on-st-patrick-s-day-1.3005736 A Short History of Taoisigh Visiting the White House on St Patrick’s Day]. Irish Times. Retrieved 8 January 2019
27. ^Dwyer, Ryle. (2 January 2017). [https://www.irishexaminer.com/viewpoints/analysis/president-reagans-bowl-of-shamrock-and-the-1500-year-wake-437296.html President Reagan’s Bowl of Shamrock and the 1,500-Year Wake]. Irish Examiner. Retrieved 8 January 2019
28. ^{{cite web |first=Jennifer |last=Vernon |date=15 March 2004 |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/03/0312_040312_stpatrick_2.html |title=St. Patrick's Day: Fact vs. Fiction |website=National Geographic News |page=2 |accessdate=31 March 2009}}
29. ^{{cite web|first=Jill |last=Newell |url= http://www.csulb.edu/~d49er/spring00/news/v7n91-holiday.html |title=Holiday has history|work=Daily Forty-Niner|date=16 March 2000 |volume=7 |issue=91 |accessdate=21 March 2009}}
30. ^¹{{cite book|last=Monaghan|first=Patricia|title=The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-438-11037-0 |quote=There is no evidence that the clover or wood sorrel (both of which are called shamrocks) were sacred to the Celts in any way. However, the Celts had a philosophical and cosmological vision of triplicity, with many of their divinities appearing in three. Thus when St. Patrick, attempting to convert the Druids on Beltane, held up a shamrock and discoursed on the Christian Trinity, the three-in-one god, he was doing more than finding a homely symbol for a complex religious concept. He was indicating knowledge of the significance of three in the Celtic realm, a knowledge that probably made his mission far easier and more successful than if he had been unaware of that number's meaning.}}
31. ^{{cite book|last=Hegarty|first=Neil|title=Story of Ireland|date=24 April 2012|publisher=Ebury Publishing |isbn=978-1-448-14039-8 |quote=In some ways, though, the Christian mission resonated: pre-Christian devotion was characterized by, for example, the worship of gods in groups of three, by sayings collected in threes (triads), and so on – from all of which the concept of the Holy Trinity was not so very far removed. Against this backdrop the myth of Patrick and his three-leafed shamrock fits quite neatly.}}
32. ^{{cite book|last=Santino|first=Jack|title=All Around the Year: Holidays and Celebrations in American Life|year=1995|publisher=University of Illinois Press |isbn=978-0-252-06516-3 |page=80}}
33. ^{{cite book|last=Homan|first=Roger|title=The Art of the Sublime: Principles of Christian Art and Architecture|year=2006|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|page=37}}
34. ^Kelly, James. That Damn'd Thing Called Honour: Duelling in Ireland, 1570–1860. Cork University Press, 1995. p.65
35. ^The Fundamental Laws, Statutes and Constitutions of the Ancient Order of the Friendly Brothers of Saint Patrick. 1751.
36. ^{{Cite video |url=http://www.history.com/topics/st-patricks-day/videos#green |title=St. Patrick: Why Green? – video |publisher=A&E Television Networks |website=History.com |accessdate=17 March 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307170353/http://www.history.com/topics/st-patricks-day/videos |archivedate=7 March 2010 }}
37. ^Liam de Paor: St. Patrick's World, The Christian Culture of Ireland's Apostolic Age. Four Courts Press, Dublin, 1993
38. ^{{cite web|title=The Catholic Encyclopedia: Luke Wadding|accessdate=15 February 2007|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15521d.htm}}
39. ^"Irish bishops move St. Patrick's Day 2008 over conflict with Holy Week", Catholic News
40. ^{{Cite news|title=St. Patrick's Day, Catholic Church march to different drummers|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2008-03-05-stpatrick_N.htm|work=USA Today | accessdate=11 March 2008 | date=6 March 2008|first=G. Jeffrey|last=MacDonald}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thonline.com/article.cfm?id=194136 |title=No St. Pat's Day Mass allowed in Holy Week |accessdate=13 March 2008 |author=Nevans-Pederson, Mary |date=13 March 2008 |work=Dubuque Telegraph Herald |publisher=Woodward Communications, Inc. |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016055134/http://www.thonline.com/article.cfm?id=194136 |archivedate=16 October 2008 |df= }}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://humphrysfamilytree.com/OMara/james.html |title=James O'Mara |publisher=HumphrysFamilyTree.com |accessdate=17 March 2014}}
43. ^Munster Express, 14 March 1903 {{full citation needed|date=March 2018}}
44. ^¹Munster Express, 21 March 1903, p.3{{full citation needed|date=March 2018}}
45. ^Waterford Chronicle, 18 March 1903{{full citation needed|date=March 2018}}
46. ^Waterford News, 20 March 1903{{full citation needed|date=March 2018}}
47. ^Armao, Frederic. "The Color Green in Ireland: Ecological Mythology and the Recycling of Identity". Environmental Issues in Political Discourse in Britain and Ireland. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013. p. 184
48. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.historychannel.com/exhibits/stpatricksday/?page=history |title=The History of the Holiday |publisher=A&E Television Networks |website=The History Channel |accessdate=17 March 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060807060038/http://www.historychannel.com/exhibits/stpatricksday/?page=history |archivedate=7 August 2006 }}
49. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.stpatricksfestival.ie/index.php/about |title=St. Patrick's Festival was established by the Government of Ireland in November 1995 |accessdate=20 March 2012 |work=St. Patrick's Festival |dead-url=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312093104/http://www.stpatricksfestival.ie/index.php/about |archive-date=12 March 2012}}
50. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/topics/st-patricks-day-facts/videos#history-of-st-patricks-day |title=St. Patrick's Day Facts Video |publisher=A&E Television Networks |website=History.com |accessdate=17 March 2013}}
51. ^Heffernan, Breda. (13 February 2008) [https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/st-patricks-skyfest-to-rock-at-cashel-26423012.html St Patrick's Skyfest to Rock at Cashel]. Irish Independent. Retrieved 8 January 2019
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54. ^{{cite web |author=John Cooney |url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/more-piety-fewer-pints-best-way-to-celebrate-26270094.html |title=More piety, fewer pints 'best way to celebrate' |work=The Irish Independent |date=12 March 2007}}
55. ^{{cite magazine |magazine=Ireland of the Welcomes |url=http://www.dripsey.com/page16/page15/index.html |title=From Here to Here |author=Jo Kerrigan |volume=53 |issue=2 |date=March–April 2004 |via=Dripsey |accessdate=6 June 2010}}
56. ^Proctor, Charlie (9 March 2018). The Duchess of Cambridge to Present Shamrocks for St. Patrick’s Day. Royal Central. Retrieved 8 January 2019
57. ^[https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-31927196 Duchess of Cambridge Presents St Patrick's Day Shamrocks to Irish Guards]. (17 March 2015) BBC News. Retrieved 8 January 2019
58. ^[https://www.royal.uk/duke-cambridge-joins-irish-guards-st-patricks-day-parade?page=14 The Duke of Cambridge Joins the Irish Guards at the St Patrick´s Day Parade]. (17 March 2016) Royal.uk. Retrieved 8 January 2019
59. ^Palmer, Richard. (17 March 2016). [https://www.express.co.uk/news/royal/487741/William-St-Patricks-Day-Parade-Shamrock Prince William Handed Out Shamrocks at the St Patricks Day Parade as Kate Broke with Tradition].Sunday Express Retrieved 8 January 2019
60. ^Rayner, Gordon ,(17 March 2015) Duchess of Cambridge hands out St Patrick's Day shamrocks to Irish Guards. The Telegraph. Retrieved 8 January 2019
61. ^Cronin, Mike; Adair, Daryl (2002). The Wearing of the Green: A History of St. Patrick's Day. Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-18004-7}}. [https://books.google.es/books?id=eAuAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA180&dq=irish+in+uk+1960s+wearing+shamrocks+st+patricks+day&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjR0MCz0tvfAhUj8-AKHcs1D48Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=irish%20in%20uk%201960s%20wearing%20shamrocks%20st%20patricks%20day&f=false Pages 180–183]
62. ^Cronin, Mike; Adair, Daryl (2002). The Wearing of the Green: A History of St. Patrick's Day. Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-18004-7}}. [https://books.google.es/books?id=eAuAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA180&dq=irish+in+uk+1960s+wearing+shamrocks+st+patricks+day&hl=es&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjR0MCz0tvfAhUj8-AKHcs1D48Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=irish%20in%20uk%201960s%20wearing%20shamrocks%20st%20patricks%20day&f=false Pages 180–183]
63. ^{{Cite book|title=Lives of the Saints: From Mary and St. Francis of Assisi to John XXIII and Mother Teresa|publisher=HarperOne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IuOlQJPbycwC&pg=PA135|quote=The most famous church in the United States is dedicated to him, St. Patrick's in New York City. St. Patrick's Day is celebrated by people of all ethnic backgrounds by the wearing of green and parades. His feast, which is on the General Roman Calendar, has been given as March 17 in liturgical calendars and martyrologies. The Church of England, the Episcopal Church in the USA, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America observe his feast on this day, and he is also commemorated on the Russian Orthodox calendar.|first=Richard P. |last=Mcbrien |accessdate=13 November 2010}}
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65. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/birmingham/content/articles/2009/02/17/st_patricks_2009_feature.shtml |title=St. Patrick's Parade 2009 |work=BBC Birmingham |date=18 March 2009 |accessdate=15 March 2015}}
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68. ^¹{{cite news |last1=Micallef |first1=Roberta |title=St Patrick's Day in Malta – how it started, and where it's going |url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2018-03-18/local-news/St-Patrick-s-Day-in-Malta-how-it-started-and-where-it-s-going-6736186439 |work=The Malta Independent|date=18 March 2018 |dead-url=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318121643/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2018-03-18/local-news/St-Patrick-s-Day-in-Malta-how-it-started-and-where-it-s-going-6736186439|archivedate=18 March 2018}}
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