| 词条 | Jobs and Growth Act | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| short_title = Jobs and Growth Act, 2012[1] | caption = | long_title = A second Act to implement certain provisions of the budget tabled in Parliament on March 29, 2012 and other measures[1] |alternativename=C-45 | citation = | enacted_by = | date_enacted = | date_assented = December 14, 2012[1] | date_signed = | date_commenced = | bill = | bill_citation = | bill_date = | introduced_by = Jim Flaherty, Minister of Finance[1] | 1st_reading = October 18, 2012[1] | 2nd_reading = October 31, 2012[1] | 3rd_reading = December 5, 2012[1] | white_paper = | committee_report = November 26, 2012[1] | amendments = | related = | summary = }}{{Italic title}} The Jobs and Growth Act, 2012[2] (informally referred to as Bill C-45) (the Act) is an Act of the Parliament of Canada. It was passed in December 2012 from the second omnibus bill introduced by the Conservative government to implement its 2012 budget,[3] following the passage of the Jobs, Growth and Long-term Prosperity Act in June 2012.[4] Both bills attracted controversy both for their size (>450 pages each) and for the breadth of provisions contained that were not fiscally related. Content of the Act
Reaction to Navigable Waters Protection Act changes"The most contentious amendments to the bill were those to the Navigable Waters Protection Act, which remove thousands of lakes and streams from federal protection under that law. The Conservatives said the changes streamline regulation and remove red tape that held up projects along waterways under the guise that they would impede navigation. Opposition parties say it removes environmental oversight over some of Canada's most treasured lakes and rivers." [6] The Green Party argued that Division 18 of Part 4 of Bill C-45 "weakened Canadians’ historic right to navigate the lakes, rivers, and streams of Canada without being impeded by pipelines, bridges, power lines, dams, mining and forestry equipment, and more." They argue that a body of water not mentioned in Schedule 2 on page 424, would no longer be protected from resource development by Canada's first environmental law enacted in 1882, the Navigable Waters Protection Act.[7] Amnesty International said "changes to the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, the Fisheries Act, the Navigable Waters Protection Act, and the proposed Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act have profound implications for the rights of Indigenous peoples as set out in treaties, affirmed in the constitution, and protected by international human rights standards." [8][9]{{quote|[F]ederal legislative agenda that goes far beyond the Department of Aboriginal Affairs. Changes to the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act, the Fisheries Act, and the Navigable Waters Act, along with the proposed Safe Drinking Water for First Nations Act, to name only a few examples, all have profound implications for the rights of Indigenous peoples as set out in Treaties, affirmed in the Canadian Constitution, and protected by international human rights standards.|Amnesty International }}Reaction to Indian Act changesFormer Prime Minister Paul Martin argued [10] that the government failed to consult First Nations about this movement towards [privatization] and that the majority of bands were against the change to voting procedures. Martin stated that there was no debate either in parliament or with First Nations on this issue that "the bands themselves must decide." He denounced the way in which it was "simply slipped it into a budget bill."[10] {{quote|The old way of deciding whether there could be privatization of these lands was that you had to have a double majority. You had to have majority of those who voted, and of those in the community, which is not unreasonable given low voting levels. What the government did was [to establish] that now 20 or 30 people, if they’re the only ones who voted out of a thousand, can decide the issue.|Paul Martin[10]}}Idle No More is a protest movement formed in reaction to Bill C-45 (Division 8 of Part 4) and other concerns regarding indigenous treaty rights.[11]Political scientist Tom Flanagan, who worked as advisor to Stephen Harper until 2004, argued that the modifications to voting and approval procedures in relation to proposed land designations in the Indian Act in (Division 8 of Part 4) would speed up approvals which would be advantageous to First Nations that want to lease portions of their reserves for shopping centres, industrial parks, residential developments, casinos, etc.[12] Under the Indian Act changes to land designation for leasing "had to be approved by majority vote in a referendum or band meeting for which the quorum was a majority of members – in other words, approval by a majority of a majority. If, as usually happened, the quorum was not achieved, the Minister of Aboriginal Affairs could authorize a second meeting dispensing with the quorum." Flanagan argued that this two-stage process was both costly and time consuming.[12] External links
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?Language=E&Mode=1&Bill=C45&Parl=41&Ses=1|author=Government of Canada |year=2012 |title=C-45: Status of the Bill |publisher=LEGISinfo |accessdate=January 16, 2013}} 2. ^Jobs and Growth Act, 2012, S.C. 2012, c. 31 3. ^{{cite web |title=Bill C-45: What's In Omnibus Budget Bill 2? |date=January 18, 2013 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2012/10/18/bill-c-45-omnibus-budget-bill_n_1981967.html |website=Huffington Post |accessdate=January 18, 2013}} 4. ^Jobs, Growth and Long-term Prosperity Act, S.C. 2012, c. 19 5. ^{{cite web |title=Legislative Summary |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?Language=E&Mode=1&Bill=C45&Parl=41&Ses=1&View=8 |author=Library of Parliament |year=2012 |accessdate=January 16, 2013}} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ipolitics.ca/2012/12/05/fall-budget-bill-passes-with-no-amendments/ |title=Opposition claims moral victory as Conservatives vote down budget bill amendments |date=December 5, 2012 |author=Colin Horgan |accessdate=January 18, 2013}} 7. ^{{cite web |title=Bill C-45 Greatly Diminishes Right to Unimpeded Navigable Waters |date=October 2012 |author= |publisher=Green Party of Canada |url=https://greenparty.ca/media-release/2012-10-18/bill-c-45-greatly-diminishes-right-unimpeded-navigable-waters|accessdate=January 18, 2013}} 8. ^{{cite web |author=Amnesty International |title=Open Letter Urging a Meeting with Chief Theresa Spence |url=http://www.amnesty.ca/news/open-letters/open-letter-urging-a-meeting-with-chief-theresa-spence |date=December 28, 2012 |accessdate=January 18, 2013}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.policyalternatives.ca/publications/commentary/first-nations-long-shadow-assimilation |title=Hennessy's Index: A number is never just a number |author=Trish Hennessy |publisher=Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives|accessdate=January 18, 2013}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2013/01/16/f-idle-no-more-paul-martin.html |author=Jennifer Clibbon |title=Paul Martin says Ottawa has 'no understanding' of native issues: Former prime minister was the architect of the 2005 Kelowna Accord |publisher=CBC |date=January 17, 2013}} 11. ^{{cite web|title=History of Idle No More |date=December 23, 2012 |url=http://idlenomore1.blogspot.ca/p/background-on-idle-no-more.html |accessdate=January 18, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113101803/http://idlenomore1.blogspot.ca/p/background-on-idle-no-more.html |archivedate=January 13, 2013 |df= }} 12. ^1 {{cite news |author=Tom Flanagan|authorlink = Tom Flanagan (political scientist) |date=December 29, 2012 |title =Bill C-45 simply makes it easier for first nations to lease land |newspaper=The Globe and Mail |location=Toronto, ON |accessdate=September 12, 2013|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/commentary/bill-c-45-simply-makes-it-easier-for-first-nations-to-lease-land/article6780103/}} 6 : 41st Canadian Parliament|Indigenous politics in Canada|Canadian federal legislation|Idle No More|2012 in Canadian law|Omnibus legislation |
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