| 词条 | John Alfred Valentine Butler |
| 释义 |
| name = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | caption = John Alfred Valentine Butler. | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1899|2|14}} | birth_place = Winchcombe, Gloucestershire | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1977|7|16|1899|2|14}} | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | other_names = | residence = | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = Physical chemistry | workplaces = | alma_mater = | thesis_title = | thesis_url = | thesis_year = | doctoral_advisor = | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = Butler–Volmer equation | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | influences = | influenced = | awards = Fellow of the Royal Society[1] | signature = | signature_alt = | website = | footnotes = | spouse = | children = }}John Alfred Valentine Butler (14 February 1899 – 16 July 1977) was an English physical chemist best known for his contributions to the development of electrode kinetics (Butler–Volmer equation).[1] AwardsHe was awarded the Meldola Medal and Prize in 1928 by the Royal Institute of Chemistry.[2] In 1956 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.[1] His candidacy citation read: {{quote|text="Dr. Butler's main activities have been firstly in thermodynamics and in electrochemistry and secondly the application of physical chemistry to biologically important substances and their reactions. First of all he developed kinetic theories of the origin of electrode potentials; he examined the thermodynamic properties of salts, particularly in mixed solvents; he studied the thermodynamics of surfaces of solutions and developed the general theory of overpotential with hydrogen and oxygen electrodes. Thermodynamically he studied the free energy and entropy of hydration of organic substances and discovered a general relation between heat and entropy of solution. In addition he studied acid and base catalysed reactions in 'heavy water' and some molecular kinetics of enzyme action. Latterly he has been engaged in studies of the physical chemistry of biologically important substances, including the action of proteolytic enzymes on insulin; the action of radiomimetic substances, and of X-rays on deoxyribonucleic acid."[3]}}Works
References1. ^1 2 {{Cite journal | last1 = Mayneord | first1 = W. V.| authorlink1 = William Valentine Mayneord | doi = 10.1098/rsbm.1979.0004 | title = John Alfred Valentine Butler. 14 February 1899-16 July 1977 | journal = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society | volume = 25 | pages = 144–178| year = 1979 | pmid = | pmc = }} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Butler, John Alfred Valentine}}{{UK-chemist-stub}}2. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.rsc.org/ScienceAndTechnology/Awards/HarrisonMeldolaMemorialPrizes/PreviousWinners.asp| title= Meldola Medal and Prize Winners| publisher= Royal Society of Chemistry|accessdate = 2012-06-20}} 3. ^{{cite web | url = http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=1&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27butler%27%29| title = Library and Archive catalogue| publisher = Royal Society|accessdate= 2012-06-20}} 5 : 1899 births|1977 deaths|English physical chemists|Electrochemists|Fellows of the Royal Society |
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