| 词条 | Sakhalin-II |
| 释义 |
|name = Piltun-Astokhskoye oil field Lunskoye natural gas field |country = Russia |region = Sakhalin |location = |block = |offonshore = offshore | location_map = Russia | location_map_width = | location_map_text = |coordinates = {{coord|52|52|12|N|143|46|12|E|region:RU-SAK_type:landmark_source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=inline,title}} |operator = Sakhalin Energy |operators = |partners = Gazprom, Royal Dutch Shell Mitsui, Mitsubishi |image = |caption = |discovery = 1984 (Lunskoye); 1986 (Piltun-Astokhskoye) |start_development = 1994 |start_production = 1999 |peak_year = |abandonment = |oil_production_bbl/d = 395000 |oil_production_tpy = |production_year_oil = |production_gas_mmcuft/d = |production_gas_mmscm/d = 53 |production_gas_bcm/y = |production_year_gas = |est_oil_bbl = 1200 |est_oil_t = |est_gas_bft = |est_gas_bcm = 500 |formations = Astokh feature }} The Sakhalin-2 ({{lang-ru|Сахалин-2}}) project is an oil and gas development in Sakhalin Island, Russia. It includes development of the Piltun-Astokhskoye oil field and the Lunskoye natural gas field offshore Sakhalin Island in the Okhotsk Sea, and associated infrastructure onshore. The project is managed and operated by Sakhalin Energy Investment Company Ltd. (Sakhalin Energy). Sakhalin-2 includes the first liquefied natural gas plant in Russia. The development is situated in areas previously little touched by human activity, causing various groups to criticize the development activities and the impact they have on the local environment.[1] History{{See also|Sakhalin Energy}}The first ever Russian Production Sharing Agreement ('PSA') was signed in the framework of the Sakhalin-2 project in 1994. Production began from the Molikpaq platform in the Piltun-Astokhskoye field in July 1999, and in September 1999 the first crude oil was exported.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} The original consortium, Sakhalin Energy, working under the PSA terms was a jv between Royal Dutch Shell, Mitsui, Mitsubishi and the Russian government but no local partner. After the initial decision to proceed with the full investment was made in 2003 the expected budget increased dramatically and by 2005–2006 the consortium was also heavily criticized due to environmental issues and the legal proceeding on violation of the Russian environmental regulations were initiated.[2] In the result, The Russian government ordered to terminate the project on September 2006.[3] Under legal and political pressure, the consortium was forced to sell a majority stake to Gazprom. On 21 December, Gazprom took control over a 50%-plus-one-share stake in the project by signing an agreement with Royal Dutch Shell. Russian President Vladimir Putin attended the signing ceremony in Moscow and indicated that environmental issues had been resolved.[1][4] The LNG plant was inaugurated on 18 February 2009. The first cargo was loaded to the LNG carrier Grand Aniva at the end of March 2009.[5] Technical featuresThe two fields contain an estimated {{convert|1200|Moilbbl}} of crude oil and 500 billion cubic meters (18 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas; 9.6 million tonnes of liquefied natural gas per year and about {{convert|180000|oilbbl/d}} of oil will be produced.[6] The total project cost until 2014 was originally estimated by Royal Dutch Shell to be between US$9 and $11 billion. However, the costs turned out to be substantially underestimated and in July 2005 Shell revised the estimate upwards to $20 billion.{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} Sakhalin-2 project includes:
Piltun-Astokhskoye-A platformThe Molikpaq drilling and oil production platform (Piltun-Astokhskoye-A platform) is an ice-resistant structure, originally built to explore for oil in the Canadian Beaufort Sea. It had been mothballed in 1990, and was installed in the Astokh area of the Piltun-Astokhskoye field, {{convert|16|km}} offshore, on September 1998.[7] The Molikpaq has production capacity of {{convert|90000|oilbbl/d}} of oil and 1.7 million cubic meters of associated gas. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110721034937/http://www.sakhalinenergy.ru/en/project.asp?p=paa_platform] Lunskoye-A platformThe Lunskoye field platform was installed in June 2006 at the Lunskoye gas field {{convert|15|km}} offshore. It has production capacity over 50 million cubic meters of natural gas, around {{convert|50000|oilbbl/d}} of peak liquids (associated water and condensate), and {{convert|16000|oilbbl/d}} of oil.[8] Piltun-Astokhskoye-B platformThe PA-B platform was installed in July 2007 in the Piltun area of the Piltun-Astokhskoye oil field, {{convert|12|km}} offshore. The PA-B has production capacity of {{convert|70000|oilbbl/d}} of oil and 2.8 million cubic meters of associated gas.[9] Onshore processing facilityThe onshore processing facility is located in the north-east of Sakhalin Island, {{convert|7|km}} inland in Nogliki district. It is designed to process natural gas, condensate, and oil from the Lunskoye and the Piltun-Astokhskoye fields prior to pipeline transportation to the oil export terminal and the liquefied natural gas plant in Aniva Bay in the south of Sakhalin Island.[10] TransSakhalin pipelinesThe TransSakhalin pipeline system is designed for transportation of hydrocarbons from the Piltun-Astokhskoye and Lunskoye fields in the North of Sakhalin Island to the onshore processing facility in the Nogliki district and to the LNG plant and the oil export terminal in Aniva Bay.[11] Oil export terminalThe oil export terminal is located in Aniva Bay to the east of the LNG plant. It includes the export pipeline and the tanker loading unit, where oil-loading to tankers is performed.[12] LNG plantThe Sakhalin-2 LNG plant is the first of its kind in Russia. It is located in Prigorodnoye in Aniva Bay, {{convert|13|km}} east of Korsakov. Construction of the LNG plant was carried out by OAO Nipigaspererabothka (Nipigas) and the KhimEnergo consortium, together with two Japanese companies Chiyoda Corporation and Toyo Engineering Corporation.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} The plant has been designed to prevent major loss of containment in the event of an earthquake and to ensure the structural integrity of critical elements such as emergency shut down valves and the control room of the plant.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} The LNG plant includes:
The LNG plant production capacity is 9.6 million tons of LNG per year. The consortium is examining the possibility of adding another train.[13] A special gas liquefaction process was developed by Shell for use in cold climates such as Sakhalin, based on the use of a double mixed refrigerant.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} The LNG plant has two LNG double-walled, storage tanks with a capacity of {{convert|100000|m3}} each. LNG is exported via an {{convert|805|m|ft}} jetty in Aniva Bay. The jetty is fitted with four arms – two loading arms, one dual purpose arm and one vapour return arm. The upper deck is designed for a road bed and electric cables. The lower deck is used for the LNG pipeline, communication lines and a footpath. LNG is pumped from the storage tanks into the parallel loading lines which are brought to the LNG jetty. At the jetty head, the pipelines are connected with the jetty's four loading arms. The water depth at the tail of the jetty is {{convert|14|m|ft}}. The jetty will serve LNG tankers which have capacities of between {{convert|18000|and|145000|m3}}. Loading operations are estimated to take from six to 16 hours, depending on vessel capacity. The jetty will be able to handle loading of around 160 LNG carriers per year.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} Plans for Piltun-Astokhskoye-C platformAt the 9th meeting of the Western Gray Whale Advisory Panel (December 2010) Sakhalin Energy provided some preliminary information on its plans for a major new development project in the Piltun-Astokh field, called South Piltun. This is likely to include construction and installation of a new platform, called PA-C, approximately halfway between the existing PA-A (Molikpaq) and PA-B platforms.[14] Supply contractsContracts for the supply of LNG have been signed with:
Consortium{{Main|Sakhalin Energy}}The projects is owned and operated by Sakhalin Energy. Shareholders of Sakhalin Energy are:
FinancingSakhalin Energy looked for finances from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. However, on 11 January 2007 EBRD withdrew its consideration of financing for Sakhalin-2, claiming that Gazprom's acquisition of the controlling stake of Sakhalin-2 resulted in a to the project making it is unfeasible for the EBRD to pursue the current project.[16] Meanwhile, environmental organizations contend that Sakhalin II had "chronically and substantially violated EBRD's environmental policy".[17][18] The consortium applied for nearly a billion dollars in financing from the public export credit agencies of the United States and the United Kingdom, but in early March 2008 these applications were withdrawn due to the drawn-out and uncertain decision making process] by these banks.[19] However, environmental groups contend that the drawn-out process was due to the fact that the company failed to demonstrate compliance with these public banks' environmental policies.[20] In June 2008 Sakhalin Energy signed Russia's largest project finance deal, securing a loan of US$5.3 billion from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation and a consortium of international banks. Japan Bank for International Cooperation provided $3.7 billion of the funds.[21][22] In October 2009 Sakhalin Energy secured an additional $1.4 billion in project financing, bringing the total Phase 2 project financing up to $6.7 billion. The additional debt was provided by a consortium of international commercial banks and insured by Nippon Export and Investment Insurance (NEXI), an Export Credit Agency owned by the Japanese government. Environmental impactIn July 2005, a Russian court upheld the appeal of environmentalists who claimed in a petition that Sakhalin Energy's environmental impact assessment, was inadequate. Sakhalin Energy denied the claims and stated them as vague and inaccurate.[23] The environmental and social concerns came to a head at the end of November 2005 when the chief executive of WWF, Robert Napier, said that it would have a "negative impact on Sakhalin's people and environment".{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} The WWF asserted that Sakhalin-2 threatens marine life as well as potentially damaging the local communities in the region. Sakhalin Energy responded to the WWF's assertion by saying that the project meets lenders' policies and that environmental and social issues have been met.[24] In September 2006, Sakhalin Energy briefly suspended construction work on its pipelines. Oleg Mitvol, the deputy chief of the Russian Federal Service for Natural Resources, had announced in early August 2006 that, according to his data, Sakhalin Energy failed to take all actions required to eliminate the danger of the mud flow.[25] This was supported by President Vladimir Putin.[26] For more than 20 years of operation Sakhalin Energy exercises industrial environmental control of its assets to ensure the compliance with legislation on environmental protection, to observe established environmental regulations, and to provide the rational use of natural resources and fulfilment of the plans for minimising the environmental impact. The company exercises industrial environmental control in the following areas: – air emissions; – water use and discharge; – waste management. The company has developed and implements the Air Emissions and Energy Management Standard, Water Use Standard and Waste Management Standard. For more details see Sustainable Development Report Gray whalesOne key concern from environmental groups is that the Sakhalin-2 project will harm the western gray whale population. The whales summer feeding grounds are close to the project's offshore platforms in the Sea of Okhotsk.[27][28] In 2006, the International Union for Conservation of Nature set up the Western Gray Whale Advisory Panel (WGWAP). Its members are marine scientists who give independent advice to Sakhalin Energy about managing any potential risks to the western gray whales.[29] The Russian Academy of Sciences has identified an increasing population of western gray whales in the Sea of Okhotsk during a photo identification research programme.[30] However, in February 2009 the WGWAP issued an urgent warning that the number of western gray whales observed in the primary (near shore) feeding area had decreased and the panel called for a "...moratorium on all industrial activities, both maritime and terrestrial, that have the potential to disturb gray whales in summer and autumn on and near their main feeding areas."[31] In a meeting in April 2009, the WGWAP reiterated its urgent plea for a moratorium. Sakhalin Energy then agreed to suspend its planned summer 2009 seismic testing.[32] The Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute is involved in regular monitoring of the western gray whales near the oil and gas developments on the Sakhalin Shelf.[33] In December 2008, Sakhalin Energy won the Environmental Project of the Year award. The company’s protection of the western gray whale population was recognised in the Environmental Efficiency of Economics category. The award was presented by Yuri Trutnev, the Russian Federation’s Natural Resources Minister.[34] The population assessment in 2008 resulted in an estimate of 130 individuals in the western population.[35] No new reproductive females were recorded in 2010, resulting in a minimum of 26 reproductive females being observed since 1995.[35]{{Citation broken|date=September 2015}} Multiple seismic surveys were conducted near Sakhalin in 2010, carried out separately by Rosneft, Sakhalin Energy and Gazprom. The surveys conducted by Sakhalin Energy and Rosneft apparently had corresponding monitoring and mitigation plans. The monitoring data, including acoustic and visual information on whale distribution and behavior, is yet to be analyzed. Two of those seismic surveys occurred later in the year when more gray whales were present and temporally overlapped.[35] Critically endangered North Pacific right whales are also present in the region.[36] Sakhalin Energy in cooperation with Sakhalin-1 operator implementsthe integrated monitoring programme near the north-eastern coast of Sakhalin Island. It shows that the distribution of whales in feeding areas did not vary significantly during the whole period of the study; the number of individuals in the aggregation is increasing, and its reproduction rate is stable. A study was conducted to research the composition, distribution and variability of the communities of gray whale food organisms. Salmon fishingOther concerns are that the project will threaten the livelihood of tens of thousands of fishermen, destroy the key salmon fishing area off the island by dumping one million tons of dredging spoil waste into the sea, and imply a long-time threat of a large oil spill in the Sea of Okhotsk and Sea of Japan.[37] Dredging of Aniva Bay was completed in 2005. In 2005 the salmon harvest was recorded as an all-time high of more than 134,000 tonnes. In 2007 this record was overturned with a salmon catch of 144,181 tonnes.[38] Sakhalin Energy paid compensation of $110,000 to the Russian Federation to cover potential fish impacts from the Sakhalin-2 project. This compensation was paid regardless of whether any impact was recorded on the fishing industry or not. Part of these funds was used to set up thriving salmon hatcheries on Sakhalin Island.[39] In 2007, the company started a programme to identify the taimen (a rare protected species of salmon) habitats in the river systems along the pipeline to ensure that production activity will not put the existence of this species at risk. At the first stage, the distribution and the number of young taimen in several rivers were studied. In 2011, a new phase was launched under the programme, based on the basin-oriented approach to the study of ichthyofauna, including the Sakhalin taimen. In 2017, ichthyological studies were carried out in the Val River basin. In the course of the work, 29 stations were completed in the main channel, eight — in the tributaries of the river, and two — in the adjoining lakes. In total, 19 species of fish from nine families were identified in the Val River, watercourses and reservoirs in its basin. The family of salmonids was represented by the largest number of species: all four species of the Pacific salmon (genus Oncorhynchus) reproducing in the rivers of Sakhalin, three species of the Arctic salmon of the genus Salvelinus, and the Sakhalin taimen. The family of cyprinids was represented by four species; the remaining families were represented by one species each.{{cn|date=March 2019}} Impacts on rivers and streamsAccording to the Sakhalin Environment Watch, the following environmental changes have occurred:
Nevertheless these concerns were doubted. While preparing for work execution and during the construction, Sakhalin Energy conducted baseline studies and operational monitoring of all crossing areas of water bodies. For the operations phase, a comprehensive observation programme was developed to monitor the most environmentally significant and hydrographically complex water bodies, which allows the company to monitor any changes, to identify critical areas, to develop and take timely corrective measures.{{cn|date=March 2019}} In 2017, the monitoring of hydrological and hydrochemical characteristics and condition of bottom sediments was implemented at 24 water bodies crossed by the pipelines, as well as in the area of potential impact from OPF at the Vatung River, and in the area of the Prigorodnoye production complex at the Mereya River and the Goluboy Brook. In the course of work under the special programme, at the request of oversight bodies, a study was conducted of the Nabil River (with a nameless tributary) and the Nayba River, whose under-river crossings were performed using the horizontal directional drilling (HDD) method.{{cn|date=March 2019}} Monitoring was performed during three hydrological seasons: spring floods, summer low water and autumn high water. Sampling was carried out at two cross sections — the upstream baseline (with no impact from the company’s infrastructure assets) and downstream monitoring sections. On most investigated river-crossing sites (from the upstream to the downstream cross sections) no significant horizontal or vertical deformations of river beds were found. The crossings are in satisfactory condition, and no damage to utility lines was found.{{cn|date=March 2019}} In 2017 the River Ecosystems Monitoring did not reveal surface water contamination with oil products. All measurement values were insignificant and in line with MAC standards.{{cn|date=March 2019}} See also{{Portal|Russia|Energy}}
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Financing, Not Pipelines, Becomes the Latest Target | publisher = The Wall Street Journal | work = Dow Jones Newswires | author = Benoit Faucon | date = 2005-10-11 | accessdate = 2010-02-24}} 19. ^{{cite news |url = http://www.environmental-finance.com/onlinews/0306sak.html |archive-url = https://archive.is/20130122090850/http://www.environmental-finance.com/onlinews/0306sak.html |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 2013-01-22 |title = Sakhalin abandons petition to UK and US export credit agencies |publisher = Environmental Finance |date = 2008-03-06 |accessdate = 2010-02-24}} 20. ^{{cite press release |url = http://www.pacificenvironment.org/article.php?id=2717/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110614223247/http://www.pacificenvironment.org/article.php?id=2717%2F |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 14 June 2011 |title = Environmental Victory: Sakhalin II Announces It Cannot Get Financing from US and UK Export Credit Agencies |publisher = Pacific Environment |date = 2008-03-04 |accessdate = 2010-02-24 |df = dmy-all}} 21. ^{{cite press release |url = http://www.jbic.go.jp/en/about/press/2008/0616-01/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110717093904/http://www.jbic.go.jp/en/about/press/2008/0616-01/ |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 2011-07-17 |title = JBIC Signs Loan Agreement for Sakhalin II (Phase 2) Project To Secure Stable Supply of Energy Resource and Energy Security for Japan |publisher = Japan Bank for International Cooperation |date = 2008-06-16 |accessdate = 2010-02-24}} 22. ^{{cite news | url = http://en.rian.ru/russia/20080616/110673641.html | title = Sakhalin 2 operator secures $5.3 bln in project financing | publisher = RIA Novosti | date = 2008-06-16 | accessdate = 2010-02-24}} 23. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.ethicalcorp.com/content.asp?ContentID=3903 |title = Shell in Russia's far east - Courting controversy |date = September 2005 |accessdate = 2007-11-14}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 24. ^{{cite paper |url = http://www.wwf.org.uk/filelibrary/pdf/bu_riskybusiness.pdf |title = Risky Business - the new Shell |date = November 2005 |work = World Wide Fund for Nature |format = PDF |accessdate = 2006-07-23 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060725070535/http://www.wwf.org.uk/filelibrary/pdf/bu_riskybusiness.pdf |archivedate = 25 July 2006 |df = dmy-all}} 25. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.kommersant.com/p700499/r_500/Sakhalin_Energy_Suspends_Construction | title = Sakhalin Energy Suspends Construction | publisher = Kommersant Publishing House | work = Kommersant | date = 2006-08-28 | accessdate = 2010-02-24}} 26. ^{{cite news | url = http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article652443.ece | title = Putin takes hard line on Shell Sakhalin dispute | author = Tony Halpin | publisher = Times Newspapers Ltd. | work = The Times | date = 2006-09-28 | accessdate = 2010-02-24}} 27. ^{{cite news | url = https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/nature/britain-ignored-risk-of-whale-extinction-in-rush-for-oil-and-gas-808485.html | title = Britain ignored risk of whale extinction in rush for oil and gas | publisher = Independent News & Media | work = The Independent | author = Geoffrey Lean | date = 2008-04-13 | accessdate = 2010-02-24}} 28. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/mar2005/2005-03-31-05.asp | title = Sakhalin Energy Will Relocate Pipelines to Avoid Rare Whales | date = 2005-03-31 | publisher = Environmental News Service | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061114201952/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/mar2005/2005-03-31-05.asp | archivedate = 2006-11-14 | accessdate = 2007-11-14}} 29. ^{{cite press release |url = http://cms.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/marine/index.cfm?uNewsID=1201 |title = Scientists work with oil consortium to limit effects of seismic work on {{sic|hide=y|critically|-}}endangered whale population |date = 2008-06-30 |publisher = International Union for Conservation of Nature |accessdate = 2010-02-24 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081219145509/http://cms.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/marine/index.cfm?uNewsID=1201 |archivedate = 19 December 2008 |df = dmy-all}} 30. ^{{cite conference | url = http://www.pices.int/publications/presentations/PICES_16/Ann16_BIOp/BIO_P_Tyurneva.pdf | title = BM Photo-IDof Western Gray Whales on the northeastern shelf of Sakhalin Island: 2002–2006 | last1= Tyurneva |first1= Olga | last2= Vladimir Vertyankin |first2= Vladimir | last3= Yakovlev |first3= Yuri | last4= Vladimirov |first4= Valery | last5= Burkanov |first5= Vladimir | date = 2007-10-26 | publisher = North Pacific Marine Science Organization | conference = PICES XVI Annual Meeting | location = Victoria, British Columbia | format = PDF | accessdate = 2010-02-24}} 31. ^{{cite paper | url = http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/wgwap_5_report_final_040209.pdf | title = Report of the Western Gray Whale Advisory Panel at its Fifth Meeting | date = December 2008 | publisher = International Union for Conservation of Nature | format = PDF | pages = 32–33 | accessdate = 2010-02-24}} 32. ^{{cite press release | url = http://www.iucn.org/wgwap/news_archive/?3079/IUCN-welcomes-reprieve-for-whales | title = IUCN welcomes reprieve for whales | date = 2009-04-28 | publisher = International Union for Conservation of Nature | accessdate = 2010-02-24}} 33. ^{{cite journal | url = http://www.pices.int/publications/pices_press/volume11_issue1/July03/p_32_34_FERHRI_f.pdf | title = Recent oceanographic and marine environmental studies at FERHRI | last= Tkalin |first= Alexander | pages = 32–34 | publisher = North Pacific Marine Science Organization | volume = 11 | issue = 2 | format = PDF | date = July 2003 | accessdate = 2010-02-24}} 34. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.sakhalinenergy.com/en/default.asp?p=channel&c=2&n=326 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090310171543/http://www.sakhalinenergy.com/en/default.asp?p=channel&c=2&n=326 |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 2009-03-10 |title = Sakhalin Energy won the environmental award |publisher = Sakhalin Energy |accessdate = December 2008}} 35. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Report of the Scientific Committee, Tromsø, Norway, 30 May to 11 June 2011 Annex F: Sub-Committee on Bowhead, Right and Gray Whale|url=http://iwcoffice.org/_documents/sci_com/SCRepFiles2011/Annex%20F%20-%20BRG.pdf|work=IWC Office}} 36. ^Shipulin 2012 А давайте я вам китов покажу, а? . LiveJournal. retrieved on 09 June 2014{{Self-published|date=September 2015}} 37. ^{{cite web |author = Sakhalin Environment Watch |url = http://www.sakhalin.environment.ru/en/index.php?section=introduction |title = Sakhalin-II Oil and Gas Project - Introduction |accessdate = 2006-09-20 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061013163948/http://www.sakhalin.environment.ru/en/index.php?section=introduction |archivedate = 13 October 2006 |df = dmy-all}} 38. ^{{cite press release |url = http://sakhalin-2.com/en/default.asp?p=channel&c=1&n=222 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110715225759/http://sakhalin-2.com/en/default.asp?p=channel&c=1&n=222 |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 2011-07-15 |title = Sakhalin has Bumper Salmon harvest – again! |publisher = Sakhalin Energy |accessdate = 2010-02-24}} 39. ^{{cite press release |url = http://www.sakhalinenergy.com/en/default.asp?p=channel&c=4&n=20 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110715230442/http://www.sakhalinenergy.com/en/default.asp?p=channel&c=4&n=20 |dead-url = yes |archive-date = 2011-07-15 |title = Indigenous People:Development plan announced |publisher = Sakhalin Energy |accessdate = 2010-02-24}} 40. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.sakhalin.environment.ru/en/map/index.htm |title = Sakhalin Energy's muddy waters - A "few cases" where Sakhalin Energy is endangering wild salmon on Sakhalin Island |accessdate = 2007-11-12 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071209034653/http://www.sakhalin.environment.ru/en/map/index.htm |archivedate = 9 December 2007 |df = dmy-all}} External links
9 : Natural gas fields in Russia|Oil fields of Russia|Sakhalin|Energy in the Russian Far East|Royal Dutch Shell oil and gas fields|Gazprom production fields|Liquefied natural gas plants|Sakhalin Oblast|Netherlands–Russia relations |
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