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词条 Salmon River (Idaho)
释义

  1. Course

  2. History

     Anthropology  Exploration  Gold 

  3. Recreation

  4. Wildlife

  5. USGS stations

  6. Gallery

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. External links

{{Infobox river
| name = Salmon River
| name_native =
| name_native_lang =
| name_other =
| name_etymology =
| nickname = River of No Return
| image = Salmon River.JPG
| image_caption = Salmon River in Sawtooth NRA
| image_size = 300
| map = Salmon River Idaho Map.png
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Map of the Salmon River, showing its tributary Middle Fork Salmon River, and its connection to the Columbia River via the Snake River
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = United States
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = Idaho
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 = Cities
| subdivision_name5 = Salmon, Challis
| length = {{convert|425|mi|km|abbr=on}}[1]
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location= White Bird[2]
| discharge1_min = {{convert|1000|cuft/s|usgal/s m3/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|11100|cuft/s|usgal/s m3/s|abbr=on}}[3]
| discharge1_max = {{convert|129000|cuft/s|usgal/s m3/s|abbr=on}}
| source1 = Sawtooth Range
| source1_location = near Norton Peak, Lemhi County
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|43|47|48|N|114|46|36|W|display=inline}}[4]
| source1_elevation = {{convert|9220|ft|abbr=on}}[5]
| mouth = Snake River
| mouth_location = west of White Bird, Idaho and Nez Perce Counties
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|45|51|23|N|116|47|37|W|display=inline,title}}[4]
| mouth_elevation = {{convert|919|ft|abbr=on}}[4]
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{convert|14000|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| tributaries_left = Yankee Fork, Panther Creek, Middle Fork Salmon River, South Fork Salmon River, Little Salmon River
| tributaries_right = East Fork Salmon River, Pahsimeroi River, Lemhi River, North Fork Salmon River
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = nwsr
| designation1_type = Wild, Recreational
| designation1_date = July 23, 1980
| designation1_number =
}}
}}

The Salmon River is located in Idaho in the northwestern United States. The Salmon is also known as "The River of No Return". It flows for {{convert|425|mi|km|round=5}} through central Idaho, draining a rugged, thinly populated watershed of {{convert|14000|sqmi|}} and dropping more than {{convert|7000|ft|}} between its headwaters, near Galena Summit above the Sawtooth Valley in the Sawtooth National Recreation Area, and its confluence with the Snake River. Measured at White Bird, its average discharge is {{convert|11060|cuft/s|usgal/s m3/s|}}.[6] It is one of the largest rivers in the continental United States without a single dam on its mainstem.[7]

Cities located along the Salmon River include Stanley, Clayton, Challis, Salmon, Riggins, and White Bird. Redfish Lake and Little Redfish Lake near Stanley, which flow into the river via Redfish Lake Creek, are the terminus of the longest Pacific sockeye salmon migration in North America.[8]

The lower half of the river provides the time zone boundary for the state, with northern Idaho on Pacific time and the rest of the state on Mountain time.

Course

The Salmon River originates from and flows through the mountains of central and eastern Idaho (Lemhi Range, Sawtooth, Salmon River Mountains, Clearwater and Bitterroot Range). The main stem rises in the Sawtooth Range at over {{convert|9200|ft|-1}} in elevation, several miles northwest of Norton Peak. For the first {{convert|30|mi|round=5}}, it flows north through the Sawtooth Valley, then turns east at Stanley, receiving the Yankee Fork shortly below that point and the East Fork further downstream. The river then flows northeast, receiving the Pahsimeroi River at Ellis and then the Lemhi River at Salmon, Idaho east of the Lemhi Range.

North of Salmon, the river is joined by the North Fork, before turning west into over {{convert|200|mi}} of continuous canyons through the Salmon River and Clearwater Mountains – some of the most rugged and isolated terrain in the contiguous United States. Exhibiting upwards of {{convert|7000|ft|-1}} of vertical relief, the Salmon River canyons are some of the deepest in the U.S., surpassing the Grand Canyon and second only to the Snake River's Hells Canyon on the Idaho–Oregon border.[9] Here, the river is joined by its two largest tributaries, the Middle Fork and South Fork. Ten miles (16 km) downstream (west) of its confluence with the Middle Fork, the Salmon River becomes the dividing line for the two time zones in Idaho: Mountain time to the south, Pacific time to the north, bisecting the state at approximately 45½ degrees north latitude.

The river turns abruptly north at the confluence with the Little Salmon River at Riggins, about {{convert|87|mi|km}} above its mouth. From there the river flows almost due north, with U.S. Route 95 on its east bank until a few miles before White Bird; the river then loops northwest and south to its confluence with the Snake River north of Hells Canyon, {{convert|15|mi|round=5}} south of the Washington border and {{convert|40|mi|round=5}} south of Lewiston. The Salmon River is the longest river system contained entirely within a single U.S. state.[7]

History

Anthropology

The Salmon River area has been home to people for at least the last 8,000 years.[10] Much of the area was inhabited by several tribes, including the Nez Perce. The river was considered sacred ground and a rich source of food for the indigenous people of the area, who relied on the abundant salmon species and other wildlife.

Exploration

In August 1805, just after crossing the Continental Divide of the Americas, Lewis and Clark ventured down the Salmon River, but found it to be too rough to be navigable. Clark wrote:

... I shall in justice to Capt. Lewis who was the first white man ever on this fork of the Columbia Call this Louis's river. ... The Westerly fork of the Columbia River [the present Salmon River] is double the size of the Easterley fork [the present Lemhi River] & below those forks the river is ... {{convert|100|yd|disp=sqbr|-1}} wide, it is very rapid & Sholey water Clear but little timber.[11]

The honor didn't last long; by 1810, maps of the area were already referring to "Louis' River" as the Salmon. Clark had thought that the Salmon River was the Snake River, thus he called it the "Westerly fork of the Columbia". The Snake River retained the variant name "Lewis River" or "Lewis Fork" longer than did the Salmon.

Gold

In the 1860s, placer deposits of gold were found along the river, and a gold rush began. Miners came to the area, causing clashes with the Nez Perce on their ancestral tribal lands. Many historic and present day mines (including dredging operations) can be seen while traveling along the river.

Recreation

Several national forests and Sawtooth National Recreation Area provide for numerous recreation opportunities within the river's watershed. Two segments (the Middle Fork and a section of the main Salmon River, known as the Main Fork) are protected as National Wild and Scenic Rivers. The Middle Fork was one of the original eight rivers designated Wild and Scenic in 1968, and is often considered the "crown jewel"[7] of the Wild and Scenic system.[12]

The Salmon is a popular destination for whitewater kayaking, canoeing, and rafting. The canyons of the Salmon allow for magnificent views of the complex geology of the region. The Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness Area includes one of the deepest canyons in the continental United States, which at roughly {{convert|7000|ft|-1}} of vertical relief, is deeper than the Grand Canyon.

Both the Middle Fork and Main Fork travel through the Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness Area. The Middle Fork is about {{convert|110|mi}} long, while the Main Fork is about {{convert|81|mi}} in length. The Middle Fork raft trip run ends {{convert|7|mi}} prior to the beginning of the Main Fork run; Corn Creek is the start of the Main Fork section of the Salmon River.

The South Fork of the Salmon flows through Payette National Forest and enters the Wild and Scenic Main Fork at Mackay Bar. The Main Fork raft trip ends about {{convert|25|mi|round=5}} east of Riggins, either at Vinegar Creek or Carey Creek, marking the beginning of the Lower Salmon rafting section. Boating companies offer both single and multiple day trips on the river.

The Middle Fork of the Salmon River is known as one of the best catch and release fly fisheries in the nation. Other recreational activities along the river include camping, hiking and mountain biking.

Wildlife

{{see also|List of animals of the Sawtooth National Recreation Area|List of birds of the Sawtooth National Recreation Area}}

The Salmon River historically produced 45% percent of all the steelhead (ocean-going rainbow trout) and 45 percent of all the spring and summer chinook salmon in the entire Columbia River Basin. The Salmon River basin contains most (up to 70 percent) of the remaining salmon and steelhead habitat in the Columbia River Basin. Despite abundant, excellent salmon habitat in the Salmon River basin, chinook, steelhead, and sockeye salmon populations have not significantly recovered, despite listings under the federal Endangered Species Act since the mid-1990s. Populations remain at risk in large part because of the negative effects of four federal dams and reservoirs on the lower Snake river, through which both juvenile salmon and returning adults must pass. Many Northwest salmon advocates, commercial & sportfishermen call for removal of the Lower Granite, Little Goose, Lower Monumental, and Ice Harbor dams to address survival problems. As of November 2015, controversy continues in NW Politics, public discourse, and in federal court, where federal salmon recovery plans are under legal challenge.[13] {{Citation needed|reason=This entire paragraph needs to be verified with credible sources|date=August 2014}}

USGS stations

{{kml}}

The United States Geological Survey operates four stream gauge water level monitoring stations on the main stem of the Salmon River and 17 others on its tributaries. Real time data is available for each station on the USGS website. For a map of these see Salmon River USGS Station Map or in the box at right.

USGS stations in the Salmon River watershed as of August 12, 2012[14]
StreamLocationSite numberCoordinatesDrainage areaAvg dischargeMax dischargeMin dischargeWebsite
Salmon RiverClayton, ID1329650044|16|06|N|114|43|58|W|name=Salmon River below Yankee Fork near Clayton, ID}}807|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}974|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}10400|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}160|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} 
Salmon RiverSalmon, ID1330250045|11|01|N|113|53|43|W|name=Salmon River at Salmon, ID}}3737|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}1923|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}17700|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}242|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} 
Salmon RiverShoup, ID1330700045|19|21|N|114|26|24|W|name=Salmon River near Shoup, ID}}6239|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}2913|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}25700|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}600|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} 
Salmon RiverWhite Bird, ID1331700045|45|01|N|116|19|26|W|name=Salmon River at White Bird, ID}}13421|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}11090|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}130000|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}1000|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} 
Valley CreekStanley, ID1329500044|13|21|N|114|55|52|W|name=Valley Creek at Stanley, ID}}147|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}198|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}2210|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}34|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} 
Yankee Fork Salmon RiverClayton, ID1329600044|16|44|N|114|44|02|W|name=Yankee Fork Salmon River near Clayton, ID}}189|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}198|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}3360|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}10|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} 
Thompson CreekClayton, ID1329733044|16|13|N|114|31|00|W|name=Thompson Creek near Clayton, ID}}29.1|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}16.8|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}442|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}1.0|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} 
Squaw CreekClayton, ID1329735544|17|27|N|114|28|18|W|name=Squaw Creek below Bruno Creek near Clayton, ID}}71.6|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}33.2|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}755|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}3.3|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} 
Pahsimeroi RiverEllis, ID1330200544|41|30|N|114|02|49|W|name=Pahsimeroi River at Ellis, ID}}830|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}230|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}710|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}87|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} 
Lemhi RiverLemhi, ID1330500044|56|24|N|113|38|21|W|name=Lemhi River near Lemhi, ID}}897|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}257|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}2430|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}22|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} 
Lemhi RiverSalmon, ID1330531045|07|58|N|113|47|56|W|name=Lemhi River below L5 Diversion near Salmon, ID}}1216|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}258|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}2920|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}0.75|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} 
Blackbird CreekCobalt, ID1330633645|05|29|N|114|17|53|W|name=Blackbird Creek near Cobalt, ID}}Unknown6.8|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}100|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}2|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} 
Panther CreekCobalt, ID1330637045|05|23|N|114|14|12|W|name=Panther Creek at Cobalt, ID}}Unknown57.6|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}1100|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}3.5|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} 
Napias CreekLeesburg, ID1330638545|12|20|N|114|08|02|W|name=Napias Creek below Arnett Creek near Leesburg, ID}}41.1|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}29.2|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}1020|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}3.5 |ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} 
Middle Fork Salmon RiverYellow Pine, ID1330922044|43|18|N|115|00|59|W|name=Middle Fork Salmon River at Middle Fork Lodge near Yellow Pine, ID}}1042|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}1413|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}20900|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}190|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} 
Middle Fork Salmon RiverShoup, ID1331019945|17|37|N|114|35|47|W|name=Middle Fork Salmon River at mouth near Shoup, ID}}2876|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}2818|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}28600|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}349|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} 
South Fork Salmon RiverKrassel Ranger Station1331070044|59|13|N|115|43|30|W|name=South Fork Salmon River near Krassel Ranger Station, ID}}330|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}535|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}9710|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}38|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} 
East Fork South Fork Salmon RiverStibnite, ID1331100044|54|21|N|115|19|42|W|name=East Fork South Fork Salmon River at Stibnite, ID}}19.3|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}25.6|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}394|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}2.0|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} 
Sugar CreekStibnite, ID1331145044|56|10.9|N|115|20|14.0|W|name=Sugar Creek near Stibnite, ID}}Unknown22.9|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}185|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}5.5|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} 
Johnson CreekYellow Pine, ID1331300044|57|42|N|115|30|00|W|name=Johnson Creek at Yellow Pine, ID}}218|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}344|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}6250|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}21|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} 
Little Salmon RiverRiggins, ID1331650045|24|47|N|116|19|31|W|name=Little Salmon River at Riggins, ID}}576|mi2|km2|abbr=on}}776|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}12600|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}54|ft3/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} 

Gallery

See also

  • List of Idaho rivers
  • List of longest streams of Idaho
  • List of National Wild and Scenic Rivers

References

1. ^Salmon River {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012144404/http://bartleby.com/69/19/S02219.html |date=2007-10-12 }}, The Columbia Gazetteer of North America
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2012/pdfs/13317000.2012.pdf|title=USGS Gage #13317000 on the Salmon River at White Bird, ID|publisher=United States Geological Survey|work=National Water Information System|date=1910–2012|accessdate=2013-12-15}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://wdr.water.usgs.gov/wy2012/pdfs/13317000.2012.pdf|title=USGS Gage #13317000 on the Salmon River at White Bird, ID|publisher=United States Geological Survey|work=National Water Information System|date=1910–2012|accessdate=2013-12-15}}
4. ^1 2 {{cite gnis|id=400069|name=Salmon River|entrydate=1979-06-21|accessdate=2013-12-14}}
5. ^Google Earth elevation for GNIS source coordinates.
6. ^http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-id-05-1/ Water Resources Data, Idaho, 2005
7. ^1 2 {{cite web |url = http://idahoptv.org/outdoors/shows/whitewater/salmon.cfm |title = The Salmon River |publisher = Idaho Public Television |work = Outdoor Idaho |date = |accessdate = 2013-12-14 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131215214138/http://idahoptv.org/outdoors/shows/whitewater/salmon.cfm |archivedate = 2013-12-15 |df = }}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/research/divisions/efs/hatchery/salmon_captive/redfish.cfm|title=Redfish Lake sockeye salmon captive broodstock|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|work=Northwest Fisheries Science Center|date=|accessdate=2013-12-14}}
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.blm.gov/id/st/en/visit_and_play/things_to_do/rivers/rivers/lower_salmon_river.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-12-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215223425/http://www.blm.gov/id/st/en/visit_and_play/things_to_do/rivers/rivers/lower_salmon_river.html |archivedate=2013-12-15 |df= }}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rivers.gov/rivers/salmon-id.php |title=Salmon River, Idaho |publisher=National Wild & Scenic Rivers System |accessdate=February 21, 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6NYPObgZE?url=http://www.rivers.gov/rivers/salmon-id.php |archivedate=February 21, 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
11. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r4/sc/recreation/lewis-clark/maptext.shtml |title=18 – Forks of Louis's River| publisher=U. S. Forest Service |work=Salmon-Challis National Forest – Lewis & Clark Interactive Tour |accessdate=2009-01-10}}
12. ^http://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/scnf/recreation/wateractivities/?cid=stelprdb5302105
13. ^multiple sources, incl. Idaho Dept of Fish and Game, USFS, USFWS.
14. ^{{cite web |title=Current Conditions |publisher =United States Geological Survey |url=http://waterdata.usgs.gov/id/nwis/current/?agency_cd=usgs¶meter_cd=staname,datetime,00065,00060,00010,median&group_key=basin_cd |accessdate=August 11, 2012}}

External links

{{commons category|Salmon River (Idaho)}}
  • Salmon River – Salmon River, Info Hub
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217225408/http://www.visitidaho.org/thingstodo/attractions.aspx?attractionid=30955 Visit Idaho.org] – Idaho Rivers
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20100407070014/http://www.rivers.gov/wsr-salmon-main.html Salmon River (National Wild and Scenic Rivers site)]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20100610053757/http://www.rivers.gov/wsr-salmon-middle.html Middle Fork of the Salmon (National Wild and Scenic Rivers site)]
{{Idaho}}

10 : Rivers of Idaho|Canyons and gorges of Idaho|Rivers of Idaho County, Idaho|Rivers of Lemhi County, Idaho|Rivers of Custer County, Idaho|Rivers of Blaine County, Idaho|Tributaries of the Snake River|Salmon-Challis National Forest|Sawtooth National Forest|Wild and Scenic Rivers of the United States
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