| 词条 | John O'Keefe (neuroscientist) |
| 释义 |
| name = John O'Keefe | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS|FMedSci}} | image = John O'Keefe (neuroscientist) 2014 (cropped).jpg | image_size = | caption = O'Keefe in September 2014 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1939|11|18|mf=y}} | birth_place = New York City, New York | death_date = | death_place = | residence = | citizenship = United Kingdom, United States | nationality = | ethnicity = | field = Neuroscience | work_institutions = University College London | alma_mater = City College of New York McGill University | doctoral_advisor = Ronald Melzack | doctoral_students = | notable_students = Neil Burgess (postdoc)[1] | thesis_title = Response properties of amygdalar units in the freely moving cat | thesis_year = 1967 | thesis_url = http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/R/-?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=70142 | known_for = Discovering place cells | influences = | influenced = | prizes = Kavli Prize (2014), Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2014) | religion = | footnotes = | signature = | website = [https://www.ucl.ac.uk/biosciences/departments/cdb/people/john-okeefe Personal website] }} John O'Keefe, {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FRS|FMedSci}} (born November 18, 1939) is an American-British neuroscientist and a professor at the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour and the Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology at University College London. He discovered place cells in the hippocampus, and that they show a specific kind of temporal coding in the form of theta phase precession. In 2014 he received the Kavli Prize in Neuroscience "for the discovery of specialized brain networks for memory and cognition", together with Brenda Milner and Marcus Raichle. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine also that year, together with May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser. Education and early lifeBorn in New York City to Irish immigrant parents, O'Keefe attended Regis High School (Manhattan) and received a BA degree from the City College of New York.[1] He went on to study at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where he obtained an MA degree in 1964, and a PhD degree in Psychology in 1967, supervised by Ronald Melzack.[2][3][4] Career and researchO'Keefe went to University College London in 1967 as a US NIMH postdoctoral research fellow working with the late Patrick Wall. He has been there ever since and was promoted to Professor in 1987. Discovery of place cells{{see also|Place cell}}O’Keefe and his student Jonathan Dostrovsky discovered place cells by systematically analyzing the environmental factors influencing the firing properties of individual hippocampal neurons.[7][8] His many publications on place cells have been highly cited. In addition, he published an influential book with Lynn Nadel, proposing the functional role of the hippocampus as a cognitive map for spatial memory function.[9] In extensions of his work, place cells have been analyzed experimentally or simulated in models in hundreds of papers.[10][11][12] Discovery of theta phase precessionIn further research on place cells, O’Keefe found evidence for a distinctive variation of temporal coding of information by the timing of action potentials in place cells, relative to an oscillatory EEG cycle known as the theta rhythm, as opposed to spike timing within a single cell. In a 1993 paper, he and Michael Recce demonstrated that place cells spike at different phases relative to theta rhythm oscillations in the local field potential of the hippocampus.[13] As a rat enters the firing field of a place cell, the spiking starts at late phases of theta rhythm, and as the rat moves through the firing field, the spikes shift to earlier phases of the theta cycle. This effect has been replicated in numerous subsequent papers, providing evidence for the coding of sensory input by the timing of spikes. Numerous models have addressed the potential physiological mechanisms of theta phase precession. Prediction and discovery of boundary vector cells{{see also|Boundary cell}}In a paper in 1996, O'Keefe and Neil Burgess presented data showing shifts in the position and size of place cell firing fields when the barriers defining the environment were shifted.[1] In this and subsequent papers, they presented a model of this phenomenon predicting the existence of boundary vector cells that would respond at a specific distance from barriers in the environment.[15] Several years later, this explicit theoretical prediction was supported by extensive experimental data demonstrating boundary cells with the predicted properties in the subiculum[16] and the medial entorhinal cortex (where they are sometimes referred to as border cells). Awards and honoursO'Keefe was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1992 and a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci) in 1998. In addition, he received the Feldberg Foundation Prize in 2001 and the Grawemeyer Award in psychology in 2006 (with Lynn Nadel). In 2007, he received the British Neuroscience Association Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Neuroscience and in 2008 he received the Federation of European Neuroscience Societies European Journal of Neuroscience Award. Later in 2008, O'Keefe was awarded the Gruber Prize in Neuroscience.[17][18] He was appointed as the inaugural director of the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour.[19] In 2013 he received the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize (with Edvard Moser and May-Britt Moser).[5] In 2014, he was a co-recipient of the Kavli Prize awarded by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters with Brenda Milner and Marcus Raichle.[6] In 2016 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.[7] O'Keefe was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014, with May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser.[8] O'Keefe received an honorary Doctor of Science degree from University College Cork on 15 December 2014.[9] In May 2015, he received one from The City College of New York,[10] and in June of the same year, he was awarded one from McGill University, both his alma maters.[11] On 10 March 2015, O'Keefe was the guest on BBC Radio 4's The Life Scientific.[12] References1. ^{{cite news |title=John O'Keefe, Class of '63, Wins Nobel Prize |url=http://www.ccny.cuny.edu/news/nobel-laureate.cfm |accessdate=8 October 2014 |publisher=The City College of New York |date=6 October 2014}} [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]2. ^{{cite web |title=John O'Keefe |url=http://www.kavliprize.org/prizes-and-laureates/laureates/john-o'keefe |website=Kavli Prize |publisher=Kavli Foundation |accessdate=11 October 2014}} 3. ^{{cite news |title=McGill grad John O’Keefe wins Nobel Prize in medicine |url=https://www.mcgill.ca/research/channels/news/mcgill-grad-john-o%E2%80%99keefe-wins-nobel-prize-medicine-239350 |accessdate=8 October 2014 |publisher=Media Relations Office of McGill University |date=6 October 2014}} 4. ^{{cite thesis |last1=O'Keefe |first1=John |title=Response properties of amygdalar units in the freely moving cat |url=http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/-?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=70142&silo_library=GEN01 |type=Ph.D. |publisher=McGill University |date=1967 |place=Montreal, Quebec, Canada |oclc=894987156}} 5. ^Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize 2013. cumc.columbia.edu 6. ^{{cite web|title=Nine Scientists Share Three Kavli Prizes|url=http://news.sciencemag.org/people-events/2014/05/nine-scientists-share-three-kavli-prizes|author= Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit |date=29 May 2014|work=news.sciencemag.org}} 7. ^{{citation|url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/may-3-2016-NAS-Election.html|title=National Academy of Sciences Members and Foreign Associates Elected|department=News from the National Academy of Sciences|publisher=National Academy of Sciences|date=May 3, 2016|accessdate=2016-05-14}}. 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2014/|title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014|website=www.nobelprize.org}} 9. ^Roche, Barry, "UCC to honour Nobel Laureate", The Irish Times, 7 October 2014 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ccny.cuny.edu/news/2015-commencement-honorees|title=CCNY Names Top Three for 2015 Commencement Honors - The City College of New York|first=Website|last=Admin|date=25 July 2015|website=www.ccny.cuny.edu}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://publications.mcgill.ca/reporter/2015/04/mcgill-to-award-16-honorary-degrees|title=McGill to award 16 honorary degrees : McGill Reporter|website=publications.mcgill.ca}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b054qc1h|title=John O'Keefe on memory, The Life Scientific - BBC Radio 4|website=BBC}} 13. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://gruber.yale.edu/neuroscience/2008/john-okeefe |title=2008 Neuroscience Prize. John O'Keefe. Laureate Profile |publisher=Gruber Foundation |date= |accessdate=2013-11-23}} 14. ^1 {{cite book|last1=O'Keefe|first1=J.|last2=Nadel|first2=L.|year=1978|url=http://www.cognitivemap.net/|title=The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, United Kingdom}} 15. ^1 {{Cite journal |pmid = 5124915|last1 = O'Keefe|first1 = J.|last2 = Dostrovsky|first2 = J.|year = 1971|title = The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat|volume = 34|pages = 171–175|journal = Brain Research|doi = 10.1016/0006-8993(71)90358-1|issue = 1}} 16. ^1 {{Cite journal |pmid = 1261644|year = 1976|author1 = O'Keefe|first1 = J|title = Place units in the hippocampus of the freely moving rat|journal = Experimental Neurology|volume = 51|issue = 1|pages = 78–109|doi=10.1016/0014-4886(76)90055-8}} 17. ^1 {{Cite journal |pmid = 8353611|year = 1993|author1 = O'Keefe|first1 = J|title = Phase relationship between hippocampal place units and the EEG theta rhythm|journal = Hippocampus|volume = 3|issue = 3|pages = 317–30|last2 = Recce|first2 = M. L.|doi = 10.1002/hipo.450030307}} 18. ^1 2 {{Cite journal |last1 = O'Keefe |first1 = J. |last2 = Burgess |first2 = N. |doi = 10.1038/381425a0 |title = Geometric determinants of the place fields of hippocampal neurons |journal = Nature |volume = 381 |issue = 6581 |pages = 425–428 |year = 1996 |pmid = 8632799 |pmc = |bibcode = 1996Natur.381..425O }} 19. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Hartley|first1=Tom|last2=Burgess|first2=N.|last3=Lever|first3=C.|last4=Cacucci|first4=F.|last5=O'Keefe|first5=J.|title=Modeling place fields in terms of the cortical inputs to the hippocampus|journal=Hippocampus|volume=10|issue=4|year=2000|pages=369–379|issn=1050-9631|doi=10.1002/1098-1063(2000)10:4<369::AID-HIPO3>3.0.CO;2-0|pmid=10985276|citeseerx=10.1.1.19.7928}} 20. ^1 {{Cite journal |last1 = Lever |first1 = C. |last2 = Burton |first2 = S. |last3 = Jeewajee |first3 = A. |last4 = O'Keefe |first4 = J. |last5 = Burgess |first5 = N. |title = Boundary Vector Cells in the Subiculum of the Hippocampal Formation |doi = 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1319-09.2009 |journal = Journal of Neuroscience |volume = 29 |issue = 31 |pages = 9771–9777 |year = 2009 |pmid = 19657030 |pmc =2736390 }} 21. ^1 {{Cite journal |pmid = 396576|year = 1979|author1 = O'Keefe|first1 = J|title = A review of the hippocampal place cells|journal = Progress in Neurobiology|volume = 13|issue = 4|pages = 419–39 |doi=10.1016/0301-0082(79)90005-4}} 22. ^1 {{Cite journal |pmid = 11283318|year = 2001|author1 = Best|first1 = P. J.|title = Spatial processing in the brain: The activity of hippocampal place cells|journal = Annual Review of Neuroscience|volume = 24|pages = 459–86|last2 = White|first2 = A. M.|last3 = Minai|first3 = A|doi = 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.459}} 23. ^1 {{Cite journal |first1 = E.|last2 = Kropff|last1 = Moser |first2 = E.|first3 = M.|title = Place cells, grid cells, and the brain's spatial representation system|last3 = Moser|journal = Annual Review of Neuroscience|volume = 31|issue = |pages = 69–89|year = 2008|month = |issn = 0147-006X|pmid = 18284371 |doi = 10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.061307.090723}} 24. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/news-releases-archive/gruberprize |title=UCL neuroscientist receives international prize for 'pioneering work' |publisher=Ucl.ac.uk |date=2008-06-23 |accessdate=2013-11-23}} 25. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.gatsby.org.uk/en/Neuroscience/Projects/Sainsbury-Wellcome-Centre.aspx |title=Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour |publisher=Gatsby |date= |accessdate=2013-11-23}} }} External links
16 : 1939 births|Living people|Academics of University College London|McGill University alumni|British neuroscientists|City College of New York alumni|British Nobel laureates|American Nobel laureates|Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine|Fellows of the Royal Society|American people of Irish descent|British people of Irish descent|Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom|Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences|Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences|Regis High School (New York City) alumni |
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