词条 | Salzburg (state) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
| official_name = Salzburg | native_name = | native_name_lang = de | settlement_type = State of Austria | image_flag = Flag of Salzburg.svg | flag_size = 120px | image_shield = Salzburg Wappen.svg | shield_size = 60px | image_map = Salzburg in Austria.svg | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{AUT}} | seat_type = Capital | seat = Salzburg city | leader_party = ÖVP | leader_title = Governor | leader_name = Wilfried Haslauer | leader_title1 = Deputy Governor | leader_name1 = {{ubl|Astrid Rössler (Grüne)|Christian Stöckl (ÖVP)}} | area_total_km2 = 7156.03 | population_total = 531800 | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone1 = CET | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = CEST | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | iso_code = AT-5 | blank_name_sec1 = HDI (2017) | blank_info_sec1 = 0.928[1] {{color|green|very high}} · 2nd | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | blank_name_sec2 = NUTS Region | blank_info_sec2 = AT3 | blank1_name_sec2 = Votes in Bundesrat | blank1_info_sec2 = 4 (of 62) | website = www.salzburg.gv.at | footnotes = }} Salzburg ({{IPA-de|ˈzaltsbʊɐ̯k|-|Salzburg.ogg}};{{efn|group=note|{{IPAc-en|lang|pron|ˈ|s|æ|l|t|s|b|ɜːr|ɡ|,_|ˈ|s|ɔː|l|t|s|-|,_|ˈ|s|ɔː|l|z|-|,_|ˈ|s|æ|l|z|-|,_|ˈ|z|æ|l|t|s|b|ʊər|k}}[2][3]}} literally "Salt Fortress") is a state (Land) of Austria. It is officially named Land Salzburg, colloquially Salzburgerland, to distinguish it from its eponymous capital Salzburg city and as such is the only state to be named after its capital. By its centuries-long history as an independent Prince-Bishopric, Salzburg's tradition differs from the other Austrian lands. GeographyLocationSalzburg state stretches along its primary river, the Salzach running from the Central Eastern Alps in the south – reaching a height of {{convert|3657|m|ft}} at the mountain Großvenediger – down into the Alpine foothills in the north, with an area of {{convert|7,156|km2|abbr=on}}. It is located in the north of the country, close to the border with the German state of Bavaria. It is surrounded by the Austrian lands of Upper Austria in the northeast, by Styria in the east, by Carinthia in the south as well as by Tyrol, South Tyrol (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, Italy) and East Tyrol in the southwest. With 529,085 inhabitants, it is one of the country's smaller states in terms of population. Running through the south are the main ranges of the Alpine divide (incl. the Hohe Tauern mountains) with numerous three-thousanders. The Dachstein massif and the Berchtesgaden Alps ranges of the Northern Limestone Alps border Salzburg Land to the east and north. RegionsThe state is traditionally subdivided in five major regions (Gaue), congruent with its political districts (Bezirke, see administrative divisions).
Major cities and townsSalzburg municipalities with town privileges: {{colbegin}}
Wals-Siezenheim, a common municipality with about 12,000 inhabitants, is known as 'Austria's largest village'. History{{see also|Archbishopric of Salzburg}}Salt has played an important role in the region's development; Salzburg means "salt castle". Salzburg as an independent stateIndependence from Bavaria was secured in the late 14th century. The Archbishopric of Salzburg was an independent prince-bishopric and State of the Holy Roman Empire until German Mediatisation in 1813. Electorate of SalzburgThe territory was secularized and, as the Electorate of Salzburg, given as compensation to Ferdinand III, former Grand Duke of Tuscany, the brother of Emperor Francis II. The end of the independenceFollowing the Austrian defeat at Austerlitz in 1805, Salzburg was annexed by Austria as compensation for the loss of Tyrol to the Kingdom of Bavaria, and Ferdinand was transferred to the Grand Duchy of Würzburg. Bavarian SalzburgAfter Austria's defeat in 1809, the province was handed over to Bavaria in 1810. The country divided between Bavaria and AustriaIn 1816, following the defeat of Napoleon and the provision of adequate compensation to Bavaria at the Congress of Vienna, it was returned to Austria with the exception of the north-western Rupertiwinkel which remained Bavarian. The Salzburger Land was administered as the department of Salzach from Linz, the capital of Upper Austria. In 1849 the Duchy of Salzburg was established as a crown land of the Austrian Empire and, after 1866, Austria-Hungary. World War ISalzburg participated in World War I, as part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. 49,000 Salzburgers were called to arms, of whom 6,000 were killed.[4] Post-World War I Austrian RepublicsIn 1918 after World War I, the Duchy of Salzburg was dissolved and replaced with the State of Salzburg, as a component part initially of German Austria and subsequently of the First Republic of Austria, the separate state which was mandated by the Allied powers. (However, in the November Plebiscite 99% of Salzburgers voted in favor of union with Germany.) Salzburg in GermanyAfter the plebiscite of 1938, Salzburg state and all the territory of Austria was annexed to the Third Reich. American controlAfter the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, the Allies occupied the territory of Austria, being recognized as an independent territory under their rule. Salzburg was occupied by the United States. Salzburg as an Austrian StateIn 1955 Austria was again declared independent of the Allies and Salzburg was once again one of the reconstituted federal states of the second Republic Austria. PoliticsSalzburg adopted its current state constitution in 1999. The state government (Landesregierung) is headed by a Landeshauptmann (governor), who is elected by a majority in the Landtag parliament. State elections are held every five years. After World War II, most state governments were led by the conservative Austrian People's Party (ÖVP). The ÖVP politician Josef Klaus (1910-2001), later Chancellor of Austria, served as Landeshauptmann from 1949 to 1961. In 2004 Gabi Burgstaller became the first Social Democratic (and first female) Salzburg governor. The last results, in May 2013 (compared to 2009) were:
The elected Salzburg Landeshauptmann is Wilfried Haslauer (ÖVP), chairing a coalition government of ÖVP, Greens and Team Stronach ministers (Landesräte). The current president (speaker) of the Salzburg Landtag is his party fellow Brigitta Pallauf. GovernmentLandeshauptmann Wilfried Haslauer (ÖVP)
1st Deputy Astrid Rössler (Greens)
2nd Deputy Christian Stöckl (ÖVP)
Landesräte
Administrative divisionsDistrictsSalzburg comprises five districts, known as Bezirke or vernacularly Gaue:
Salzburg city is its own administrative district. MunicipalitiesThe state is divided into 119 municipalities, including Salzburg city. 11 of them have city status (Städte), 24 are market towns (Marktgemeinden) and the other 84 are simple municipalities (Gemeinden). Below it is shown a list of all the municipalities divided per district:
ArchitectureThe Salzburg Cathedral was the first Baroque building in the German-speaking artistic world. Two other important buildings initiated by the Salzburg archbishops were Hohenwerfen Castle and Hohensalzburg Fortress. The first Archbishop of Salzburg was Arno of Salzburg (785-821), in whose honor the world-famous hiking circuit — the Arnoweg — is named. The predominant stylistic elements of Salzburg architecture have their origins in the Baroque and the Rococo periods. Salzburg city's historic centre was named by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. LanguageAustrian German is the local written language, and it can be heard especially in the cities. Austro-Bavarian is also spoken, especially in the rural areas and the common language of Salzburgerland. Visitors' attractions
Sports
Ski resortsAltenmarkt im Pongau, Flachau, Wagrain, St. Johann, Zell am See (Saalbach-Hinterglemm), Obertauern, Bad Gastein, Rauris, Lofer, hochkönig, KrisplAssorted Statistics{{colbegin}}
Notes1. ^{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}} 2. ^"Saltsburg" in the American Heritage Dictionary {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927173110/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/Salzburg |date=September 27, 2014 }} 3. ^"Salzburg" in the Oxford English Dictionary 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.salzburg.gv.at/en/en-index/en-geschichtesbg/en-1816.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-05-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312043941/http://www.salzburg.gv.at/en/en-index/en-geschichtesbg/en-1816.htm |archivedate=2009-03-12 |df= }} 5. ^salzburg.gov.at{{dead link|date=August 2015}} References{{Reflist}}External links{{Commons category|Salzburg (state)}}
4 : Salzburg (state)|NUTS 2 statistical regions of the European Union|States of Austria|Places related to the history of the Georgia Salzburgers |
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