| 词条 | Samara | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| en_name = Samara | ru_name = Самара | loc_name1 = | loc_lang1 = | loc_name2 = | loc_lang2 = | loc_name3 = | loc_lang3 = | loc_name4 = | loc_lang4 = | other_name = | other_lang = | image_skyline = Samara main.jpg | image_caption = Samara views | image_map = | map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|53|12|10|N|50|08|27|E|display=inline,title}} | image_flag = Flag of Samara (Samara oblast).png | flag_caption = | image_coa = Coat of Arms of Samara (Samara oblast).png | coa_caption = | anthem = | anthem_ref = | holiday = | holiday_ref = | federal_subject = Samara Oblast | federal_subject_ref = [1] | adm_district_jur = | adm_district_jur_ref = | adm_inhabloc_jur = city of oblast significance of Samara | adm_inhabloc_jur_ref = [1] | adm_citydistrict_jur = | adm_citydistrict_type = | adm_citydistrict_jur_ref = | adm_selsoviet_jur = | adm_selsoviet_type = | adm_selsoviet_jur_ref = | capital_of = | capital_of_ref = | adm_ctr_of1 = Samara Oblast | adm_ctr_of1_ref = [1] | adm_ctr_of2 = Volzhsky District | adm_ctr_of2_ref = [4] | adm_ctr_of3 = city of oblast significance of Samara | adm_ctr_of3_ref = [1] | inhabloc_cat = City | inhabloc_cat_ref = [4] | inhabloc_type = | inhabloc_type_ref = | mun_district_jur = | mun_district_jur_ref = | urban_okrug_jur = Samara Urban Okrug | urban_okrug_jur_ref = [7] | urban_settlement_jur = | urban_settlement_jur_ref = | rural_settlement_jur = | rural_settlement_jur_ref = | inter_settlement_territory = | inter_settlement_territory_ref = | mun_admctr_of1 = Samara Urban Okrug | mun_admctr_of1_ref = [7] | mun_admctr_of2 = Volzhsky Municipal District | mun_admctr_of2_ref = [1] | leader_title = Mayor | leader_title_ref = [2] | leader_name = Elena Lapushkina | leader_name_ref = [2] | representative_body = Samara City Council | representative_body_ref = [3] | elevation_m = | area_km2 = 541.382 | area_km2_ref = [4] | pop_2010census = 1164685 | pop_2010census_rank = 6th | pop_2010census_ref = [14] | pop_latest = 1171598 | pop_latest_date = 2013 | pop_latest_ref = [5] | population_demonym = | time_zone_ref = | established_date = 1586 | established_title = | established_date_ref = [6] | current_cat_date = 1688 | current_cat_date_ref = [7] | abolished_date = | abolished_date_ref = | postal_codes = 443XXX | postal_codes_ref = | dialing_codes = 846 | dialing_codes_ref = [8] | website = http://city.samara.ru |date=December 2018}} Samara ({{lang-rus|Сама́ра|p=sɐˈmarə}}), known from 1935 to 1991 as Kuybyshev ({{lang|ru|Куйбышев}}; {{IPA-ru|ˈkujbɨʂɨf|IPA}}), is the sixth largest city[9] (as of 2010) in Russia and the administrative center of Samara Oblast. Some statistics indicate that it is the eighth or ninth-largest city by population.,[10] rather than sixth. It is in the southeastern part of European Russia at the confluence of the Volga and Samara rivers, on the east bank of the Volga which acts as the city's western boundary; across the river are the Zhiguli Mountains, after which the local beer (Zhigulyovskoye) is named. The northern boundary is formed by the Sokolyi Hills and by the steppes in the south and east. The city covers {{convert|46,597|ha}}, with a population of {{ru-census|p2010=1,164,685}} the metropolitan area of Samara, Tolyatti and Syzran has a population of over 3 million. It is about {{convert|300|km|mi}} from Kazan, {{convert|410|km|mi}} from Ufa, {{convert|340|km|mi}} from Saratov and {{convert|235|km|mi}} from Oral, Kazakhstan. Formerly a closed city, Samara is now a large and important social, political, economic, industrial, and cultural centre in European Russia and hosted the European Union—Russia Summit in May 2007. It has a continental climate characterised by hot summers and cold winters. The life of Samara's citizens has always been intrinsically linked to the Volga River, which has not only served as the main commercial thoroughfare of Russia throughout several centuries, but also has great visual appeal. Samara's riverfront is considered one of the favourite recreation places both for local citizens and tourists. After the Soviet novelist Vasily Aksyonov visited Samara, he remarked: "I am not sure where in the West one can find such a long and beautiful embankment."[11] History{{See also|Timeline of Samara, Russia}}{{Refimprove section|date=August 2016}}Early historySamara is named after the Samara River, which probably means "summer water" (signifying that it froze in winter) in the Indo-Iranian language which was spoken here 2000 years ago.[12] The Samara city gives its name to the Samara culture, a neolithic culture of the 5th millennium BC, and the Kurgan hypothesis associates the region with the original homeland (urheimat) of the Proto-Indo-European language. Samara, together with its northern neighbour Kazan, is at the centre of the Idel-Ural historical region. Ahmad ibn Fadlan visited the area that is now Samara around 921 while on his journey to the Volga Bulgars who then controlled the region from their capital Bolghar.[13] Legend has it that Alexius, Metropolitan of Moscow, later Patron Saint of Samara, visited the site of the city in 1357 and predicted that a great town would be erected there, and that the town would never be ravaged. The Volga port of Samara appears on Italian maps of the 14th century. Before 1586, the Samara Bend was a pirate nest. Lookouts would spot an oncoming boat and quickly cross to the other side of the peninsula whenever the pirates organized an attack. Officially, Samara started with a fortress built in 1586 at the confluence of the Volga and Samara Rivers.[6] This fortress was a frontier post protecting the then easternmost boundaries of Russia from forays of nomads. A local customs office was established in 1600. As more and more ships pulled into Samara's port, the town turned into a centre for diplomatic and economic links between Russia and the East. Samara also opened its gates to peasant war rebels headed by Stepan Razin and Yemelyan Pugachyov, welcoming them with traditional bread and salt. The town was visited by Peter the Great and later Tsars. In 1780, Samara was turned into an uyezd town of Simbirsk Governorate overseen by the local Governor-General, and Uyezd and Zemstvo Courts of Justice and a Board of Treasury were established. On January 1, 1851, Samara became the centre of Samara Governorate with an estimated population of 20,000. This gave a stimulus to the development of the economic, political and cultural life of the community. Samara was outside of the Pale of Settlement and as such did not have any significant Jewish population until the late 19th century.[14] In 1877, during the Russian-Turkish War, a mission from the Samara city government Duma led by Pyotr V. Alabin, as a symbol of spiritual solidarity, brought a banner tailored in Samara pierced with bullets and saturated with the blood of both Russians and Bulgarians, to Bulgaria, which has become a symbol of Russian-Bulgarian friendship. The quick growth of Samara's economy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was determined by the scope of the bread trade and flour milling business. The Samara Brewery came into being in the 1880s, as well as the Kenitser Macaroni Factory, an ironworks, a confectionery factory, and a factory producing matches. The town acquired a number of magnificent private residences and administrative buildings. The Trading Houses of the Subbotins, Kurlins, Shikhobalovs, and Smirnovs—founders of the flour milling industry, who contributed a lot to the development of the city—were widely known not only across Russia, but also internationally wherever Samara's wheat was exported. In its rapid growth Samara resembled many young North American cities, and contemporaries coined the names "Russian New Orleans" and "Russian Chicago" for the city. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}} By the start of the 20th century, the population exceeded 100,000, and the city was the major trading and industrial centre of the Volga region. During the October Revolution of 1917, Samara was seized by the Bolsheviks. However, on June 8, 1918, with the armed support of the Czechoslovak Legions, the city was taken by the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly, or Komuch, who organised a "democratic counter-revolution", which at its height encompassed twelve million people. They fought under the Red flag against the Bolsheviks. On October 7, 1918, Samara fell to the Fourth Army of the Red Army. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}} Soviet periodIn 1935, Samara was renamed Kuybyshev in honour of the Bolshevik leader Valerian Kuybyshev. During World War II, Kuybyshev was chosen to be the alternative capital of the Soviet Union should Moscow fall to the invading Germans, until the summer of 1943, when everything was moved back to Moscow. In October 1941, the Communist Party and governmental organisations, diplomatic missions of foreign countries, leading cultural establishments and their staff were evacuated to the city.[15] A dugout for Joseph Stalin known as "Stalin's Bunker" was constructed but never used. To mark its role as wartime national capital a special Revolution Day parade was held at the city's Kuybyshev Square on November 7, 1941, and since 2011 has been remembered in an annual military parade organised by the city government. As a leading industrial centre, Kuybyshev played a major role in arming the country. From the very first months of World War II the city supplied the front with aircraft, firearms, and ammunition. Health centres and most of the city's hospital facilities were turned into base hospitals. Polish and Czechoslovakian military units were formed on the territory of the Volga Military District. Samara's citizens also fought at the front, many of them volunteers.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} After the war the defence industry developed rapidly in Kuybyshev; existing facilities changed their profile and new factories were built, leading to Kuybyshev becoming a closed city. In 1960, Kuybyshev became the missile shield centre for the country. The launch vehicle Vostok, which delivered the first manned spaceship to orbit, was built at the Samara Progress Plant. Yuri Gagarin, the first man to travel in space on April 12, 1961, took a rest in Kuybyshev after returning to Earth. While there, he spoke to an improvised meeting of Progress workers. Kuybyshev enterprises played a leading role in the development of Soviet domestic aviation and the implementation of the Soviet space program. There is also an unusual monument situated in Samara commemorating an Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft assembled by Kuybyshev workers in late 1942. This particular plane was shot down in 1943 over Karelia, but the heavily wounded pilot, K. Kotlyarovsky, managed to crash-land the plane near Lake Oriyarvi. The aircraft was returned to Kuybyshev in 1975, and was placed on display at the intersection of two major roads as a symbol of the deeds of home front servicemen and air-force pilots during the Great Patriotic War. Post-Soviet periodIn January 1991, the historical name of Samara was given back to the city. Samara is one of the major industrial cities of Russia and has a multiethnic population.[27] SymbolismCoat of armsThe current coat of arms approved by the decision of the Samara City Council number 187 of November 26, 1998 (as amended in 2011) and has the following description: "The coat of arms of the city of Samara is a simple (undivided) shield of French shape, in the center of which is shown in the azure field standing wild green grass white goat. Escutcheon crowned with a golden imperial crown." The shield is a rectangle whose base is {{frac|8|9}} of its height.[16][17] FlagThe Samara city district's flag is a rectangular cloth of three equal horizontal stripes (red, white and blue) with the coat of arms of the city of Samara. On the blue band, under the arms, is the inscription "Samara" in gold letters. The ratio of width to length of the flag is 1:2. The coat of arms of the city of Samara is depicted on the flag of the center. The ratio of the height and width of the emblem to the width and length of the flag is respectively 1:2 and 1:7. The distance from the top edge of the flag to the coat of arms is {{frac|7}} of the flag's width. The distance from the lower edge of the flag to the base of the inscription is {{frac|7}} of the flag's width. The height of the capital letter is the height of the crown. The height of the lowercase letters is {{frac|10}} of the flag's width. The flag of Samara City Council approved on 30 December 1998.[18] Administrative and municipal statusSamara is the administrative center of the oblast[19] and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Volzhsky District,[20] even though it is not a part of it.[21] As an administrative division, it is, together with two rural localities, incorporated separately as the city of oblast significance of Samara—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.[19] As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Samara is incorporated as Samara Urban Okrug.[22] In April 2015, Samara's nine city districts were granted municipal status.[22] EconomySamara is a leading industrial center in the Volga region and is among the top ten Russian cities in terms of national income and industrial production volume. Samara is known for the production of aerospace launch vehicles, satellites and various space services (Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center), engines (Kuznetsov Design Bureau) and cables (Volgacable, Samara Cable Company), aircraft (Aviakor) and rolled aluminum, block-module power stations; refining, chemical and cryogenic products; gas-pumping units; bearings of different sizes, drilling bits; automated electrical equipment; airfield equipment (Start plant); truck-mounted cranes; construction materials; chocolates made by the Russia Chocolate Factory; Rodnik vodka; Vektor vodka; Zhiguli beer; food processing and light industrial products.[23] TransportationSamara is a major transport hub. HighwaysSamara is located on the M5 highway, a major road between Moscow and the Ural region. Public transportPublic transportation includes the Samara Metro, trams, municipal and private bus lines, and trolleybuses. Local trains serve the suburbs. Tram{{Interlanguage link|Samara Tram|ru|Самарский трамвай|WD=Q2628410}} is an extensive light rail system covering most of Samara. First opened in 1915 it currently has 25 lines extending {{Convert|168.2|km|mi}} served by 423 tram cars.[24] Most of all Samara trams are Tatra T3SU, modified Tatra T3E and 1 unique Tatra T3RF.MetroSamara Metro is a single-line underground rapid transit system. Opened in 1987, its only line has been expanded through 2015 and currently has 10 stations. RailThere are rail links to Moscow and other major Russian cities. The new, unusual-looking railway station building was completed in 2001.[25] River transportSamara is a major river port, due to its location at the confluence of the Volga and Samara rivers. AirThe Kurumoch International Airport handles flights throughout Russia and Central Asia and to Frankfurt, Prague, Helsinki and Dubai. A Soviet Air Force base once existed east of the city at Bobrovka air base. GalleryCulture{{Unreferenced section|date=October 2016}}Samara has an opera and ballet theater, a philharmonic orchestra hall, and five drama theaters. There is a museum of natural history and local history studies, a city art museum, and a number of movie theaters. As a dedication to the city's contribution to the development of aerospace industry there is a museum Cosmic Samara and an exhibition of aerospace history in Samara State Aerospace University. In the 2000s there has also occurred a large number of art galleries, dedicated to contemporary art. There is a zoo and a circus in the city. Samara Regional Museum of Local History named after Pyotr Vladimirovich Alabin is one of the oldest museums of the Volga region, founded on November 13, 1886. At present museum offers 2,500 square meters of exposition and exhibition areas, a 270-seat cinema/lecture hall, and a library with a reading hall. Museum's funds contain around 230,000 items, including abundant archaeological and scientific collections (paleontological, mineralogical, zoological, botanical), and impressive folklore and ethnographical collections. Visitors are offered a wide choice of interesting expositions: paleoecological – "Natural communities of Samara region", archaeological – "Priceless heritage of the times gone by", ethnographic – "Circle of life, reflected in traditions and rituals of the Volga region indigenous peoples", historical – "The Crossroads of Samara history", and other exhibition projects. The Alabin Museum has three branches: House-Museum of Vladimir Lenin in Samara is an object of cultural heritage of federal significance. Museum is located on the site of a former city merchant's mansion, dating to the last quarter of 19th century. The Ulyanov family rented a second floor apartment of the house of Samara merchant Ilya Rytikov from May 1890 to August 1893. During this time Vladimir Ulyanov graduated from St. Petersburg University law school as a non-resident student, and started employment at Samara Regional Court. House-Museum of Vladimir Lenin in Samara opened on January 3, 1940. At present the museum's second floor houses a permanent memorial/household exhibition "Ulyanov family’s apartment in Samara, 1890–1893", recreating the living conditions and household atmosphere of Ulyanov family. The ground floor contains a specialised display area, including a fragment of historical/artistic reconstruction of Ilya Rytikov's merchant shop. Exposition of Russia's first Museum of Art Nouveau is dedicated to art and culture of late 19th – early 20th centuries. Museum of Art Nouveau opened at the end of 2012 and in just a few years became a local tourist brand. Mansion of Alexandra Kurlina, a merchant's wife and philanthropist, where the museum is located, is considered to be an architectural gem of Samara's Art Nouveau. Original façade and interior survive to this day, representing the works of outstanding European and Russian art nouveau masters. The museum is an exhibition space, which hosts major Russian museums’ projects (The Pushkin Museum, Abramtsevo Museum-Reserve, Moscow Multimedia Art Museum, etc.), and organises exhibitions of its own collections. Museum of Art Nouveau is one of Samara's most popular social and cultural entities. Weekly events take place here, giving visitors a taste of late 19th – early 20th centuries’ culture, as well as current cultural trends. Every year the museum hosts the "Night at the Museum" and "Night of the Arts" events, attended by more than a thousand visitors. House-Museum of Mikhail Frunze in Samara opened on February 23, 1934. The building was constructed in 1891 and is classed as a monument of residential architecture. On February 23, 2004, on the eve of the 70th anniversary of the museum, a new, 3rd exposition was opened, in which new materials, previously classified as top secret, were exhibited. The exposition tells visitors about lesser known chapters of the 1918-1920 Civil War, the confrontation on the Eastern Front between the armies of Mikhail Frunze and Alexander Kolchak, about "The Reds", "The Whites" and "The Greens", about anti-Soviet uprising behind the lines of the Eastern Front – "Chapan war" ("chapan" means rustic sheepskin coat), the defection in the Red and White armies, and many other chapters of the Russian history. Website: http://alabin.ru Public eventsInternational festivals, scientific congresses and other social events are held on the territory of Samara. Among them are the most famous:
EducationSamara has 188 schools of general education, lyceums, high schools, and the college of continuous education (from primary up to higher education). Samara is a major educational and scientific centre of the Volga area. Twelve public and 13 commercial institutions of higher education as well as 26 colleges. Samara is the home of Samara State Aerospace University (SSAU), one of Russia's leading engineering and technical institutions. SSAU faculty and graduates have played a significant role in Russia's space program since its conception. Samara is also the hometown of Samara State University, a very respected higher-education institution in European Russia with competitive programs in Law, Sociology, and English Philology. Scientific research is also carried out in Samara. The Samara Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences incorporates the Samara branch of the Physical Institute, Theoretical Engineering Institute and Image Processing Systems Institute. Major research institutions operate in the city.[23] Samara State Technical University (SamGTU) was founded in 1914. There are 11 faculties with over 20,000 students (2009) and 1,800 faculty members. On campus, there are four dormitory and ten study buildings. Samara State Academy of Social Sciences and Humanities was founded in 1911 as Samara Teachers Institute. Currently, the academy offers 42 various specialisations in its 12 faculties.[26] SportsSeveral sports clubs are active in the city:
Samara is also a popular venue for National and International Ice speedway, and the City won the Russian Ice Speedway Premier League in 2012/13 season,[27] meaning they will now compete in the Super League in the 2013/14 season. Samara is one of eleven cities hosting the 2018 FIFA World Cup with 6 matches (4 Group Stage matches, 1 Round of 16 match, 1 Quarter-Final) which will take place in the newly built Cosmos Arena stadium. The stadium's seating capacity is 45,000. During the World Cup, the city hosted the FIFA Fan Fest on the Kuibysheva Square. Up to 20,000 fans were be able to participate in the event at a time. Three new training fields have been built in the city for the FIFA World Cup. Two major roads have been repaired before the championship: the airport road and Moskovskoye Highway. ClimateSamara experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb). Samara's humidity levels are higher in the summer than many Russian cities thanks to the precipitation levels and the close proximity to the Volga. The humidity levels usually range from 29% to 98% humidity over the period of a year. There was a record high of {{convert|+39.9|C|F}} during a severe heat wave.{{clear}} {{Weather box|location=Samara |metric first=yes |single line=yes |Jan record high C=5.2 |Feb record high C=6.8 |Mar record high C=16.5 |Apr record high C=31.1 |May record high C=33.7 |Jun record high C=38.4 |Jul record high C=39.4 |Aug record high C=39.9 |Sep record high C=33.8 |Oct record high C=26.0 |Nov record high C=14.7 |Dec record high C=7.3 |year record high C=39.9 |Jan high C=-6.8 |Feb high C=-6.1 |Mar high C=0.4 |Apr high C=12.0 |May high C=20.7 |Jun high C=25.3 |Jul high C=26.9 |Aug high C=24.9 |Sep high C = 18.5 |Oct high C = 9.8 |Nov high C = 0.1 |Dec high C = -5.4 |year high C = 10.0 |Jan mean C = -9.9 |Feb mean C = -9.6 |Mar mean C = -3.4 |Apr mean C = 7.0 |May mean C = 14.9 |Jun mean C = 19.7 |Jul mean C = 21.5 |Aug mean C = 19.4 |Sep mean C = 13.4 |Oct mean C = 6.0 |Nov mean C = -2.4 |Dec mean C = -8.2 |year mean C = 5.7 |Jan low C = -12.8 |Feb low C = -12.8 |Mar low C = -6.7 |Apr low C = 2.9 |May low C = 9.8 |Jun low C = 14.9 |Jul low C = 16.7 |Aug low C = 14.7 |Sep low C = 9.3 |Oct low C = 3.1 |Nov low C = -4.5 |Dec low C = -10.8 |year low C = 2.0 |Jan record low C = -43.0 |Feb record low C = -36.9 |Mar record low C = -31.4 |Apr record low C = -20.9 |May record low C = -4.9 |Jun record low C = -0.4 |Jul record low C = 6.3 |Aug record low C = 2.3 |Sep record low C = -3.4 |Oct record low C = -15.7 |Nov record low C = -28.1 |Dec record low C = -41.3 |year record low C = -43.0 |precipitation colour=green |Jan precipitation mm = 53 |Feb precipitation mm = 42 |Mar precipitation mm = 34 |Apr precipitation mm = 39 |May precipitation mm = 36 |Jun precipitation mm = 56 |Jul precipitation mm = 57 |Aug precipitation mm = 46 |Sep precipitation mm = 44 |Oct precipitation mm = 53 |Nov precipitation mm = 52 |Dec precipitation mm = 51 |year precipitation mm = 563 |Jan rain days = 4 |Feb rain days = 3 |Mar rain days = 5 |Apr rain days = 11 |May rain days = 14 |Jun rain days = 15 |Jul rain days = 14 |Aug rain days = 12 |Sep rain days = 14 |Oct rain days = 14 |Nov rain days = 10 |Dec rain days = 6 |year rain days = 122 |Jan snow days = 24 |Feb snow days = 20 |Mar snow days = 14 |Apr snow days = 4 |May snow days = 1 |Jun snow days = 0.1 |Jul snow days = 0 |Aug snow days = 0 |Sep snow days = 0.3 |Oct snow days = 4 |Nov snow days = 15 |Dec snow days = 22 |year snow days = 104 |Jan humidity = 83 |Feb humidity = 80 |Mar humidity = 79 |Apr humidity = 67 |May humidity = 58 |Jun humidity = 64 |Jul humidity = 67 |Aug humidity = 69 |Sep humidity = 73 |Oct humidity = 76 |Nov humidity = 83 |Dec humidity = 83 |year humidity = 74 |Jan sun = 64 |Feb sun = 102 |Mar sun = 149 |Apr sun = 214 |May sun = 305 |Jun sun = 303 |Jul sun = 310 |Aug sun = 275 |Sep sun = 190 |Oct sun = 108 |Nov sun = 47 |Dec sun = 46 |year sun = 2113 |source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net[28] |source 2 = NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[29] |date=August 2011 }} HonoursThe asteroid 26922 Samara was named in honour of the city and the river on 1 June 2007.{{JPL|26922|†}} Notable people{{Main|List of people from Samara}}Sergei Alexander Schelkunoff, a mathematician and electromagnetism theorist known for his important contributions in antenna theory, was born in Samara. Twentieth-century Russian Soviet writer Alexey Tolstoy lived in Samara, and there is a museum dedicated to him. Dmitry Shostakovich lived in Samara during World War II and finished his Symphony No. 7 there. The archaeologist and ethnographer Boris Kuftin was born in Samara, Russian sociologist and ethnographer Pavel Romanov, too. Professional tennis player and a multiple junior Grand Slam champion Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova was born in Samara. NHL goaltender for the Colorado Avalanche, Semyon Varlamov, also hails from Samara. Polish writer and novelist Maria Kuncewiczowa was born in Samara. Twin towns and sister cities{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}Samara, Russia is twinned with:
Religious freedomSamara is a multi-confessional city with various religious groups, including an Orthodox Christian majority and minorities of Armenian Apostolic Christians, Catholics, Protestants, Muslims, and Jews. However, since 2009, a Russian "anti-extremism" law has led to an increase in repression of religious minorities. Local authorities and courts in Samara have targeted Jehovah's Witnesses by liquidating the group's legal entity ("Local Religious Organization" or "LRO") and designating it as an "extremist" organization.[34] In November 2016, "the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation upheld the decision of the Samara Regional Court to recognize the Samara branch of Jehovah's Witnesses as an extremist organization and to ban its activities."[35] See also
ReferencesNotes1. ^Law #189-GD 2. ^1 {{cite web|title=Глава Самары Елена Лапушкина проголосовала на выборах Президента России|url=http://samadm.ru/media/news/14070/|website=samadm.ru|publisher=City of Samara|accessdate=2 April 2018|language=ru}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Дума городского округа Самара {{!}} Официальный сайт {{!}} Самарская городская Дума|url=http://www.gordumasamara.ru/|website=www.gordumasamara.ru|publisher=Samara City Council|accessdate=10 August 2016}} 4. ^Пояснительная записка к Генеральному плану г.о. Самара. Приложение 1. Основные технико-экономические показатели с.21 5. ^Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2013 года. — М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики Росстат, 2013. — 528 с. (Табл. 33. Численность населения городских округов, муниципальных районов, городских и сельских поселений, городских населенных пунктов, сельских населенных пунктов) 6. ^1 {{cite book|author=Molly O'Neal|title=Democracy, Civic Culture and Small Business in Russia's Regions: Social Processes in Comparative Historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_b1mCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79|date=20 August 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-43509-9|page=79}} 7. ^{{cite book|author1=Russia. Ministerstvo puteĭ soobshchenīi︠a︡|author2=John Marshall|title=Guide to the Great Siberian Railway|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S_1KAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA86|year=1900|publisher=Ministry of Ways of Communication|pages=86–}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=Samara city, Russia travel guide|url=http://russiatrek.org/samara-city|website=russiatrek.org|accessdate=10 August 2016}} 9. ^1 {{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}} 10. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-biggest-cities-in-russia.html|title=The Biggest Cities In Russia|work=WorldAtlas|access-date=2018-07-07|language=en}} 11. ^{{cite book|author=Thom Wheeler|title=Way a River Went: Following the Volga Through the Heart of Russia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x9EWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT120|date=13 August 2015|publisher=Summersdale|isbn=978-1-78372-629-5|page=120}} 12. ^{{Cite web|accessdate = 2015-12-11|title = Топография крепости Самара 1586-1706 гг., этимология и предшествующие упоминания топонима в письменных источниках (Topography of the Samara fortress, ethymology and preceding mentioning of the toponim in the written sources)|url = https://www.academia.edu/18155990/Топография_крепости_Самара_1586-1706_гг._этимология_и_предшествующие_упоминания_топонима_в_письменных_источниках_Topography_of_the_Samara_fortress_ethymology_and_preceeding_mentioning_of_the_toponim_in_the_written_sources_|publisher = www.academia.edu}} 13. ^{{cite book|author=DK|title=Explorers: Tales of Endurance and Exploration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBSCZsQPE6YC&pg=PA33|date=20 September 2010|publisher=DK Publishing|isbn=978-0-7566-7511-0|page=33}} 14. ^{{cite web |last1=Vladimirsky |first1=Irena |title=The Jewish Community of Samara, Russia |url=https://www.bh.org.il/jewish-community-samara-russia/ |publisher=The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot |accessdate=27 June 2018}} 15. ^Andrew Nagorski: The Greatest Battle, 2007, pp. 165–166 16. ^↑ Официальный сайт русского флаговедения и геральдики 17. ^↑ Решение от 27 октября 2011 г. № 147. Региональное законодательство. Архивировано из первоисточника 4 ноября 2012. 18. ^Решение Самарской городской думы об утверждении государственного флага 19. ^1 2 3 4 5 Charter of Samara Oblast 20. ^1 2 {{OKATO reference|36 214}} 21. ^{{OKATO reference|36 401}} 22. ^1 2 3 Law #23-GD 23. ^1 2 Home page | Home page | Samara City Administration {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206121128/http://city.old.webzavod.ru/en/ |date=December 6, 2008 }} 24. ^{{Cite web|url=http://tosamara.ru/transport_nashego_goroda/|title=Транспортный оператор Самары – Транспорт нашего города|website=tosamara.ru|access-date=2018-07-05}} 25. ^Russian Railways: The History of Railways, 21st Century 26. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.pgsga.ru/academy |title=Archived copy |access-date=August 31, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114235526/http://www.pgsga.ru/academy/ |archive-date=November 14, 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }} 27. ^http://www.icespeedway.co.uk/russia.html 28. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/28900.htm| title = Pogoda.ru.net| accessdate = December 10, 2015| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)| language = Russian}} 29. ^{{cite web| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_II/RA/28900.TXT| title = Kujbysev/Bezencuk (Samara) Climate Normals 1961–1990| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration| accessdate = December 10, 2015}} 30. ^友好城市 (Friendly cities) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719025116/http://www.szfao.gov.cn/zwgk/wsz/201103/t20110322_1645217.htm |date=July 19, 2014 }}, 市外办 (Foreign Affairs Office), 2008-03-22. (Translation by Google Translate.) 31. ^国际友好城市一览表 (International Friendship Cities List) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113092638/http://www.szfao.gov.cn/ygwl/yxyc/ycgy/201101/t20110120_1631663.htm |date=November 13, 2013 }}, 2011-01-20. (Translation by Google Translate.) 32. ^友好交流 (Friendly exchanges) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112101846/http://www.szfao.gov.cn/ygwl/yxyc/yhjl/ |date=November 12, 2014 }}, 2011-09-13. (Translation by Google Translate.) 33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/14673/1|title =Stuttgart Städtepartnerschaften|accessdate=2013-07-27|work=Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart, Abteilung Außenbeziehungen|language=German}} 34. ^RELIGIOUS FREEDOM CONCERNS IN RUSSIA: STATEMENT BY THE ADMINISTRATIVE CENTER OF JEHOVAH'S WITNESSES IN RUSSIA, for the OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meeting, Warsaw, 22 September to 3 October 2014. 35. ^Misuse of Anti-Extremism in November 2016, SOVA Center (December 12, 2016). Sources
Further reading{{Main|1=Timeline of Samara, Russia#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Samara}}External links{{Wikivoyage|Samara}}
4 : Samara, Russia|Populated places established in 1586|Populated places on the Volga|Samara Governorate |
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