词条 | Samaritanism | |||
释义 |
Samaritan religion which is also known as Samaritanism is the national religion[1] of the Samaritans.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] The Samaritans follow the Samaritan Torah, which the Samaritans believe to be the original unchanged Torah,[10] as opposed to the Torah used by Jews. In addition to the Samaritan Torah, Samaritans also revere their version of the Book of Joshua and recognize some of the Biblical figures such as Eli. Samaritanism is internally described as the religion that began with Moses, unchanged over the millennia that have since passed. Samaritans believe Judaism, as well as the Jewish Torah, has been corrupted by time and thus is no longer serving the duties God mandated on Mount Sinai. Additional differences with Judaism center on the place of worship which in Samaritanism is recognized as Mount Gerizim in Samaria, as opposed to Mount Moriya in Judea within Judaism. HistorySamaritanism holds that the summit of Mount Gerizim is the true location of God's Holy Place, as opposed to the Foundation Stone on the Temple Mount as Judaism teaches. As such, Samaritans trace their history as a separate entity from the Jews back to the time of Moses, where they believe Joshua laid the foundation for their temple. Samaritan historiography traces the schism itself to the High Priest Eli abandoning Moses' Tabernacle in favor of Mount Gerizim following Joshua's death. Abu l-Fath, who in the 14th century wrote a major work of Samaritan history, comments on Samaritan origins as follows:[11]{{quote|A terrible civil war broke out between Eli son of Yafni, of the line of Ithamar, and the sons of Pincus (Phinehas), because Eli son of Yafni resolved to usurp the High Priesthood from the descendants of Pincus. He used to offer sacrifices on an altar of stones. He was 50 years old, endowed with wealth and in charge of the treasury of the Children of Israel. ...He offered a sacrifice on the altar, but without salt, as if he were inattentive. When the Great High Priest Ozzi learned of this, and found the sacrifice was not accepted, he thoroughly disowned him; and it is (even) said that he rebuked him. Thereupon he and the group that sympathized with him, rose in revolt and at once he and his followers and his beasts set off for Shiloh. Thus Israel split in factions. He sent to their leaders saying to them, Anyone who would like to see wonderful things, let him come to me. Then he assembled a large group around him in Shiloh, and built a Temple for himself there; he constructed a place like the Temple (on Mount Gerizim). He built an altar, omitting no detail—it all corresponded to the original, piece by piece. At this time the Children of Israel split into three factions. A loyal faction on Mount Gerizim; a heretical faction that followed false gods; and the faction that followed Eli son of Yafni in Shiloh.}} Further, the Samaritan Chronicle Adler, or New Chronicle, believed to have been composed in the 18th century using earlier chronicles as sources states: {{quote|And the Children of Israel in his days divided into three groups. One did according to the abominations of the Gentiles and served other gods; another followed Eli the son of Yafni, although many of them turned away from him after he had revealed his intentions; and a third remained with the High Priest Uzzi ben Bukki, the chosen place.}}Samaritanism emerged as an independent ethnic culture following its survival of the Assyrian captivity in the 8th century BC. Jewish sources attest their own narrative of the origins of the Samaritans. From here there are conflicting proposals, including the Samaritans being the people of Kutha described in the Talmud. The traditional Jewish narrative, formed based off 2 Kings[12] and Josephus,[13] details the people of Israel were removed by the king of the Assyrians (Sargon II)[14] to Halah, to Gozan on the Khabur River and to the towns of the Medes. The king of the Assyrians then brought people from Babylon, Kutha, Avah, Emath, and Sepharvaim to place in Samaria. Because God sent lions among them to kill them, the king of the Assyrians sent one of the priests from Bethel to teach the new settlers about God's ordinances. The eventual result was that the new settlers worshiped both the God of the land and their own gods from the countries from which they came. However, genetic studies showed the Samaritans are almost definitely descendants of the historical Israelite population,[15][16] albeit isolated given the people's reclusive history. This casts doubt into, if not totally disproves, this historical theory that Samaritans originated from Assyria. Furthermore, the Dead Sea scroll 4Q372, which recounts the hope that the northern tribes will return to the land of Joseph, remark that the current dwellers in the north are fools, an enemy people, but they are not explicitly referred to as foreigners. It goes on to say that these people, the Samaritans, mocked Jerusalem and built a temple on a high place (Gerizim) to provoke Israel.[17] Conflict between the Samaritans and the Jews were numerous between the end of the Assyrian diaspora and to the Bar Kokhba revolt. The Tanakh describes multiple instigations from the Samaritan population against the Jews and disparages them, Jesus' Parable of the Good Samaritan also gives evidence of conflict.[18] The destruction of Mount Gerizim's Samaritan temple is attributed to the High Priest John Hyrcanus. Following the failed revolts, Mount Gerizim was rededicated with a new temple, which was ultimately again destroyed during the Samaritan Revolts. Persecution of Samaritans was common in the following centuries. BeliefsThe principle beliefs of Samaritanism are as follows:[19][20][21]
Festivals and ObservancesThe Samaritans have retained an offshoot of the Ancient Hebrew script, a High Priesthood, the slaughtering and eating of lambs on Passover eve, and the celebration of the first month's beginning around springtime as the New Year. Yom Teru'ah (the Biblical name for "Rosh Hashanah"), at the beginning of Tishrei, is not considered a New Year as it is in Rabbinic Judaism. The Samaritan Pentateuch differs from the Jewish Masoretic Text as well. Some differences are doctrinal: for example, the Samaritan Torah explicitly states that Mount Gerizim is "the place that God has chosen" to establish His name, as opposed to the Jewish Torah that refers to "the place that God chooses". Other differences are minor and seem more or less accidental. Passover is particularly important in the Samaritan community, climaxing with the sacrifice of up to 40 sheep. The Counting of the Omer remains largely unchanged; however, the week before Shavuot is a unique festival celebrating the continued commitment Samaritanism has maintained since the time of Moses. Shavuot is characterized by nearly day-long services of continuous prayer, especially over the stones on Gerizim traditionally attributed to Joshua. During Sukkot, the sukkah is built inside houses as opposed to traditional outdoor settings. The restrictions of Yom Kippur are more universal in Samaritanism, with even breastfeeding and the feeding of children being disallowed, and the separation of gender during services is never enforced. Religious textsSamaritan law differs from Halakha (Rabbinic Jewish law) and other Jewish movements. The Samaritans have several groups of religious texts, which correspond to Jewish Halakha. A few examples of such texts are:
Further reading{{refbegin}}
See also
References1. ^Shulamit Sela, The Head of the Rabbanite, Karaite and Samaritan Jews: On the History of a Title, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 57, No. 2 (1994), pp. 255–267 {{Jews and Judaism}}2. ^David Noel Freedman, The Anchor Bible Dictionary, 5:941 (New York: Doubleday, 1996, c1992). 3. ^David Noel Freedman, The Anchor Bible Dictionary, 5:941 (New York: Doubleday, 1996, c1992). 4. ^{{cite book|author=Reinhard Pummer|title=Early Christian Authors on Samaritans and Samaritanism: Texts, Translations and Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhDlzh--Q2AC&pg=PA123|year=2002|publisher=Mohr Siebeck|isbn=978-3-16-147831-4|pages=123, 42, 156}} 5. ^{{cite book|author=R. J. Coggins|title=Samaritans and Jews: the origins of Samaritanism reconsidered|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JvcRAQAAIAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|isbn=978-0-8042-0109-4}} 6. ^{{cite book|author=Saint Epiphanius (Bishop of Constantia in Cyprus)|title=The Panarion of Ephiphanius of Salamis: Book I (sects 1–46)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s9-utOHPLfEC&pg=PA29|date=1 January 1987|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-07926-7|page=30}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Paul Keseling|title=Die chronik des Eusebius in der syrischen ueberlieferung (auszug)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHhNAAAAYAAJ|year=1921|publisher=Druck von A. Mecke|page=184}} 8. ^{{cite book|author=Origen|title=The Commentary of Origen on S. John's Gospel: The Text Rev. with a Critical Introd. & Indices|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PGuLXIy_eXEC|year=1896|publisher=The University Press}} 9. ^{{cite book|last1=Grunbaum|first1=M.|last2=Geiger |first2=Rapoport|title=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft: ZDMG|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgY-AAAAcAAJ|volume=16|year=1862|publisher=Harrassowitz|pages=389–416|chapter=mitgetheilten ausfsatze uber die samaritaner}} 10. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-wn8ABo-Fz0C&pg=PR7#v=onepage&q=samaritans%20gerizim&f=false|title=The Israelite Samaritan Version of the Torah|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015|isbn=9780802865199|author1=Tsedaka|first1=Benyamim|date=2013-04-26}} 11. ^The Keepers, An Introduction to the History and Culture of the Samaritans, by Robert T. Anderson and Terry Giles, Hendrickson Publishing, 2002, pages 11–12 12. ^2 Kings 17. 13. ^Josephus, Antiquities 9.277–91 14. ^See the wording of 2 Kings 17 which mentions Shalmaneser in verse 3 but the "king of the Assyrians" from verse 4 onward. 15. ^{{cite journal|pmid=15300852|url=http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Shen2004.pdf|year=2004|last1=Shen|first1=P|last2=Lavi|first2=T|last3=Kivisild|first3=T|last4=Chou|first4=V|last5=Sengun|first5=D|last6=Gefel|first6=D|last7=Shpirer|first7=I|last8=Woolf|first8=E|last9=Hillel|first9=J|title=Reconstruction of patrilineages and matrilineages of Samaritans and other Israeli populations from Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA sequence variation|volume=24|issue=3|pages=248–60|doi=10.1002/humu.20077|journal=Human Mutation}} 16. ^{{Cite book |title=Genes, Polymorphisms and the Making of Societies: How Genetic Behavioral Traits Influence Human Cultures |last=Kiaris |first= Hippokratis |publisher=Universal Publishers |year=2012 |isbn=978-1612330938 |publication-date=April 1, 2012 |page=21}} 17. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lZSl64Or5UMC&dq=4Q372&q=4Q372#v=snippet&q=4Q372&f=false| title=The Origin of the Samaritans| author=Magnar Kartveit |publisher=BRILL |year=2009 |pages=168–171|accessdate=30 January 2014| isbn=9004178198}} 18. ^John 4:9, namely, "For Jews do not associate with Samaritans." 19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.israelite-samaritans.com/religion/|title=Religion of the Israelite Samaritans : The Root of all Abrahamic Religions|publisher=}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thesamaritanupdate.com|title=Religion of the Israelite Samaritans|publisher=}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/bible/bible-general/samaritan|title=Samaritan - Encyclopedia.com|website=www.encyclopedia.com}} 22. ^James VanderKam, Peter Flint, [https://books.google.com/books?id=SBMXnB4CRpUC&pg=PA95 The Meaning of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Their Significance For Understanding the Bible, Judaism, Jesus, and Christianity,] A&C Black, 2nd ed. 2005 p.95. 23. ^Timothy Michael Law, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YZoeAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA24 When God Spoke Greek: The Septuagint and the Making of the Christian Bible,] Oxford University Press, USA, 2013 p.24. 24. ^Isac Leo Seeligmann, [https://books.google.com/books?id=BHYnIhREtzgC&pg=PA64 The Septuagint Version of Isaiah and Cognate Studies,]. Mohr Siebeck 2004 pp.64ff. 25. ^Samaritan Documents, Relating To Their History, Religion and Life, translated and edited by John Bowman, Pittsburgh Original Texts & Translations Series Number 2, 1977. 6 : Samaritans|Samaritan culture and history|Abrahamic religions|Monotheistic religions|Jewish religious movements|Ancient Mediterranean religions |
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