| 词条 | Sam Harris |
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix = | honorific_suffix = | name = Sam Harris | image = Sam Harris 2016 (cropped).jpg | image_size = | caption = Harris in March 2016 | pseudonym = | birth_name = Samuel Benjamin Harris[1] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|4|9}} | birth_place = Los Angeles, California, U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = Author | citizenship = United States | education = | alma_mater = B.A. in Philosophy, Stanford University (2000) Ph.D. in Neuroscience, University of California, Los Angeles (2009) | period = | genre = Non-fiction | subject = Neuroscience, philosophy,[2] religion, ethics, spirituality | spouse = {{Marriage|Annaka Harris|2004}} | partner = | children = 2 | relatives = | awards = PEN/Martha Albrand Award, Webby Award | signature = Sam_Harris_signature.svg | website = {{URL|samharris.org}} | module = {{infobox philosopher | embed = yes | era = Contemporary | region = Western | school_tradition = New Atheism | main_interests = Neuroscience, religion, ethics, free will, spirituality, philosophy of mind | influences = | influenced = | thesis_title = The moral landscape: How science could determine human values | thesis_url = https://search.proquest.com/docview/366925574/ | thesis_year = 2009 }} }}Samuel Benjamin Harris (born April 9, 1967) is an American neuroscientist, philosopher, author, critic of religion,[3] blogger, public intellectual, and podcast host. His work touches on a wide range of topics, including rationality, ethics, free will, neuroscience, meditation, philosophy of mind, politics, Islam, terrorism, and artificial intelligence. He is described as one of the atheistic ‘Four Horsemen of the Non-Apocalypse’, along with Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens and Daniel Dennett.[3] Harris's first book, The End of Faith (2004), won the PEN/Martha Albrand Award for First Nonfiction[4] and remained on The New York Times Best Seller list for 33 weeks.[5] In The Moral Landscape (2010), he argues that science answers moral problems and can aid human well-being.[6] He then published a longform essay Lying in 2011, the short book Free Will in 2012, A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion in 2014, and, with British writer Maajid Nawaz, Islam and the Future of Tolerance: A Dialogue in 2015. Harris' work has been translated into over 20 languages.[7] In September 2013, Harris began releasing the Making Sense podcast (originally titled Waking Up), in which he interviews guests, responds to critics, and discusses his views. Early life and educationHarris was born on April 9, 1967, in Los Angeles,[8] the son of actor Berkeley Harris and TV producer Susan Harris (née Spivak), who created The Golden Girls.[9] His father came from a Quaker background and his mother is Jewish but not religious.[10] He was raised by his mother following his parents' divorce when he was aged two.[11] Harris has stated that his upbringing was entirely secular, and his parents rarely discussed religion, though it was always a subject that interested him.[12] While a student at Stanford University, Harris experimented with MDMA, and has written and spoken about the insights he experienced under its influence.[13][14] Though his original major was in English, he became interested in philosophical questions while at Stanford University after an experience with the empathogen–entactogen MDMA.[15] The experience led him to be interested in the idea that he might be able to achieve spiritual insights without the use of drugs.[17] Leaving Stanford in his second year, a quarter after his psychedelic experience, he went to India and Nepal, where he studied meditation with teachers of Buddhist and Hindu religions,[16][17] including Dilgo Khyentse.[18] Eleven years later, in 1997, he returned to Stanford, completing a B.A. degree in philosophy in 2000.[19][20][21] Harris began writing his first book, The End of Faith, immediately after the September 11 attacks.[19] He received a Ph.D. degree in cognitive neuroscience in 2009 from the University of California, Los Angeles,[19][22][23] using functional magnetic resonance imaging to conduct research into the neural basis of belief, disbelief, and uncertainty.[19][23] His thesis was titled The moral landscape: How science could determine human values, and his advisor was Mark S. Cohen.[24] Views{{Third-party|section|date=February 2019}}Criticism of Abrahamic religionsHarris states that religion contains bad ideas, calling it "one of the most perverse misuses of intelligence we have ever devised".[25] He compares modern religious beliefs to the myths of the Ancient Greeks, which were once accepted as fact but which are obsolete today. In a January 2007 interview with PBS, Harris said, "We don't have a word for not believing in Zeus, which is to say we are all atheists in respect to Zeus. And we don't have a word for not being an astrologer." He goes on to say that the term atheist will be retired only when "we all just achieve a level of intellectual honesty where we are no longer going to pretend to be certain about things we are not certain about".[26] Harris advocates a benign, noncoercive, corrective form of intolerance, distinguishing it from historic religious persecution. He promotes a conversational intolerance, in which personal convictions are scaled against evidence, and where intellectual honesty is demanded equally in religious views and non-religious views.[27] He also believes there is a need to counter inhibitions that prevent the open critique of religious ideas, beliefs, and practices under the auspices of "tolerance".[28] He has stated that he has received death threats for some of his views on religion.[29] IslamHarris considers Islam to be "especially belligerent and inimical to the norms of civil discourse", relative to other world religions. He asserts that the "dogmatic commitment to using violence to defend one’s faith, both from within and without" to varying degrees, is a central Islamic doctrine that is found in few other religions to the same degree, and that "this difference has consequences in the real world."[30] In 2006, after the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, Harris wrote, "The idea that Islam is a 'peaceful religion hijacked by extremists' is a dangerous fantasy—and it is now a particularly dangerous fantasy for Muslims to indulge. It is not at all clear how we should proceed in our dialogue with the Muslim world, but deluding ourselves with euphemisms is not the answer. It now appears to be a truism in foreign policy circles that real reform in the Muslim world cannot be imposed from the outside. But it is important to recognize why this is so—it is so because the Muslim world is utterly deranged by its religious tribalism. In confronting the religious literalism and ignorance of the Muslim world, we must appreciate how terrifyingly isolated Muslims have become in intellectual terms."[31][32][33][34] He states that his criticism of the religion is aimed not at Muslims as people, but at the doctrine of Islam. Harris wrote a response to controversy over his criticism of Islam, which also aired on a debate hosted by The Huffington Post on whether critics of Islam are unfairly labeled as bigots: {{quote|Is it really true that the sins for which I hold Islam accountable are "committed at least to an equal extent by many other groups, especially [my] own"? ... The freedom to poke fun at Mormonism is guaranteed [not by the First Amendment but] by the fact that Mormons do not dispatch assassins to silence their critics or summon murderous hordes in response to satire. ... Can any reader of this page imagine the staging of a similar play [to The Book of Mormon] about Islam in the United States, or anywhere else, in the year 2013? ... At this moment in history, there is only one religion that systematically stifles free expression with credible threats of violence. The truth is, we have already lost our First Amendment rights with respect to Islam—and because they brand any observation of this fact a symptom of Islamophobia, Muslim apologists like Greenwald are largely to blame.[35][36]}}Glenn Greenwald has claimed that "[Harris] and others like him spout and promote Islamophobia under the guise of rational atheism."[37] Harris has criticized the way the term Islamophobia is commonly used. "My criticism of Islam is a criticism of beliefs and their consequences," he wrote following a disagreement with Ben Affleck in October 2014 on the show Real Time with Bill Maher, "but my fellow liberals reflexively view it as an expression of intolerance toward people." During an email exchange with Greenwald, Harris argued that "Islamophobia is a term of propaganda designed to protect Islam from the forces of secularism by conflating all criticism of it with racism and xenophobia."[31][38]ChristianityHarris is critical of the Christian right in politics in the United States, who he blames for the political focus on "pseudo-problems like gay marriage." He is also critical of liberal Christianity—as represented, for instance, by the theology of Paul Tillich—which he argues claims to base its beliefs on the Bible despite actually being influenced by secular modernity. He further states that in so doing liberal Christianity provides rhetorical cover to fundamentalists.[39] In response to the report published by the Irish government's Commission to Inquire into Child Abuse and other revelations of child abuse by Catholic priests, Harris wrote: "The evidence suggests the misery of these children was facilitated and concealed by the hierarchy of the Catholic Church at every level, up to and including the prefrontal cortex of [Pope Benedict XVI]." Harris has criticized the Catholic Church's structure and forced celibacy within its ranks for attracting pedophiles, and blames its opposition to the use of contraception for poverty, shorter lifespans, and the proliferation of HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, he asserts that the Catholic Church has spent "two millennia demonizing human sexuality to a degree unmatched by any other institution, declaring the most basic, healthy, mature, and consensual behaviors taboo."[40] Judaism{{See also|Criticism of Judaism|Criticism of the Talmud|Criticism of Moses}}In The End of Faith, Harris is critical of the Jewish faith and its followers: {{quote|The gravity of Jewish suffering over the ages, culminating in the Holocaust, makes it almost impossible to entertain any suggestion that Jews might have brought their troubles upon themselves. This is, however, in a rather narrow sense, the truth. […] the ideology of Judaism remains a lightning rod for intolerance to this day. […] Jews, insofar as they are religious, believe that they are bearers of a unique covenant with God. As a consequence, they have spent the last two thousand years collaborating with those who see them as different by seeing themselves as irretrievably so. Judaism is as intrinsically divisive, as ridiculous in its literalism, and as at odds with the civilizing insights of modernity as any other religion. Jewish settlers, by exercising their "freedom of belief" on contested land, are now one of the principal obstacles to peace in the Middle East.}}Regarding Israel and Judaism, Harris has said, "I don't think Israel should exist as a Jewish state. I think it is obscene, irrational and unjustifiable to have a state organized around a religion. So I don't celebrate the idea that there's a Jewish homeland in the Middle East. I certainly don't support any Jewish claims to real estate based on the Bible. Though I just said that I don't think Israel should exist as a Jewish state, the justification for such a state is rather easy to find. We need look no further than the fact that the rest of the world has shown itself eager to murder the Jews at almost every opportunity. So, if there were going to be a state organized around protecting members of a single religion, it certainly should be a Jewish state. Now, friends of Israel might consider this a rather tepid defense, but it's the strongest one I've got. I think the idea of a religious state is ultimately untenable."[41] On atheismHarris has been referred to, along with Daniel Dennett, Richard Dawkins, and Christopher Hitchens, as one of the "new atheists", but he considers the term "atheist" to be problematic. He said, "while I am now one of the public voices of atheism, I never thought of myself as an atheist before being inducted to speak as one [...] I think that 'atheist' is a term that we do not need, in the same way that we don't need a word for someone who rejects astrology." [42] In a podcast discussion with Neil deGrasse Tyson, Harris said “If astrology ever became ascendant, then we would talk about reason, common sense, and science to neutralize those claims without ever defining ourselves in opposition to astrology.” - 36:22 “In my first book (‘The End of Faith’), which inducted me into the small club of the ‘new atheists’ I never even used the term ‘atheist’ or ‘atheism’ - and it's not that I withheld use of that term - it simply never occurred to me to use the term. I was just talking about the problems of religion, the opposition between reason and faith, and science and untestable/unverifiable claims. [Atheism] may have its moment historically, it may be necessary to shine a light on the fact that you have by and large the smartest and most educated people in society politically anathematized and marginalized. [I don't do anything to dodge the term because I fit the description but it's a weak term].” -36:45 [43] On spiritualityHarris holds that there is "nothing irrational about seeking the states of mind that lie at the core of many religions. Compassion, awe, devotion, and feelings of oneness are surely among the most valuable experiences a person can have."[16] Harris rejects the dichotomy between religious spirituality on the one hand and scientific rationality on the other, and favors a middle path that preserves spirituality and science, but does not involve religion.[44] He writes that spirituality should be understood in light of scientific disciplines like neuroscience and psychology.[44] Science, he contends, can show how to maximize human well-being, but may fail to answer certain questions about the nature of being, answers to some of which he says are discoverable directly through our experience.[44] His conception of spirituality does not involve a belief in God.[45] In A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion (2014), Harris describes his experience with Dzogchen, a Tibetan Buddhist meditation practice, and recommends it to his readers.[44] He writes that the purpose of spirituality (as he defines it – he concedes that the term's uses are diverse and sometimes indefensible) is to become aware that our sense of self is illusory, and says this realization brings both happiness and insight into the nature of consciousness.[44][46] This process of realization, he argues, is based on experience and is not contingent on faith.[44] Science and moralityIn his third book, The Moral Landscape: How Science Can Determine Human Values, Harris says that "Human well-being is not a random phenomenon. It depends on many factors—ranging from genetics and neurobiology to sociology and economics." Harris says that it is time to promote a scientific approach to normative morality, rejecting the idea that religion determines what is good. He believes that once scientists begin proposing moral norms in papers, supernatural moral systems will join "astrology, witchcraft and Greek mythology on the scrapheap".[47] Free willHarris says the idea of free will "cannot be mapped on to any conceivable reality" and is incoherent.[48][49] Harris writes in Free Will that neuroscience "reveals you to be a biochemical puppet."[50] People's thoughts and intentions, Harris says, "emerge from background causes of which we are unaware and over which we exert no conscious control." Every choice we make is made as a result of preceding causes. These choices we make are determined by those causes, and are therefore not really choices at all. Nevertheless, Harris maintains that the absence of free will does not obviate a distinction between voluntary and involuntary actions. Harris posits that intentions are revealing. Harris argues that this realization about the human mind does not undermine morality or diminish the importance of social and political freedom, but it can and should change the way we think about some of the most important questions in life.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} Social and political viewsHarris describes himself as a liberal, and states that he supports raising taxes on the very wealthy, the decriminalizing of drugs and legalizing of same-sex marriage. He was critical of the Bush administration's war in Iraq, fiscal policy, and treatment of science. However, he believes liberals dangerously downplay the threat posed by Islamic fundamentalism.[51] During the 2016 United States presidential election, Harris supported Hillary Clinton in the Democratic Party presidential primaries against Bernie Sanders,[52] and despite calling her "a terribly flawed candidate for the presidency," he favored her in the general election and came out strongly in opposition to Donald Trump's candidacy.[53] In April 2017, Harris stirred considerable controversy by hosting the social scientist Charles Murray on his podcast, discussing topics including the heritability of IQ and race and intelligence.[54] Harris stated the invitation was out of indignation at a violent protest against Murray at Middlebury College the month before and not out of particular interest in the material at hand.[54] The podcast garnered significant criticism, for instance from Vox[55][56] and Slate,[57] while Harris and Murray were defended in articles in publications such as Quillette[58][59] and New York.[60] Harris and Vox editor-at-large Ezra Klein later discussed the affair in a podcast interview.[61] In May 2018, Harris was profiled by Bari Weiss in the New York Times as part of the "Intellectual Dark Web" (a term coined semi-ironically by Eric Weinstein to refer to a particular group of academics and podcast hosts).[62] CareerWritings and media appearancesHarris's writing focuses on neuroscience and criticism of religion, for which he is best known. He formerly blogged for the Washington Post, the Huffington Post, and Truthdig. His articles have appeared in publications such as Newsweek, The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, the Boston Globe, and the British national newspaper The Times.[63] Harris has made numerous TV and radio appearances, including on The O'Reilly Factor, ABC News, Tucker, Book TV, NPR, Real Time, The Colbert Report, and The Daily Show. In 2005, Harris appeared in the documentary film The God Who Wasn't There. Harris was a featured speaker at the 2006 conference Science, Religion, Reason and Survival. He made two presentations and participated in the ensuing panel discussions. Harris has also appeared a number of times on the Point of Inquiry radio podcast. Harris engaged in a lengthy debate with Andrew Sullivan on the internet forum Beliefnet.[64] In April 2007, Harris debated with the evangelical pastor Rick Warren for Newsweek magazine.[65] In April 2011, he debated William Lane Craig on whether there can be an objective morality without God.[66][67] He currently serves on the Advisory Board of the Secular Coalition for America.[68] Waking Up/Making Sense podcastIn September 2013, Harris began the Waking Up podcast, in which he discusses his views, responds to critics, and interviews guests. The podcasts, having started with very short posts, now vary in length anywhere from 1 hour to over 4 hours. The podcast has no regular release schedule, although the frequency of releases has increased over time.[69] In 2017, the UK Business Insider included it in their list of "8 podcasts that will change how you think about human behavior" and PC Magazine included it in their list of "Podcasts You Should Download Now".[70][71] The Waking Up podcast won the 2017 Webby Award for "People's Voice" in the category "Science & Education" under "Podcasts & Digital Audio".[72] After discussing Peter Singer's drowning child thought experiment and the philosophy of effective altruism with William MacAskill on the podcast, Harris pledged to donate several thousand dollars of the revenue generated by each new podcast episode to effective charitable organizations.[73] In January 2019, Harris renamed the podcast from Waking Up to Making Sense in order to differentiate it from his Waking Up meditation app.[74] NeuroscienceBuilding on his interests in belief and religion, Harris completed a PhD in cognitive neuroscience at UCLA.[17][23][24] He used fMRI to explore whether the brain responses differ between sentences that subjects judged as true, false, or undecidable, across a wide range of categories including autobiographical, mathematical, geographical, religious, ethical, semantic, and factual statements.{{sfn|Harris|Sheth|Cohen|2008}} Harris and colleagues were also able to use artificial intelligence algorithms to predict whether an individual believed or disbelieved these statements using fMRI measurements,{{sfn|Douglas|Harris|Yuille|Cohen|2011}} and this work was later replicated with electroencephalography.[75] In another study, Harris and colleagues examined the neural basis of religious and non-religious belief using fMRI.{{sfn|Harris|Kaplan|Curiel|Bookheimer|2009}} Fifteen committed Christians and fifteen nonbelievers were scanned as they evaluated the truth and falsity of religious and nonreligious propositions. For both groups, statements of belief (sentences judged as either true or false) were associated with increased activation of ventromedial prefrontal cortex, a region of the brain involved in emotional judgment, processing uncertainty, assessing rewards and thinking about oneself.[23] A "comparison of all religious trials to all nonreligious trials produced a wide range of signal differences throughout the brain," and the processing of religious belief and empirical belief differed in significant ways. The regions associated with increased activation in response to religious stimuli included the anterior insula, the ventral striatum, the anterior cingulate cortex, and the posterior medial cortex.{{sfn|Harris|Kaplan|Curiel|Bookheimer|2009}} In a study published in 2016, a research team including Harris probed the neural systems involved in maintaining one's political beliefs in the face of opposing evidence.{{sfn|Kaplan|Gimbel|Harris|2016}} MeditationHarris is a proponent of secular meditation practices.[76] His practice developed from Vipassana and Dzogchen. He states that the key aim of meditation is to enable its practitioners to see that the feeling of self is an illusion. In September 2018 Harris released a meditation app, Waking Up with Sam Harris.[77] Personal lifeHarris is a student of the martial arts and practices Brazilian jiu-jitsu.{{sfn|Harris|2012}}[78] He was at one point a vegetarian, but gave it up after six years, citing health concerns.[79] In 2015, he returned to vegetarianism for ethical reasons, with the intention of eventually going vegan,[80] and supported the idea of cultured meat.[81] In early 2018, he stopped being a vegetarian once again.[82] Harris has been reluctant to discuss personal details such as where he now lives, citing security reasons.[83] In 2004, he married Annaka Harris, an editor of nonfiction and scientific books.[84] They have two daughters.{{sfn|Harris|2014a|ps= "[https://books.google.com/?id=dmhNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP6&lpg=PP6&dq=sam+harris+emma+and+violet#v=onepage&q=sam%20harris%20emma%20and%20violet&f=false For Annaka, Emma, and Violet]"}}[85] References1. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.warner.theater/events/sam-harris-3265235/ | title=Sam Harris at the Warner Theater}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.philosophynews.com/post/2012/05/15/An-Analysis-of-Sam-Harris-Free-Will.aspx|title=An Analysis of Sam Harris' Free Will|author=Paul Pardi|website=Philosophy News|date=May 15, 2012|access-date=April 17, 2016}} 3. ^{{cite web |last1=Madigan |first1=Tim |title=Meet the New Atheism / Same as the Old Atheism? |url=https://philosophynow.org/issues/78/Meet_the_New_Atheism_Same_as_the_Old_Atheism |website=Philosophy Now |accessdate=August 15, 2018 |date=2010}} 4. ^PEN American Center, 2005. "The PEN/Martha Albrand Award for First Nonfiction {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060521025523/http://www.pen.org/page.php/prmID/836 |date=May 21, 2006 }}." 5. ^{{Cite journal |last1=Van Biema |first1=David |title=What Your Brain Looks Like on Faith |journal=Time |url=http://content.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1694723,00.html |accessdate=August 16, 2018|date=2007-12-14 }} 6. ^1 Don, Katherine (October 17, 2010). "'The Moral Landscape': Why science should shape morality." Salon. 7. ^{{cite web |title=Sam Harris |url=https://www.edge.org/memberbio/sam_harris |website=Edge.org |accessdate=August 26, 2018}} 8. ^Current Biography, January 2012, Vol. 73 Issue 1, p37 9. ^{{cite news |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1985-10-20/entertainment/8503130034_1_selma-diamond-funniest-people-golden-girls/2 |title='Girls' Series is solid gold for Harris |work=Chicago Tribune TV Week |date=October 20, 1985 |accessdate=September 18, 2013 |author=Anderson, Jon}} 10. ^Samuels, David. May 29, 2012. Q&A: Sam Harris. Tablet. Retrieved: October 6, 2014. "I was never a religious Jew. My mother is Jewish, so for some people I count as a Jew. But for me, being Jewish amounts to little more than just getting all the jokes in a Woody Allen movie. So, for the people for whom my Judaism is relevant, those people tend to be either overtly anti-Semitic or concerned about crazy conspiracies. The YouTube comments that reference my Judaism are completely crazy. For the most part, for anyone who is seriously engaging with my ideas, the fact that I was born to a Jewish woman who herself was not religious nor were her parents religious is completely irrelevant." 11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.samharris.org/blog/item/im-not-the-sexist-pig-youre-looking-for|title=I'm Not the Sexist Pig You're Looking For|website=www.samharris.org|access-date=April 23, 2016|date=2014-09-15}} 12. ^[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2007/01/05/january-5-2007-sam-harris-extended-interview/3736/ Sam Harris - Extended Interview]; PBS: Religion & Ethics Newsweekly; January 5, 2007; "I have an unremarkable history. I don’t have a religious upbringing that I’m rebelling against. I had a totally secular upbringing and was just encouraged to explore things as I saw fit. I was never raised an atheist as opposed to religious. It just was not an issue. In my teens I just got interested in spiritual experience and what happens after death and just began to see that religion is really the discourse that treats these phenomena and started exploring meditation and other specifically Eastern brands of religious thinking, but I have studied Western religion as well and have been interested in religion for decades." 13. ^[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWEbGsXTWR0&t=7m36s "Sam Harris."] (2008). The Science Studio. Science Network. October 3, 2008. Transcript. 14. ^{{cite web |last=Harris |first=Sam |title=MDMA Caution with Sam Harris |date=June 28, 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JgUd0Xv5skk}} 15. ^{{Citation|last=Cogent Canine|title=First Time Sam Harris Took E|date=December 6, 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WFyg4blzlDM|accessdate=December 8, 2017}} 16. ^1 2 {{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Lisa |year=2010 |url=http://europe.newsweek.com/rationalist-sam-harris-believes-god-73859?rm=eu |title=Sam Harris Believes in God |publisher=Newsweek}} 17. ^1 Segal, David (October 26, 2006). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/25/AR2006102501998_pf.html "Atheist Evangelist"] .The Washington Post. 18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.samharris.org/blog/item/science-on-the-brink-of-death |title=Science on the Brink of Death |date=November 11, 2012 |accessdate=November 14, 2012 |author=Harris, Sam}} 19. ^1 2 3 {{Cite news |last=Segal |first=David |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/25/AR2006102501998_pf.html |title=Atheist Evangelist |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=October 26, 2006}} 20. ^{{cite web |title=The Iconoclast: Sam Harris wants believers to stop believing |first=Lewis I. |last=Rice |publisher=Stanford Magazine |url=http://www.stanfordalumni.org/news/magazine/2005/julaug/show/books.html}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.informationphilosopher.com/solutions/scientists/harris/|title=Sam Harris|website=The Information Philosopher|access-date=April 30, 2016}} 22. ^{{Cite news |last=Greenberg |first=Brad A. |title=Making Belief |publisher=UCLA Magazine |date=April 1, 2008 |accessdate=October 28, 2009 |url=http://www.magazine.ucla.edu/depts/quicktakes/making-belief/}} 23. ^1 2 3 {{Cite news |last=Healy |first=Melissa |title=Religion: The heart believes what it will, but the brain behaves the same either way |work=Los Angeles Times |date=September 30, 2009 |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/booster_shots/2009/09/religion-the-heart-believes-what-it-will-but-the-brain-behaves-the-same-either-way.html |accessdate=October 17, 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124025949/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/booster_shots/2009/09/religion-the-heart-believes-what-it-will-but-the-brain-behaves-the-same-either-way.html |archivedate=January 24, 2014}} 24. ^1 {{cite thesis |url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/366925574/ |title=The moral landscape: How science could determine human values |website=ProQuest|publisher=UCLA |type=PhD |date=2009 |accessdate=June 5, 2014 |last=Harris|first=Sam|isbn=9781124011905}} 25. ^{{Cite news |author=Sam Harris |work=The Washington Post |url=http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/sam_harris/2007/10/the_problem_with_atheism.html |title=The Problem with Atheism |date=September 28, 2007 |accessdate=December 6, 2007}} 26. ^{{cite web |first=Sam |last=Harris |year=2005 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week1019/interview2.html |title=Interview: Sam Harris |publisher=PBS}} 27. ^{{cite video|people=Harris, Sam |date= |time=1:00:00 |title=Does God Exist? A debate between bestselling authors Rabbi David Wolpe and Sam Harris |url=http://www.jewishtvnetwork.com/?bcpid=533363107&bctid=1329234778 |publisher=Jewish Television Network |accessdate=May 20, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520014732/http://www.jewishtvnetwork.com/?bcpid=533363107&bctid=1329234778 |archivedate=May 20, 2009 |df= }} 28. ^Brian Flemming & Sam Harris, 2005. The God Who Wasn't There, extended interviews. Beyond Belief Media. 29. ^Harris, Sam (January 2, 2013). "The Riddle of the Gun". Sam Harris. 30. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.samharris.org/blog/item/response-to-controversy |title=Response to Controversy |last=Harris |first=Sam |date=June 21, 2014 |accessdate=October 23, 2016}} 31. ^1 Taylor, Jerome (April 12, 2013). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/atheists-richard-dawkins-christopher-hitchens-and-sam-harris-face-islamophobia-backlash-8570580.html "Atheists Richard Dawkins, Christopher Hitchens and Sam Harris face Islamophobia backlash"]. The Independent. 32. ^Boorstein, Michelle (February 11, 2015). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/local/wp/2015/02/11/chapel-hill-killings-shine-light-on-particular-tensions-between-islam-and-atheism/ "Chapel Hill killings shine light on particular tensions between Islam and atheism"]. The Washington Post. 33. ^Harris, Sam (February 7, 2006). "Sam Harris on the Reality of Islam". Truthdig. 34. ^Kaufman, Scott (January 22, 2015). "Sam Harris: Liberals like Greenwald and Aslan support the 'thuggish ultimatum' of radical Islam". The Raw Story 35. ^{{cite web|url=http://live.huffingtonpost.com/r/segment/islam-islamophobia-new-atheist-sam-harris-richard-dawkins/51658aac02a76018a30001ed|title=Huffington Post|publisher=}} 36. ^Response to Controversy Version 2.3 (April 7, 2013) 37. ^{{cite news |last1=Greenwald |first1=Glenn |authorlink1=Glenn Greenwald |title=Sam Harris, the New Atheists, and anti-Muslim animus |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/apr/03/sam-harris-muslim-animus |accessdate=17 October 2018 |agency=The Guardian |date=3 April 2013}} 38. ^{{citation |last=Harris |first=Sam |title=Can Liberalism Be Saved From Itself? |url=http://www.samharris.org/blog/item/can-liberalism-be-saved-from-itself |accessdate=December 26, 2014 |location=London|date=2014-10-07|year=2014b }} 39. ^{{cite news |last1=Mohler |first1=R. Albert, Jr. |title=The End of Faith--Secularism with the Gloves Off |url=https://archive.is/20120629202825/http://www.christianpost.com/article/20040819/6130.htm |accessdate=19 February 2019 |publisher=The Christian Post |date=19 August 2004}} 40. ^Bringing the Vatican to Justice; SamHarris.org; May 10, 2010 41. ^Harris, Sam (July 27, 2014). "Why Don’t I Criticize Israel?". Sam Harris. 42. ^{{cite web |last1=Harris |first1=Sam |title=The Problem with Atheism |url=http://www.samharris.org/blog/item/the-problem-with-atheism |website=Sam Harris Blog |publisher=The Washington Post |accessdate=October 2, 2007|date=2007-10-03 }} 43. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNnZYu_6vqc|title=Making Sense with Sam Harris #37 Thinking in Public (with Neil deGrasse Tyson)|last1=Harris|first1=Sam|date=February 15, 2019|website=YouTube|publisher=Sam Harris|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=February 19, 2019}} 44. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|last1=Clothier|first1=Peter|title='Waking Up', by Sam Harris: A Book Review|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/waking-up-by-sam-harris-a_b_8079028.html|publisher=Huffington Post|accessdate=October 1, 2017|date=September 2, 2016}} 45. ^{{cite web|last1=Smith|first1=Holly|title=Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion|url=http://www.washingtonindependentreviewofbooks.com/bookreview/executive-director-at-the-common-good|publisher=Washington Independent Review of Books|accessdate=October 2, 2017|date=September 17, 2014}} 46. ^{{cite journal |title=Waking Up: A Guide to Spirituality Without Religion |journal=Kirkus Reviews |date=August 29, 2014 |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/sam-harris/waking-up-guide-to-spirituality/ |accessdate=August 12, 2016}} 47. ^{{cite web |author=Harris, Sam |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20827822.100-morality-we-can-send-religion-to-the-scrapheap.html |title=Morality: 'We can send religion to the scrap heap.' |work=New Scientist |date=October 20, 2010}} 48. ^Pardi, Paul (May 15, 2012). "An Analysis of Sam Harris' Free Will". Philosophy News. 49. ^{{cite web|last1=Harris|first1=Sam|title=Free Will and "Free Will"|url=https://www.samharris.org/blog/item/free-will-and-free-will|publisher=SamHarris.Org|accessdate=December 18, 2016|quote=[...] I believe that popular confusion on this point is worth lingering over, because certain moral impulses -- for vengeance, say -- depend upon a view of human agency that is both conceptually incoherent and empirically false. I also believe that the conventional illusion of free will can be dispelled -- not merely ignored, tinkered with, or set on new foundations.|date=2012-04-05}} 50. ^Nahmias, Eddy (August 13, 2012). [https://www.bigquestionsonline.com/content/does-contemporary-neuroscience-support-or-challenge-reality-free-will "Does Contemporary Neuroscience Support or Challenge the Reality of Free Will?"] Big Questions Online. 51. ^Harris, Sam (September 18, 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20061101084519/http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/la-oe-harris18sep18%2C0%2C1897169.story?coll=la-opinion-rightrail "Head-in-the-Sand Liberals: Western civilization really is at risk from Muslim extremists."] Los Angeles Times. Archived at the Wayback Machine. 52. ^{{cite web|title=Sam Harris Q&A: "Why I'm Voting For Hillary Clinton"|date=18 February 2016|website=YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WZG0IRzmF7M}} 53. ^Harris, Sam. [https://www.samharris.org/blog/item/trump-in-exile2 Trump in Exile]. samharris.org, October 13, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2017 54. ^1 {{cite web |last1=Harris |first1=Sam |title=Ezra Klein: Editor-at-Large |url=https://samharris.org/ezra-klein-editor-chief/ |website=SamHarris.org |accessdate=16 October 2018 |date=27 March 2018}} 55. ^{{cite news |last1=Turkheimer |first1=Eric |author-link1=Eric Turkheimer |last2=Harden |first2=Kathryn Paige |last3=Nisbett |first3=Richard E. |author-link3=Richard E. Nisbett |title=Charles Murray is once again peddling junk science about race and IQ |url=https://www.vox.com/the-big-idea/2017/5/18/15655638/charles-murray-race-iq-sam-harris-science-free-speech |accessdate=16 October 2018 |agency=Vox |publisher=Vox Media |date=18 May 2017}} 56. ^{{cite news |last1=Klein |first1=Ezra |author-link=Ezra Klein |title=Sam Harris, Charles Murray, and the allure of race science |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2018/3/27/15695060/sam-harris-charles-murray-race-iq-forbidden-knowledge-podcast-bell-curve |accessdate=16 October 2018 |agency=Vox |publisher=Vox Media |date=27 March 2018}} 57. ^{{cite news |last1=Saletan |first1=William |author-link=William Saletan |title=Stop Talking About Race and IQ |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/04/stop-talking-about-race-and-iq-take-it-from-someone-who-did.html |accessdate=17 October 2018 |agency=Slate |date=27 April 2018}} 58. ^{{cite news |last1=Haier |first1=Richard |author-link=Richard J. Haier|title=No Voice at VOX: Sense and Nonsense about Discussing IQ and Race |url=https://quillette.com/2017/06/11/no-voice-vox-sense-nonsense-discussing-iq-race/ |accessdate=16 October 2018 |agency=Quillette |date=11 June 2017}} 59. ^{{cite news |last1=Jivani |first1=Jamil |author-link=Jamil Jivani |title=Why Sam Harris—Not Ezra Klein—Is the One Making Space for People of Colour |url=https://quillette.com/2018/05/28/sam-harris-not-ezra-klein-one-making-space-people-colour/ |accessdate=16 October 2018 |agency=Quillette |date=28 May 2018}} 60. ^{{cite news |last1=Sullivan |first1=Andrew |authorlink1=Andrew Sullivan |title=Denying Genetics Isn’t Shutting Down Racism, It’s Fueling It |url=http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2018/03/denying-genetics-isnt-shutting-down-racism-its-fueling-it.html |accessdate=17 October 2018 |agency=New York |date=30 March 2018}} 61. ^{{cite web|url=https://samharris.org/podcasts/123-identity-honesty/|title=Waking Up Podcast #123 – Identity & Honesty: A Conversation with Ezra Klein|date=9 April 2018|accessdate=28 January 2019|website=Sam Harris}} 62. ^{{cite news |last=Weiss |first=Bari |author-link=Bari Weiss |date=May 8, 2018 |title=Meet the Renegades of the Intellectual Dark Web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/08/opinion/intellectual-dark-web.html |newspaper=The New York Times |accessdate=May 8, 2018}} 63. ^"About Sam Harris". Sam Harris. Retrieved May 5, 2015. 64. ^Harris, Sam; Sullivan, Andrew (January 16, 2007). "Is Religion 'Built Upon Lies'?" Beliefnet. 65. ^Harris, Sam; Warren, Rick (April 8, 2007). "NEWSWEEK Poll: 90% Believe in God". Newsweek. 66. ^{{cite news |author=Schneider, Nathan |title=The New Theist |url=http://chronicle.com/article/The-New-Theist/140019/ |date=July 1, 2013 |work=The Chronicle of Higher Education}} 67. ^{{cite web |title=The God Debate |author=Harris, Sam |url=http://www.samharris.org/blog/item/the-god-debate |publisher=Sam Harris |date=August 15, 2011}} 68. ^[https://www.secular.org/board Board] 69. ^{{cite web |title=Waking Up with Sam Harris |url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/waking-up-with-sam-harris/id733163012?mt=2 |website=iTunes – Podcasts |accessdate=July 17, 2015}} 70. ^{{cite web|title=8 podcasts that will change how you think about human behavior|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/podcasts-change-how-you-understand-human-behavior-2017-1/#ted-radio-hour-1|website=uk.businessinsider.com|publisher=Business Insider Inc.|accessdate=April 23, 2017}} 71. ^{{cite web|title=Podcasts You Should Download Now|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2471753,00.asp|website=pcmag.com|publisher=Ziff Davis, LLC. PCMag Digital Group|accessdate=April 23, 2017}} 72. ^{{cite web|title=The 2017 Webby Awards for the best science and education podcasts|url=http://webbyawards.com/winners/2017/podcasts-digital-audio/general-podcasts/science-education/|website=webbyawards.com|publisher=The Webby Awards|accessdate=April 26, 2017}} 73. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.samharris.org/podcast/item/being-good-and-doing-good|title=Being Good and Doing Good|last=Harris|first=Sam|access-date=June 10, 2017|language=en}} 74. ^{{cite web|url=https://samharris.org/podcasts/147-stephen-fry/|title=Making Sense Podcast #147 - Stephen Fry|website=SamHarris.org|date=January 28, 2019}} 75. ^{{Cite journal | last1=Douglas | first1=PK | last2 = Lau | first2 = E | last3 = Anderson | first3 = A | last4 = Head | first4 = A | last5 = Kerr | first5 = W | last6 = Wollner | first6 = M | last7 = Moyer | first7 = D |last8 = Li | first8 = w |last9 = Durhofer | first9 = M |last10 = Bramen | first10 = J | last11 = Cohen | first11 = MS | title = Single trial decoding of belief decision making from EEG and fMRI data using independent components features. | doi = 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00392 | journal = Front Hum Neurosci | volume = 7 | page = 392 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23914164 | pmc = 3728485 }} 76. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.samharris.org/blog/item/how-to-meditate |title=How to Meditate |accessdate=June 19, 2017|date=2011-05-10 }} 77. ^{{cite web | url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/waking-up-with-sam-harris/id1307736395?mt=8 | title=Waking up with Sam Harris}} 78. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/05/the-atheist-who-strangled-me/309292/ |title=The Atheist Who Strangled Me |work=The Atlantic |date=April 24, 2013 |accessdate=August 11, 2014 |author=Wood, Graeme}} 79. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLFnJ8pWh8g|title=Can You Defend Eating Meat with Sam Harris|publisher=}} 80. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.samharris.org/podcast/item/ask-me-anything-2|title=Ask Me Anything #2|first=Sam|last=Harris|publisher=}} 81. ^{{cite web|title=Meat Without Misery A Conversation with Uma Valeti|url=https://www.samharris.org/podcast/item/meat-without-murder|accessdate=January 10, 2018}} 82. ^{{Cite web|url=https://thereasonedvegan.com/2018/05/19/what-stopped-from-sam-harris-going-vegan/|title=What Stopped Sam Harris From Going Vegan?|last=Favata|first=Michael|date=2018-05-19|website=The Reasoned Vegan|language=en|access-date=2018-12-11}} 83. ^{{Cite news |last=Piccalo |first=Gina |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2006/oct/02/entertainment/et-harris |title=Oh, dear God—it's him again |publisher=Los Angeles Times |date=October 2, 2006}} 84. ^"Project Reason Trustees / Advisory Board". Project Reason. Retrieved May 5, 2015. 85. ^{{cite web |last=Harris |first=Sam |title=Drugs and the Meaning of Life |publisher=Sam Harris |date=July 4, 2011 |url=http://www.samharris.org/blog/item/drugs-and-the-meaning-of-life|quote=I have two daughters who will one day take drugs.}} BibliographyBooks{{refbegin|55em|indent=yes}}
Peer-reviewed articles{{refbegin|55em|indent=yes}}
External links{{Portal|Sam Harris}}{{Commons category|Sam Harris}}{{Wikiquote|Sam Harris}}
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