“Samsat”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Samsat ({{lang-hy|Սամոսատ}} Samosata) is a small town and district in the Adıyaman Province of Turkey, situated on the upper Euphrates river.

The current town of Samsat is comparatively new, being built only since 1989 when the old town of Samosata was flooded during construction of the Attaturk Dam.^[1] Indeed to some extent the re-construction of the town is still ongoing^[2]

Despite the flooding of the Old town the even more ancient Tell known as Samsat Castle has survived to the current day.

In 2016 the town had a population of 3789,^[3] down from 4720 in 2008 and a peak of 6.917 in 2000. Almost all of the population is Kurds.

Archeology

Samsat Höyük is a tell located just north of the Samsat district of Adıyaman.

Archaeological research on the hill of Şehremuz in Samsat has uncovered relics from the 7000 BC Paleolithic era; the 5000 BC Neolithic, 3000 BC Chalcolithic and 3000 to 1200 BC Bronze Ages. The ancient city of Ḫaḫḫum (Hittite: Ḫaḫḫa) was located nearby; it is recorded as a source of gold for ancient Sumeria.

The first excavations were conducted in 1964 and 1967 under the direction of T. Goell. In fact, the settlement was known and famous before these excavations. Then, in 1977, under the Lower Euphrates Project, which was aimed at identifying and saving the archaeological settlements that will remain within the water collection area of Karakaya and Atatürk Dams. Surface surveys were conducted under the direction of Mehmet Özdoğan. In these studies, it was concluded that the settlement was permanently inhabited from the Halaf Period to the Ottoman Period. The following year, the excavations started in 1978, except for 1980, until 1987, Ankara University, Faculty of Language and History-Geography Professor. Dr. It was conducted by the team led by Nimet Özgüç. These excavations were carried out on a very wide area, including the lower city and surrounding walls.

Coins belonging to the 12th - 13th centuries AD were identified during the excavations in the layers dating to the late phases of the Middle Ages. Of these Seljuk sultans I. Gıyaseddin Keyhusrev (1192-1195), Ala al-Din Keykubbad, (1219-1236), II. Gıyaseddin Keyhusrev (1236-1246), IV. Rükn el-Din The coins of Kılıç Arslan (1257-1264), as well as the coins of Saladin (1170-1193) printed in Harran, were uncovered.^[4]

The collection of glassware with cups, glasses and bowls is very rich. Other finds include oil lamps, ivory comb, fragrance bottle,^[5], terracotta lamps, bone spoons, leaf-shaped marble sconces and coins.^[6]

The walls of the Seljuk Period, built on a solid Byzantine fortress, were preserved intact. The inscription on the limestone of this fortification was studied by a master calligrapher. The landfill belonged to Diyarbekr Şah Karaaslan.^[7]

The center of the palace, which is thought to be the central courtyard, is 14,65 X 20,55 meters and it has a mosaic corner.^[8]

The skeletons of five people thrown into a 1.8 meter diameter well of the Islamic Period were found. At the bottom of the skeleton at the bottom of the skeleton, there are five gold coins and silver coins from the Abbasid Period. One of the gold coins belongs to Harunürreşid (766 - 709) and the other to Mutevekkil (822 - 861).^[9]

today the settlement is 700 meters inside the Euphrates but before inundation it was 37-40 meters above the plain level and has an area of 500 x 350 meters. The most steep slope is the eastern slope and the lowest slope is the southwest facing slope. The mound consists of a terrace and a sub-city.^[10] Samsat Höyük as an archaeological site is considered to have been destroyed due to the importance it carries in the dam lake.

History

In the Sumerians time, the name Semiata or Samsat is known from records. The town was a center of the Hittite kingdom in the Iron Age. The region was conquered by Sargon in 708 BC and became a province of Assyria. In 605 BCE, the Babylonians took over. Then, respectively, the Medes, the Persians (533 BC). Alexander the great extended the kingdom of Macedonia in 333 BC from which the town was ceaded to the domination of the Seleucids.

After which Samsat was made the walled capital of the Commagene kingdom a Hellenistic realm founded in 69BC, the civilisation that built the statues on top of nearby Mount Nemrut. During the 150 years of this short lived kingdom, several known kings held the throne. Under Antichus I (69 - 34 BC) the town was a center of caravan routes and a trading center. King Antichos III was the last effective ruler,^[12] and his death cause a political crisis of succession into which Rome intervened in 72 AD.^[13] During the classical era the town was known as Samosata and in Roman times was the home to the satirist Lucian, and became a science center.

The Arabs to the city from the Byzantines. Safwan bin Muattal died and is buried in Samsat. The 13th century was very hard for the town. Rüknettin Süleyman II of the Anatolian Seljuks took the town in 1203, and Samsat was looted in 1237 by the Harzemşah and was invaded by the Mongol Emperor Hülagü Han in 1240 and later by the Dulkadiroğulları.

It was absorbed into the Ottoman Empire by Yıldırım Beyazıt in 1392 and in 1401 it is destroyed by Timur. In 1516, Yavuz Sultan Selim retook it for the Ottomans. It lost its old importance in the Ottoman administration and became the center of the sanjak.

During the republican period, it became smaller and became a center of the parish. In 1960, Samsat was transformed into a district center and connected to the province of Adıyaman.

The city of Samsat was evacuated from the old settlement on 05.03.1988 due to the Atatürk Dam being left under the lake waters and the center was changed and moved to its present location with the law numbered 3433 dated 21.04.1988. The old town of Samsat and all its history were flooded behind the Atatürk Dam in 1989. The new town was built beside the new waterline by the Turkish government to house the displaced residents.

Name

The Egyptians are again said to have called it ”Şamşuata or Şemşiata am.

The name in Syrian and Hebrew is called Simsat, and this name is called “Sun bu ims Solar Land” because in the early part of the Middle Ages, at the beginning of the 4th century, the Armenians were the sun worshipers before they accepted Christianity. Armenians who had preserved these old religions lived intensively in the town until the 14th century. Therefore, it should be known as the "land of the sun worshipers" and not "the Sunland".

Another account is that the city was named after King Samos, the grandfather of Antiochos Epiphanes I, who was one of the Commagene kings. However, The name is mentioned as Samosate, Samosatum and Semisat, in the Classical Age sources, ^[14]

The Islamic conquest bought he Arabisation of this name as Sümeysat İslam and the Ottomans called it Samsat.

Geography

The new Samsat district is a peninsula surrounded on the three sides by the Atatürk Dam Lake. The distance from the sea to the city center is 47km. The district is a plain that descends to the south.

In the hot summers and dry winters, while the Mediterranean climate is warm and rainy, it is similar to the South East Anatolian climate due to the low relative humidity. However, due to the Atatürk Dam Lake in recent years, the humidity has increased relatively.

References

1. ^Samsat, Gezilecek Yerler.
2. ^[https://www.ensonhaber.com/samsatta-kalici-konutlarin-temelleri-atiliyor.html Samsat’ta kalıcı konutların temelleri atılıyor].
3. ^[https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/ "2016 genel nüfus sayımı verileri" (html) (Doğrudan bir kaynak olmayıp ilgili veriye ulaşmak için sorgulama yapılmalıdır). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Erişim tarihi: 7 Mart 2017].
4. ^Nimet Özgüç, 1985 Yılında Yapılmış Olan Samsat Kazılarının Sonuçları' – 8. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (1986) Sh.: 297
5. ^Nimet Özgüç, 8. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, p298
6. ^Nimet Özgüç, 7. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı, p 227
7. ^ Nimet Özgüç, Samsat Kazıları 1982' – 5. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (1983) p111.
8. ^Nimet Özgüç, Samsat 1984 Yılı Kazıları, 7. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (1985) p224.
9. ^Nimet Özgüç, 7. Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı (1985) Sh.: 226
10. ^TAY – Yerleşme Ayrıntıları.
11. ^Adıyaman, Samsat.
12. ^Chahin, Mark (2001). The Kingdom of Armenia. Routlege. pp. 190–191. {{ISBN|0-7007-1452-9}}.
13. ^Tacitus, The Annals 2.42.
14. ^ Prof. Dr. Gönül Öney, 1978 – 79 ve 1981 Yılı Samsat Kazılarında Bulunan İslam Devri Buluntularıyla İlgili İlk Haber Sh.: 71