| 词条 | Samuel Dickstein (congressman) |
| 释义 |
|name = Samuel Dickstein |image = Samuel Dicksten.jpg |office = Justice, New York State Supreme Court |term_start = 1946 |term_end = 1954 |office2 = Chairman of the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization |term_start2 = 1931 |term_end2 = 1945 |state3 = New York |district3 = {{ushr|New York|19|19th}} |term_start3 = January 3, 1945 |term_end3 = December 30, 1945 |predecessor3= Sol Bloom |successor3 = Arthur G. Klein |state4 = New York |district4 = {{ushr|New York|12|12th}} |term_start4 = March 4, 1923 |term_end4 = January 3, 1945 |predecessor4 = Meyer London |successor4 = John J. Rooney |office5 = New York State Assembly |term_start5 = 1919 |term_end5 = 1922 |birth_date = {{birth date|1885|02|05}} |birth_place = Vilna, Russian Empire (present-day Vilnius, Republic of Lithuania) |death_date = {{death date and age|1954|04|22|1885|02|05}} |death_place = New York City, New York, U.S. |party = Democratic |education = City College of New York New York Law School }}Samuel Dickstein (February 5, 1885 – April 22, 1954) was a Democratic Congressional Representative from New York (22-year tenure) and a New York State Supreme Court Justice. He played a key role in establishing the committee that would become the House Committee on Un-American Activities, which he used to attack fascists, including Nazi sympathizers, and suspected communists. In 1999, authors Allen Weinstein and Alexander Vassiliev learned that Soviet files indicate that Dickstein was a paid agent of the NKVD.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] BackgroundDickstein was born on February 5, 1885, into a Jewish family of five children near Vilnius, Lithuania. His parents were Rabbi Israel Dickstein (died 1918) and Slata B. Gordon (died 1931). In 1887, his family emigrated to the United States. They settled on the Lower East Side of New York City. Dickstein attended public and private schools, the City College of New York, and in 1906 graduated from New York Law School.[1][2][3][7][9] CareerIn 1908, Dickstein passed the bar and began private practice in New York with the firm of Hyman and Gross.[1][7][9] In 1911, he entered the Tammany Hall Democratic organization in Manhattan under mentor John F. Ahearn. From 1911 to 1914, he served as Deputy State Attorney General. In 1917, he became a New York City Alderman. In 1919, he was elected as an Assemblyman of the New York State Legislature.[1][2][3][7][9][10] Congressional careerIn 1922, Dickstein was elected as a Democrat to the Sixty-eighth Congress, defeating Socialist incumbent Meyer London. He was reelected eleven times. He resigned from Congress on December 30, 1945.[1][2][3][7][9] In 1930, Dickstein co-sponsored a bill in condemning religious persecution in the Soviet Union.[9] Committee on Naturalization and ImmigrationBy 1931, Dickstein was serving as Chairman on the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization (Seventy-second through Seventy-ninth Congresses). During his tenure, he became aware of the substantial number of foreigners legally and illegally entering and residing in the US, and the growing Anti-Semitism along with vast amounts of anti-Semitic literature being distributed in the country. This led him to investigate independently the activities of Nazi and other fascist groups in the U.S.[7][9] In 1932, Dickstein joined forces with Martin Dies Jr. to outlaw membership in the Communist Party of the USA.[9] In 1933, he call for congressional investigation into Anarchism, following the failed assassination attempt of U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt by Giuseppe Zangara.[1][2][7][9] In 1939, Dickstein held hearings on a "Child Refugee Bill" AKA the "Wagner-Rogers Bill" to allow up to 10,000 children under age 14 into the United States during 1939–1940 in addition to normal German quotas. U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull opposed the measure, as did the American Legion, United Daughters of the Confederacy, the Society of Mayflower Descendants, and the Daughters of the American Revolution. The hearings made clear that the bill's purpose was to save German Jews from "annihilation... a complete pogrom."[9] McCormack-Dickstein Committee{{see|House Un-American Activities Committee}}On January 3, 1934, Dickstein introduced the "Dickstein Resolution" (H.R. #198), which passed in March 1934, to establish a "Special Committee on Un-American Activities Authorized to Investigate Nazi Propaganda and Certain Other Propaganda Activities" or "McCormack-Dickstein Committee" (later, the "Dies Committee" and later "House Un-American Activities Committee"). [1][2][7][7][9] Its mandate was to get "information on how foreign subversive propaganda entered the U.S. and the organizations that were spreading it."[11] From 1934 to 1937, this Special Committee, with John William McCormack (D-MA) as chairman and Dickstein (D-NY) as vice-chairman, held public and private hearings and collected testimony filling 4,300 pages. , and it was replaced with a similar committee that focused on pursuing communists. Its records are held by the National Archives and Records Administration as records related to HUAC.[11][7] One of the first investigations by the Special Committee was the Business Plot (AKA The White House Coup[12]), an alleged 1933 political conspiracy, which, according to retired Marine Corps Major General Smedley Butler, wealthy businessmen were plotting to create a fascist veterans' organization with Butler as its leader and stage a coup d'état to overthrow President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1934, Butler testified before the Special Committee about his claims.[13] No one was prosecuted. Nonetheless, the Special Committee "delet[ed] extensive excerpts relating to Wall Street financiers including Guaranty Trust director Grayson Murphy, J. P. Morgan, the Du Pont interests, Remington Arms, and others allegedly involved in the plot attempt. (Even today, in 1975, a full transcript of the hearings cannot be traced." [14]) At the time of the incident, news media at first reported on the plot earnestly, then quickly changed course and dismissed the plot. For instance, The New York Times newsroom gave the plot front-page coverage until an editorial characterized it as a "gigantic hoax".[15] While historians have questioned how close the coup actually got to execution, most agree that some sort of "wild scheme" was contemplated and discussed.[13][16][17][18] Throughout the rest of 1934, the Special Committee conducted hearings, bringing before it most of the major figures in the U.S. fascist movement. Dickstein, who proclaimed as his aim the eradication of all traces of Nazism in the U.S.,[19] personally questioned each witness. His flair for dramatics and sensationalism, along with his sometimes exaggerated claims, continually captured headlines across the nation and won him much public recognition.[3] By 1935, the Special Committee had helped publicize that the Friends of New Germany (AKA the "German American Bund") of Fritz Julius Kuhn and the "Silver Shirts" of William Dudley Pelley were supporting Nazi Germany but within existing laws.[7] In 1937, Dickstein sought for continued House investigation but lost control to Martin Dies Jr..[7][9] It has been reported that while Dickstein served on this committee and the subsequent Special investigation Committee, he was paid $1,250 a month by the Soviet NKVD, which hoped to get secret congressional information on anti-communists and pro-fascists. It is unclear whether he actually passed on any information.[10] Later the same committee was renamed the House Committee on Un-American Activities when it shifted attention to Communist organizations and was made a standing committee in 1945. Following the 1938 German takeover of Austria, Dickstein attempted to introduce legislation that would allow unused refugee quotas to be allocated to those fleeing Hitler.[20] Democratic leaders in the House distrusted Dickstein. They were unaware of his spying or his bribery, but they did know he brutally browbeat and threatened witnesses, grossly exaggerated evidence and they removed him from membership on the committee.[21] In September 1945, not long before stepping down from office, Dickstein called the Dies Committee's investigations into Hollywood "a lot of ballyhoo" about an industry that is almost "100 per cent American" and also asserted that "the alien problem is dying away."[22] NKVD espionagePeter Duffy wrote: An Austrian working for the Soviets approached him and asked for help in securing American citizenship. Dickstein told the man that the quota for Austrian immigrants was filled but for $3,000 he would see what he could do. Dickstein said he had "settled dozens" in a similarly illegal fashion, according to the NKVD memo on the meeting. Moscow concluded that Dickstein was "heading a criminal gang that was involved in shady businesses, selling passports, illegal smuggling of people, [and] getting citizenship."[3]In his 2000 book The Haunted Wood, writer Allen Weinstein wrote that documents discovered in the 1990s in Moscow archives showed Dickstein was paid $1,250 a month from 1937 to early 1940 by the NKVD ({{Inflation|US|1250|1937|fmt=eq|r=-2}}), the Soviet spy agency, which hoped to get secret Congressional information on anti-Communist and pro-fascist forces. According to Weinstein, whether Dickstein provided any intelligence is not certain; when he left the Committee the Soviets dropped him from the payroll.[10] Duffy stated: Dickstein denounced the Dies Committee at NKVD request ("a Red-baiting excursion") and gave speeches in Congress on Moscow-dictated themes. He handed over "materials on the war budget for 1940, records of conferences of the budget subcommission, reports of the war minister, chief of staff, etc." according to an NKVD report.[3]The Boston Globe stated: "Dickstein ran a lucrative trade in illegal visas for Soviet operatives before brashly offering to spy for the NKVD, the KGB's precursor, in return for cash."[5] Sam Roberts, in The Brother: The Untold Story of the Rosenberg Case, wrote that "Not even Julius Rosenberg knew that Samuel Dickstein had been on the KGB's payroll."[23] Kurt Stone wrote that Dickstein "was, for many years, a 'devoted and reliable' Soviet agent whom his handlers nicknamed Crook."[9] Joe Persico wrote, "The files document Soviet spying by Representative Samuel Dickstein of New York, so greedy that his handlers gave him the code name Crook."[4][3] New York Supreme Court justiceFollowing his time in Congress, Dickstein served as a Justice of the New York State Supreme Court until his death.[1][2][3] DeathDickstein died age 69 on April 22, 1954, in New York City. He was buried at the Union Field Cemetery, Queens County, Brooklyn, New York.[1] LegacyA one-block section of Pitt Street, between Grand Street and East Broadway in the Lower East Side of Manhattan, is named Samuel Dickstein Plaza. There has been a push to rename the street,[24] but {{As of|2018|lc=y}} it has been unsuccessful.[25] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web| title = Dickstein, Samuel (1885-1954)| publisher = Biographical Directory of the United States Congress| url = http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000335| date = | accessdate = 1 January 2018}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web| title = Dickstein, Samuel| publisher = United States House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives| url = http://history.house.gov/People/Detail/12243| date = | accessdate = 1 January 2018}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite news| first = Peter| last = Duffy| title = The Congressman Who Spied for Russia: The Strange Case of Samuel Dickstein| publisher = Politico.com| url = https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2014/10/samuel-dickstein-congressman-russian-spy-111641?paginate=false| date = 6 October 2014| accessdate = 1 January 2018}} 4. ^1 {{cite news| first = Joseph | last = Persico| authorlink = Joseph Persico| url = https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/01/03/reviews/990103.03persict.html| title = The Kremlin Connection| publisher = New York Times| date = 3 January 1999}} 5. ^1 {{cite news | first = Lynnley | last = Browning| title = Spy vs. spy vs. spy The story of Stalin's spies in America: both worse and better than was feared| publisher = Boston Globe| url = http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/books/weinstein_vassiliev.htm |date = 14 February 1999}} 6. ^ee{{cite book| first = Rober| last = Cowley| authorlink = Robert Cowley| title = What Ifs? Of American History: Eminent Historians Imagine What Might Have Been| publisher = Penguin| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wVmtloSHqXkC&pg=PT165 | date = 2004| pages = 164}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{cite web| title = Samuel Dickstein Papers| publisher = American Jewish Archives| url = http://collections.americanjewisharchives.org/ms/ms0008/ms0008.html| date = | accessdate = 1 January 2018}} 8. ^{{cite web| title = Samuel Dickstein (1885–1954)| publisher = Jewish Virtual Library| url =https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/samuel-dickstein| date = | accessdate = 1 January 2018}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite book| first = Kurt F. | last = Stone| title = The Jews of Capitol Hill: A Compendium of Jewish Congressional Members| publisher = Scarecrow Press| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ACTF56SnaykC| pages = 120–123| date = 1 December 2010| accessdate = 1 January 2018}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite book |last1=Weinstein |first1=Allen |authorlink1 = Allen Weinstein|last2=Vassiliev|first2=Alexander|authorlink2=Alexander Vassiliev |title=The Haunted Wood: Soviet Espionage in America–The Stalin Era|publisher=Modern Library|date=2000-03-14|pages=140–150|isbn=0-375-75536-5}} 11. ^1 {{cite web| title = Guide to House Records: Chapter 22: 1910-1946 Nazi and Other Propaganda| publisher = National Archives| url = https://www.archives.gov/legislative/guide/house/chapter-22-select-propaganda.html| date = | accessdate = 1 January 2018}} 12. ^{{cite book |title=The White House Coup|year=2007|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007tbs0}} 13. ^1 {{cite book|last=Schlesinger Jr.|first=Arthur M.|authorlink=Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.|title=The Politics of Upheaval: 1935–1936, The Age of Roosevelt, Volume III (The Age of Roosevelt)|publisher=Mariner Books| pages = 83, 85|year=2003|isbn=0-618-34087-4}} 14. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.reformation.org/wall-st-fdr-ch10.html | last = Sutton| first = Antony C.| date = March 2007| title = Wall Street and FDR| publisher = Buccaneer Books| ISBN =0899683258}} 15. ^{{cite news |title=Credulity Unlimited |date=November 22, 1934 |publisher=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1934/11/22/archives/credulity-unlimited.html|accessdate= 3 March 2009}} 16. ^{{cite book|last=Burk|first=Robert F.|title=The Corporate State and the Broker State: The Du Ponts and American National Politics, 1925–1940|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1990|isbn=0-674-17272-8}} 17. ^{{cite book|last=Schmidt|first=Hans|authorlink=|title=Maverick Marine: General Smedley D. Butler and the Contradictions of American Military History|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|pages = 226|year=1998|isbn=0-8131-0957-4}} 18. ^{{cite book |last1=Fox|title=The Clarks of Cooperstown|publisher=Knopf|year=2007|isbn= 0-307-26347-9}} 19. ^{{cite book|first1=Chip |last1= Berlet|first2=Matthew Nemiroff |last2 = Lyons |title=Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort|year=2000|publisher=Guilford Press|isbn=978-1-57230-562-5}} 20. ^{{cite book|title=Heroes, antiheroes, and the Holocaust|last=Morrison|first=David|year=1999|publisher=Gefen Publishing House|location=Jerusalem/New York|isbn=965-229-210-9|url=|page=120}} 21. ^Klehr, Harvey, and John Earl Haynes. Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America (2009), pp. 285-87 22. ^{{cite news| title = Communism Inquiry On: House to Question Foster, Browder and Davis on Party Policy| publisher = New York Times| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1945/09/26/archives/communism-inquiry-on-house-to-question-foster-browder-and-davis-on.html| page = 24| date = 26 September 1945| accessdate = 1 January 2018}} 23. ^{{cite book| first = Sam | last = Roberts| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=z6HtGVvO6jEC| title = The Brother: The Untold Story of the Rosenberg Case| publisher = Random House| pages = 117 | date = 13 May 2003}} 24. ^{{cite news|url=http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/22/a-street-named-for-a-soviet-spy-goes-largely-unnoticed|title=A Street Named for a Soviet Spy Goes Largely Unnoticed|newspaper=New York Times|date=May 22, 2013|accessdate=December 4, 2015}} 25. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/10/nyregion/samuel-dickstein-plaza-manhattan-soviet-spy.html|title=The Manhattan Street (Still) Named After a Soviet Spy|last=La Gorce|first=Tammy|date=2017-05-10|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-05-11|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|issn=0362-4331}} External links{{Commons cat|Samuel Dickstein}}
| title = Samuel Dickstein Papers | publisher = American Jewish Archives | url = http://collections.americanjewisharchives.org/ms/ms0008/ms0008.html | date = | accessdate = 1 January 2018}}{{s-start}}{{s-par|us-ny-hs}}{{succession box|title=New York State Assembly, New York County, 4th District | before = William Karlin | years = 1919–1922 | after = Samuel Mandelbaum}}{{s-par|us-hs}}{{USRepSuccessionBox | state = New York | district = 12 | before = Meyer London | after = John J. Rooney | years = 1923–1945}}{{USRepSuccessionBox | state = New York | district = 19 | before = Sol Bloom | after = Arthur G. Klein | years = 1945}}{{s-end}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Dickstein, Samuel}} 16 : 1885 births|1954 deaths|People from Vilnius County|People from Vilna Governorate|American people of Lithuanian-Jewish descent|Imperial Russian emigrants to the United States|Jewish members of the United States House of Representatives|New York (state) Democrats|Members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)|New York Supreme Court Justices|American spies for the Soviet Union|New York City Council members|Members of the New York State Assembly|Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives|Disease-related deaths in New York (state)|20th-century American judges |
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