| 词条 | José Cazorla Maure |
| 释义 |
| name = José Cazorla Maure | image = José Cazorla Maure.jpg | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = 1903 | birth_place = Madrid, Spain | death_date = 8 April 1940 | death_place = Madrid, Spain | nationality = Spanish | other_names = | occupation = Communist leader | known_for = }} José Cazorla Maure (1903 – 8 April 1940) was a Spanish communist leader during the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). He was one of the leaders of the Unified Socialist Youth. For several months in 1936–37 he was a member of the Madrid Defense Council in charge of public order. He was ruthless in weeding out sabotage or subversion, and earned the hostility of the anarchists and Trotskyites. Later he was made governor of the province of Albacete and then of Guadalajara. He remained in Spain after the war, and was arrested and executed by firing squad. Early yearsJosé Cazorla Maure was born in 1903. He earned his living as a driver.{{sfn|Romero Salvadó|2013|p=100}} In February 1932 Cazorla was elected a member of the Federación de Juventudes Socialistas (FJSE, Federation of Socialist Youth).{{sfn|Luz 1932-02-17|p=2}} At the 5th congress of the Socialist Youth on 21 April 1934 Carlos Hernandez was elected President with 16,283 votes and Santiago Carrillo was elected Secretary with 16,000 votes. Cazorla won 15,388 votes and was elected First Member.{{sfn|Luz 1934-04-21|p=9}} On 15 January 1936 Cazorla signed a pact on behalf of the FJSE for cooperation with other left of center parties in the elections of 16 February 1936. The pact was also signed by representatives of the Unión Republicana (Republican Union), Izquierda Republicana (Republican Left), Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE, Spanish Socialist Workers' Party), Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT, General Union of Workers), Partido Comunista de España (PCE, Communist Party of Spain), Partido Sindicalista (Syndicalist Party) and Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista (POUM, Workers' Party of Marxist Unification). The pact rejected nationalization of the land and the bank, and rejected workers' control, so was a victory for the moderate left.{{sfn|Heywood|2003|p=171}} In 1936 Santiago Carrillo, Federico Melchor, José Laín Entralgo and José Cazorla were socialist members of the national liaison committee for unification of the communist and socialist youth.{{sfn|Fundación Pablo Iglesias|2015}} The new organization, the Juventudes Socialistas Unificadas (JSU, Unified Socialist Youth), adhered to the Communist Youth International as a "sympathizer". The JSU committed itself to being a "new style" Popular front youth movement as described by the Communist International.{{sfn|Graham|1991|p=31}} Carrillo was secretary-general of the JSU.{{sfn|R.D.|2007}} On the eve of Francisco Franco's rebellion, in July 1936 Cazorla and Carrillo; José Díaz and Vicente Uribe of the Communist Party; Manuel Lois of the UGT and representatives of the PSOE met and agreed on joint action to defend the republic.{{sfn|Ibárruri|1966|p=184}} Madrid Defense CouncilAt the start of November 1936 the rebel armies approached Madrid. The government of the Second Spanish Republic under Francisco Largo Caballero had done nothing to prepare the capital's defenses for fear of alarming the population.{{sfn|Jackson|1994|p=15}} José Cazorla was made alternate for Public Order under Santiago Carrillo in the Madrid Defense Council established on 7 November 1936. Both Cazorla and Carrillo joined the Spanish Communist Party (Partido Comunista Español, PCE) in November 1936.{{sfn|R.D.|2007}} On 11 November 1936 over a thousand Nationalist prisoners were taken from the Model Prison and killed in the Jarama valley by the Republican 5th regiment as potential "Fifth Columnists". The incident is known as the Paracuellos massacres. According to Antony Beevor the order for the massacre came from either Cazorla, as Carrillo's deputy, or from the Soviet adviser Mikhail Koltsov.{{sfn|Beevor|1999|p=133}} Hugh Thomas wrote that Segundo Serrano Poncela, the delegate of public order, was probably responsible, not Carillo, but Koltsov may have been involved.{{sfn|Thomas|2001|p=463}} Cazorla succeeded Carrillo as delegate for public order on 27 December 1936.{{sfn|R.D.|2007}} He tightened control of the police and initiated harsh measures against anyone suspected of sabotage or subversive activities. Suspects were placed in preventative detention, and after police inquiries could be punished by assignment to work brigades or expelled from Madrid.{{sfn|Graham|2002|p=194}} The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT, National Confederation of Labor) delegates on the council asserted that Cazorla was secretly persecuting CNT members, leading to charges and counter-charges in the press.{{sfn|Graham|2002|p=195}} Cazorla was genuinely concerned with ensuring the security of the Republic, and the CNT Popular Courts were often known to acquit people without investigation who turned out to be working for the rebels, but there were police abuses. Cazorla dealt with any abuses that were drawn to his attention.{{sfn|Graham|2002|p=195}} He seems to have been tough and willing to make unpopular decisions, but diligent and principled.{{sfn|Graham|2002|p=196}} On 29 January 1937 Isidoro Diéguez Dueñas proposed that the POUM radio station in Madrid and its newspaper El Combatiente Rojo should be seized, since he claimed they had been devoted "solely and exclusively to combating the government and the Popular Front." The measure was approved unanimously. José Cazorla then declared that he would take over all the POUM's buildings and vehicles, since it was now "illegal". This was also passed without opposition.{{sfn|Bolloten|1991|p=298}} On 21 April 1937 Melchor Rodríguez García, a CNT member and director of prisons in Madrid, published accusations that Cazorla was maintaining secret prisons to hold anarchists, socialists, and other republicans, and either executing, or torturing them as "traitors".{{sfn|Beevor|2006|p=260}} He said Cazorla had, "revived the old methods of the savages Martínez Anido and Arlegui ... he is, by his pernicious endeavors bringing dishonor upon the government of the Republic..."{{sfn|Peirats|Ealham|2005|p=61}} Rodríguez gave details of torture in these prisons, and blamed Cazorla.{{sfn|Alexander|1999|p=857}} Cazorla reacted by closing the offices of the anarchist journal Solidaridad Obrera.{{sfn|Beevor|2006|p=263}} This caused a scandal and Cazorla resigned from the Council.{{sfn|Jackson|2012|p=367}} The prime minister Francisco Largo Caballero used the incident as a pretext to dissolve the Madrid Defense Council on 23 April 1937.{{sfn|Romero Salvadó|2013|p=179}} Later careerCazorla was civil governor of the Province of Albacete from 18 July 1937 to 25 May 1938.{{sfn|Serrallonga i Urquidi|2007|p=33}} He succeeded Justo Martínez Amutio in this position.{{sfn|Gobernadores Civiles – Archivo Provincial Albacete}} A few days before leaving Madrid for Albacete he married his partner, Aurora Arnáiz Amigo (15 May 1913 – 21 January 2009), another member of the JSU executive committee.{{sfn|Estornés Zubizarreta|2015}} Cazorla already had a son from a previous relationship.{{sfn|Arnáiz|1996|p=282}} In May 1938 Cazorla was replaced in Albacete by Ernesto Vega de la Iglesia.{{sfn|Serrallonga i Urquidi|2007|p=33}}{{sfn|Gobernadores Civiles – Archivo Provincial Albacete}} Cazorla was appointed governor of the Province of Guadalajara in place of Vega de la Iglesia.{{sfn|Gobernadores civiles de Guadalajara – La Alcarria Obrera}} His son Carlos was born on 18 August 1938.{{sfn|Arnáiz|1996|p=55}} On 5 March 1939 Cazorla and his family were arrested and placed in Guadalajara prison.{{sfn|Estornés Zubizarreta|2015}} The arrest was by troops led by the anarchist Cipriano Mera Sanz during the anti-communist offensive launched by Segismundo Casado.{{sfn|R.D.|2007}} Their infant son, who was ill, received no medical care and died in prison.{{sfn|Arnáiz|1996|p=116}} Cazorla and his wife were released on 28 March 1939, the day before the troops of the rebel army of Francisco Franco entered the city.{{sfn|R.D.|2007}} The couple made their way to Alicante, hoping to leave Spain by boat. Finding chaos in the port, the two decided to separate. Aurora joined a group trying to reach the French border,{{efn|Aurora Arnaiz Amigo escaped from Spain and managed to make her way via France and Cuba to Mexico. She remarried in Mexico after Cazorla's death, obtained a law degree, and became a prominent academic specializing in constitutional law and the author of many books.{{sfn|Estornés Zubizarreta|2015}} }} while Cazorla returned to Madrid hoping to rebuild the PCE organization, or at least join the guerrillas thought to be operating in the surrounding sierra. In Madrid Cazorla went into hiding and took a mundane job.{{sfn|José Cazorla Maure – Sociedad Benéfica...}} He was arrested in August 1939 with other communists. Four of them including Cazorla were sentenced to death and executed on 8 April 1940.{{sfn|R.D.|2007}} Notes{{notes}}Sources{{refbegin}}
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|author=Fundación Pablo Iglesias|title=Melchor Fernández, Federico|year=2015 |url=http://www.fpabloiglesias.es/archivo-y-biblioteca/diccionario-biografico/biografias/12819_melchor-fernandez-federico |accessdate=2015-07-17}}
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|title=José Cazorla Maure|publisher=Sociedad Benéfica de Historiadores Aficionados y Creadores|accessdate=2015-08-01}}
|journal=Luz|date=1932-02-17|title=Los ebanistas y la crisis de tabajo: Nueva Comisión Ejecutiva de la Federación de Juventudes Socialistas|page=2 |accessdate=2015-08-01}}
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|author=R.D.|date= 2007-05-31|title=CAZORLA MAURE, José|work=Los de la sierra|accessdate=2015-07-31}}
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|last=Serrallonga i Urquidi|first= Joan|title= El aparato provincial durante la Segunda República. Los Gobernadores Civiles, 1931-1939 |year= 2007|journal=Hispania Nova. Revista de Historia Contemporánea|issue= 7|url= http://hispanianova.rediris.es/7/HISPANIANOVA-2007.pdf}}
|last=Thomas|first=Hugh|authorlink=Hugh Thomas (writer)|title=The Spanish Civil War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ly0TRvhQ37gC&pg=PA463|accessdate=2015-08-01 |year=2001|publisher=Modern Library|isbn=978-0-375-75515-6}}{{refend}}{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Cazorla Maure, Jose}} 3 : 1903 births|1940 deaths|Spanish communists |
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