| 词条 | Sam Wanamaker |
| 释义 |
|name = Sam Wanamaker |honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|commas=on|CBEh}} |image = Sam Wanamaker - 1961.jpg |caption = Wanamaker in 1961 |birth_name = Samuel Wattenmacker |birth_date = {{birth date|1919|06|14}} |birth_place = Chicago, Illinois, U.S. |death_date = {{Death date and age|1993|12|18|1919|06|14}} |death_place = London, England |occupation = Actor, director |spouse = {{marriage|Charlotte Holland|1940|1993|end=his death}} |children = 3, including Zoë Wanamaker |years_active = 1934–1993 }} Samuel Wanamaker, {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|commas=on|CBEh}} (born Wattenmacker; June 14, 1919 – December 18, 1993) was an American actor and director who moved to the UK, after becoming fearful of being blacklisted in Hollywood due to his communist sympathies. He is credited as the person most responsible for the modern recreation of Shakespeare's Globe Theatre in London, where he is commemorated in the name of the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse, the site's second theatre. Early yearsWanamaker was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of tailor Maurice Wattenmacker (Manus Watmakher)[1] and Molly (née Bobele). His parents were Ukrainian Jews from Nikolayev. He was the younger of two brothers, the elder being William, long-term cardiologist at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. He trained at the Goodman Theatre in Chicago and began working with summer stock theatre companies in Chicago and northern Wisconsin, where he helped build the stage of the Peninsula Players Theatre in 1937. CareerWanamaker began his acting career in traveling shows and later worked on Broadway. In 1942 he starred with Ingrid Bergman in the play, Joan of Lorraine, and directed Two Gentlemen from Athens the following year.[2] In 1943, Wanamaker was part of the cast of the play Counterattack at the National Theatre, Washington, D.C.. During the play, he became enamored of the ideals of communism. He attended Drake University prior to serving in the U.S. Army between 1943 and 1946, during the Second World War. In 1947, he returned to civilian life as an actor and director. In 1951, Wanamaker made a speech welcoming the return of two of the Hollywood Ten. In 1952, at the height of the McCarthy "Red Scare" period, Wanamaker, who was then acting in the UK, learned that despite his distinguished service in the Army during World War II, his early years as a communist sympathizer could have him blacklisted in Hollywood.{{efn|The BBC documentary Who Do You Think You Are? broadcast on 24 February 2009, revealed that the FBI had kept a substantial investigation file for him, including incriminating witness statements, and that the House Un-American Activities Committee had intended to subpoena him as a witness. His activities were also reportedly monitored by MI5.[3]}} He consequently decided to remain in England, where he reestablished his career as a stage and film actor, along with becoming a director and producer.[4] He explained: {{quote|In 1950 I went to England to do a play, and around that time the whole McCarthy witch-hunting era had taken hold in Hollywood{{mdash}}so I just stayed in Britain... I knew that because I had worked with actors who had problems in Hollywood, I might have difficulties.[4]}}In 1952, he made his debut as both actor and director in London in Clifford Odets' Winter Journey. The play, which co-starred Michael Redgrave, was considered "sensational" by critics,[4] He later appeared in other plays, including The Big Knife, The Shrike, The Rainmaker, and A Hatful of Rain.[4] In 1956 he directed a play by Bertolt Brecht, The Threepenny Opera.[4] In 1957, he was appointed director of the neglected New Shakespeare Theatre, in Liverpool. He brought a number of notable productions to the theatre, such as A View From the Bridge, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, The Rose Tattoo and Bus Stop. It was also transformed into a lively arts centre as a result of including other cultural attractions, such as films, lectures, jazz concerts and art exhibits.[4] As a result of all his various activities, Wanamaker became London's "favourite American actor and director", notes The Guardian.[4] In 1959, he joined the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre company at Stratford-upon-Avon, playing Iago to Paul Robeson's Othello in Tony Richardson's production that year.[5] In the 1960s and 1970s, he produced or directed several works at venues including the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, and directed the Shakespeare Birthday Celebrations in 1974. As a director and actor, he worked in both films and television, with roles in The Spiral Staircase (1974), Private Benjamin (1980), The Quest for Peace (1987), and Baby Boom (1987). He also directed stage productions, including the world premiere production of Michael Tippett's opera The Ice Break.[6] In 1980, he directed Giuseppe Verdi's opera Aida starring Luciano Pavarotti at San Francisco Opera (now broadcast version released as DVD). He was also featured as the widowed and very ruthless department store owner Simon Berrenger on the short-lived drama Berrenger's in 1985. Restoring the Globe Theatre{{quote box|align=right|width=25em|bgcolor = LightCyan|quote=He was a hard-headed romantic{{mdash}}and a genuinely courteous man{{mdash}}driven by a passion for Shakespeare. The Globe will be his lasting monument.|source= — The Guardian, London[7]}}In 1970 Wanamaker's career took a dramatic turn after he was annoyed by the fact that while a number of replicas of the Globe Theatre existed in America, the actual site of the original in London was marked by only a plaque on a nearby brewery. He then made it his single-minded goal to restore an exact replica of the Globe to feature plays and a museum.[7] It became Wanamaker's "great obsession" to restore Shakespeare's Globe Theatre at its original location. And he secured financial support from philanthropists and fellow lovers of Shakespeare, such as Samuel H. Scripps, to see that it would be created.[7] Wanamaker then founded the Shakespeare Globe Trust, which raised well over ten million dollars.[7] Though, as in the late 16th and 17th centuries, the 20th century Royal family were more or less supportive, British officialdom was far less so, since they wanted to develop the site for new high-rise housing and commercial use.[7] English Heritage, which controlled the site, refused to give Wanamaker the precise dimensions of the original Globe.[8][9] According to Karl Meyer of The New York Times: The Shakespeare project helped Mr. Wanamaker keep his sanity and dignity intact. On his first visit to London in 1949, he had sought traces of the original theatre and was astonished to find only a blackened plaque on an unused brewery. He found this neglect inexplicable, and in 1970 launched the Shakespeare Globe Trust, later obtaining the building site and necessary permissions despite a hostile local council. He siphoned his earnings as actor and director into the project, undismayed by the scepticism of his British colleagues.[8] On the south bank of the River Thames in London, near where the modern recreation of Shakespeare's Globe stands today, is a plaque that reads: "In Thanksgiving for Sam Wanamaker, Actor, Director, Producer, 1919–1993, whose vision rebuilt Shakespeare's Globe Theatre on Bankside in this parish".[8] There is a blue plaque on the river-side wall of the theatre,[10] and the site's Jacobean indoor theatre, opened in January 2014, is named the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse after him.[11] For his work in reconstructing the Globe Theatre, Wanamaker, in July 1993, was made an honorary Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE).[2] He was also honoured with the Benjamin Franklin Medal by the Royal Society of Arts in recognition of his contribution to theatre. When multi-Tony Award-winning British actor Mark Rylance accepted his third Tony on stage in New York City during the televised ceremonies on June 8, 2014, he did so with a note of thanks to Wanamaker. Personal lifeIn 1940, Wanamaker married Canadian actress Charlotte Holland. DeathWanamaker died of prostate cancer in London in 1993, aged 74,[12] prior to the grand opening of the Globe by Queen Elizabeth II on 12 June 1997.[13] He was survived by three daughters, Abby, Zoë, and Jessica. FilmographyActor{{col-begin}}{{col-break|width=50%}}
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Notes{{Notelist|30em}}References1. ^"Who do you think you are - Zoë Wanamaker" BBC/2008. 2. ^1 "Actor Sam Wanamaker, 74; rebuilt Globe Theater", Chicago Tribune, Dec. 19, 1993 3. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/uk_news/8230325.stm|title=Sam Wanamaker 'monitored by MI5'|author=Michael Buchanan | work=BBC News|date=31 August 2009}} 4. ^"The McCarthy Era Kept Him Away", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Jan 23, 1985 5. ^Martin Duberman, Paul Robeson, The New Press, New York, 1989, p. 476. 6. ^Inlay notes to recording on Virgin Classics VC 7 91448-2. 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Hard-headed Romantic", The Guardian, London, 20 December 1993 8. ^1 2 , Edward Chaney, "Sam Wanamaker's Global Legacy", Salisbury Review, June 1995, pp. 38–40. 9. ^"Sam Wanamaker's Great Obsession," by Karl E. Meyer, The New York Times, 29 December 1996. 10. ^{{cite news |title=Globe theatre appeal … stage two |author=Louise Jury |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/theatre/article-24038431-globe-theatre-appeal--stage-two.do |newspaper=Evening Standard |date=24 February 2012 |accessdate=24 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226032225/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/theatre/article-24038431-globe-theatre-appeal--stage-two.do |archivedate=26 February 2012 |df= }} 11. ^{{cite news |title=Sam Wanamaker Playhouse – review |last=Moore |first=Rowan |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2014/jan/12/sam-wanamaker-playhouse-globe-review |newspaper=The Observer |date=12 January 2014 |accessdate=21 January 2014}} 12. ^Obituary for Sam Wanamaker, The New York Times, 19 December 1993. 13. ^Shakespeare's Globe :: Sam Wanamaker External links
23 : 1919 births|1993 deaths|Male actors from Chicago|American people of Jewish descent|American emigrants to England|American male film actors|American male radio actors|American male stage actors|American theatre directors|Burials at Southwark Cathedral|Deaths from cancer in England|Deaths from prostate cancer|Drake University alumni|Jewish American male actors|American male Shakespearean actors|Laurence Olivier Award winners|Hollywood blacklist|United States Army soldiers|American army personnel of World War II|Jewish socialists|20th-century American male actors|American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent|Honorary Commanders of the Order of the British Empire |
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