“San Bernardino, California”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In August 2012, San Bernardino became the largest city to file for protection under Chapter 9 of the U.S. Bankruptcy code;^[15]^[16] this has been superseded by Detroit's filing in July 2013. San Bernardino's case was filed on August 1.^[13]^[14] On December 2, 2015, a terrorist attack left 14 people dead and 22 seriously injured.

History

The city of San Bernardino, California, occupies much of the San Bernardino Valley, which indigenous tribespeople originally referred to as "The Valley of the Cupped Hand of God". The Tongva Indians also called the San Bernardino area Wa'aach in their language.^[15] Upon seeing the immense geological arrowhead-shaped rock formation on the side of the San Bernardino Mountains, they found the hot and cold springs to which the "arrowhead" seemed to point.

19th century

Politana was the first Spanish settlement in the San Bernardino Valley, named for Bernardino of Siena. Politana was established May 20, 1810, as a mission chapel and supply station by the Mission San Gabriel in the ranchería of the Guachama Indians that lived on the bluff that is now known as Bunker Hill, near Lytle Creek. Two years later the settlement was destroyed by superstitious local tribesmen, following powerful earthquakes that shook the region. Several years later, the Serrano and Mountain Cahuilla rebuilt the Politana rancheria, and in 1819 invited the missionaries to return to the valley. They did and established the San Bernardino de Sena Estancia. Serrano and Cahuilla people inhabited Politana until long after the 1830s decree of secularization and the 1842 inclusion into the Rancho San Bernardino land grant of the José del Carmen Lugo family.^[16]{{rp|37–41}}

The city of San Bernardino is one of the oldest communities in the state of California, and in its present-day location, was not largely settled until 1851, after California became a state. The first Anglo-American colony was established by pioneers associated with The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or Mormons. Following the Mormon colonists purchase of Rancho San Bernardino, and the establishment of the town of San Bernardino in 1851, San Bernardino County was formed in 1853 from parts of Los Angeles County. Mormon colonists developed irrigated, commercial farming and lumbering, supplying agricultural produce and lumber throughout Southern California. The city was officially incorporated in 1857. Later that year, most of the colonists were recalled by Brigham Young in 1857 due to the Utah War. Once highly regarded in early California, news of the Mountain Meadows Massacre poisoned attitudes toward the Mormons. Some Mormons would stay in San Bernardino and some later returned from Utah, but a real estate consortium from El Monte and Los Angeles bought most of the lands of the old rancho and of the departing colonists. They sold these lands to new settlers who came to dominate the culture and politics in the county and San Bernardino became a typical American frontier town. Many of the new land owners disliked the sober Mormons, indulging in drinking at saloons now allowed in the town. Disorder, fighting and violence in the vicinity became common, reaching a climax in the 1859 Ainsworth - Gentry Affair.

In 1860 a gold rush began in the mountains nearby with the discovery of gold by William F. Holcomb in Holcomb Valley early 1860. Another strike followed in the upper reach of Lytle Creek. By the 1860s, San Bernardino had also became an important trading hub in Southern California. The city already on the Los Angeles – Salt Lake Road, became the starting point for the Mojave Road from 1858 and Bradshaw Trail from 1862 to the mines along the Colorado River and within the Arizona Territory in the gold rush of 1862-1864.

Near San Bernardino is a naturally formed arrowhead-shaped rock formation on the side of a mountain. It measures 1375 feet by 449 feet. According to the Native American legend regarding the landmark arrowhead, an arrow from Heaven burned the formation onto the mountainside in order to show tribes where they could be healed. During the mid-19th century, "Dr." David Noble Smith claimed that a saint-like being appeared before him and told of a far-off land with exceptional climate and curative waters, marked by a gigantic arrowhead. Smith's search for that unique arrowhead formation began in Texas, and eventually ended at Arrowhead Springs in California in 1857. By 1889, word of the springs, along with the hotel on the site (and a belief in the effect on general health of the water from the springs) had grown considerably. Hotel guests often raved about the crystal-clear water from the cold springs, which prompted Seth Marshall to set up a bottling operation in the hotel's basement. By 1905, water from the cold springs was being shipped to Los Angeles under the newly created "Arrowhead" trademark.

Indigenous people of the San Bernardino Valley and Mountains were collectively identified by Spanish explorers in the 19th century as Serrano, a term meaning highlander. Serrano living near what is now Big Bear Lake were called Yuhaviatam, or "People of the Pines". In 1866, to clear the way for settlers and gold miners, state militia conducted a 32-day campaign slaughtering men, women, and children.^[17] Yuhaviatam leader Santos Manuel guided his people from their ancient homeland to a village site in the San Bernardino foothills. The United States government in 1891 established it as a tribal reservation and named it after Santos Manuel.

In 1883, California Southern Railroad established a rail link through San Bernardino between Los Angeles and the rest of the country.

20th century

In 1940, Richard and Maurice McDonald founded McDonald's, along with its innovative restaurant concept, in the city.^[18]

San Bernardino won the All-America City award in 1977,^[19] but the city subsequently went into a long decline and has only recently begun to recover from the three recessions of the late 20th/early 21st centuries.

In 1994, Norton Air Force Base closed to become San Bernardino International Airport.

21st century

In August 2012, San Bernardino filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy, with more than $1 billion in debt.^[20] The move froze the city's payments to creditors, including its pension payments to the California Public Employees Retirement System for nearly a year. Key changes the city made during the bankruptcy process included: outsourcing its fire department to the county and re-writing the city's charter to provide a more clear chain of command. Following a judge's approval, the city emerged from bankruptcy in February 2017, making it one of the longest municipal bankruptcies in the United States.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|59.6|sqmi|km2}}, of which {{convert|59.2|sqmi|km2}} is land and {{convert|0.4|sqmi|km2}}, or 0.74%, is water.

The city lies in the San Bernardino foothills and the eastern portion of the San Bernardino Valley, roughly {{convert|60|mi|km}} east of Los Angeles. Some major geographical features of the city include the San Bernardino Mountains and the San Bernardino National Forest, in which the city's northernmost neighborhood, Arrowhead Springs, is located; the Cajon Pass adjacent to the northwest border; City Creek, Lytle Creek, San Timoteo Creek, Twin Creek, Warm Creek (as modified through flood control channels) feed the Santa Ana River, which forms part of the city's southern border south of San Bernardino International Airport.

San Bernardino is unique among Southern Californian cities because of its wealth of water, which is mostly contained in underground aquifers. A large part of the city is over the Bunker Hill Groundwater Basin, including downtown. This fact accounts for a historically high water table in portions of the city, including at the former Urbita Springs, a lake which no longer exists and is now the site of the Inland Center Mall. Seccombe Lake, named after a former mayor, is a manmade lake at Sierra Way and 5th Street. The San Bernardino Valley Municipal Water District ("Muni") has plans to build two more large, multi-acre lakes north and south of historic downtown in order to reduce groundwater, mitigate the risks of liquefaction in a future earthquake, and sell the valuable water to neighboring agencies.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}

The city has several notable hills and mountains; among them are: Perris Hill (named after Fred Perris, an early engineer, and the namesake of Perris, California); Kendall Hill (which is near California State University); and Little Mountain, which rises among Shandin Hills (generally bounded by Sierra Way, 30th Street, Kendall Drive, and Interstate 215).

Freeways act as significant geographical dividers for the city of San Bernardino. Interstate 215 is the major east-west divider, while State Route 210 is the major north-south divider. Interstate 10 is in the southern part of the city. Other major highways include State Route 206 (Kendall Drive and E Street); State Route 66 (which includes the former U.S. 66); State Route 18 (from State Route 210 north on Waterman Avenue to the northern City limits into the mountain communities), and State Route 259, the freeway connector between State Route 210 and I-215.

Climate

San Bernardino features a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification) with mild winters and hot, dry summers. Relative to other areas in Southern California, winters are colder, with frost and with chilly to cold morning temperatures common. The particularly arid climate during the summer prevents tropospheric clouds from forming, meaning temperatures rise to what is considered by NOAA scientists as Class Orange. Summer is also a lot warmer with the highest recorded summer temperature at 118 °F (47.8 °C) on July 6, 2018.^[21] In the winter, snow flurries occur upon occasion. San Bernardino gets an average of {{convert|16|in|mm|0}} of rain, hail, or light snow showers each year. Arrowhead Springs, San Bernardino's northernmost neighborhood gets snow, heavily at times, due to its elevation of about {{convert|3000|ft|m}} above sea level.

The seasonal Santa Ana winds are felt particularly strongly in the San Bernardino area as warm and dry air is channeled through nearby Cajon Pass at times during the autumn months. This phenomenon markedly increases the wildfire danger in the foothills, canyon, and mountain communities that the cycle of cold, wet winters and dry summers helps create.

According to the LA Times San Bernardino County has highest levels of ozone in the United States, averaging 102 parts per billion.^[22]

Neighborhoods and districts

The neighborhoods of San Bernardino are not commonly named. Some reflect geographical regions that existed before annexation, and others originated with specific housing developments. Arrowhead Springs extends from the historic Arrowhead Springs Hotel and Spa in the north to I-210 in the south and from Shandin Hills in the west to east Twin Creek in the east. Del Rosa is the area generally between the foothills and Highland, Mountain and Arden Avenues. Delmann Heights is the area north of Highland Avenue, west of I-215, and east of the unincorporated area of Muscoy, California (which is within the city's sphere of influence for annexation). Some portions of Highland are within the city of San Bernardino, generally consistent with the portions of historical "West Highlands" north of Highland Avenue. The city also contains the post office for Patton, California, the area coextensive with Patton Hospital. Mountain Shadows is the development name for the area between Palm Avenue and Highland Avenue to State Route 330. The "West Side" is used generically to refer to the areas West of I-215. North Loma Linda is the area west of Mountain View Acres (the border with Redlands), south of the Santa Ana River, north of the San Bernardino Freeway (I-10), and east of Tippecanoe Avenue. The area north of Northpark Boulevard from University Parkway to Electric Avenue, and the area north of 40th Street from Electric Avenue to Harrison Street is called

Arrowhead Farms. The area west of University Parkway, and north of Kendall Drive to the north city area is called Verdemont. The "Bench" or "Rialto Bench" refers to the area with Rialto mailing addresses between Foothill Boulevard and Base Line Street.

San Bernardino is divided into several districts. Many hotels, restaurants, and retail establishments have been built around Hospitality Lane^[24] in the southern part of the city, creating an informal business district. Downtown is its own district with shopping and government buildings. In the foothills of the San Bernardino Mountains lies the University District, which is a commercial area designed to support the California State University with shopping, dining, and high-density residential space. On the southern side of I-215 and the University District is the Cajon Pass light-industrial district where warehouses are situated to take advantage of this important connection between Southern California and the rest of the United States. On the opposite side of the city is the San Bernardino International Gateway, which encompasses the San Bernardino International Airport (SBD) and the Alliance California Logistics campus (air cargo hub). Nearby is the Burlington Northern Santa Fe rail hub. The combination of these assets (airport; rail hub; extensive freeway system; and, Cajon Pass) makes the city important in the movement of goods and people between Southern California and the rest of the United States.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}

The city of San Bernardino is in the process of developing a historic district around the 1918 Santa Fe Depot, which recently underwent a $15.6 million restoration.{{Citation needed|date=October 2011}} When completed, this area will connect to the downtown district with period street lights and street furniture, historic homes and other structures, a new museum, coffee bars and, a mercado with an architectural style in keeping with the Mission Revival station.

San Bernardino has communities known for residences of millionaires and increasingly affluent sections of town: Del Rosa, University Heights (Kendall Farms) and University Hills, and Verdemont.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}

Demographics

2010

The 2010 United States Census^[29] reported that San Bernardino had a population of 209,924. The population density was 3,519.6 people per square mile (1,358.9/km²). The racial makeup of San Bernardino was 95,734 (45.6%) White (19.0% Non-Hispanic White),^[30] 31,582 (15.0%) African American, 2,822 (1.3%) Native American, 8,454 (4.0%) Asian, 839 (0.4%) Pacific Islander, 59,827 (28.5%) from other races, and 10,666 (5.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 125,994 persons (60.0%).^[30]

The Census reported that 202,599 people (96.5% of the population) lived in households, 3,078 (1.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 4,247 (2.0%) were institutionalized.

There were 59,283 households, out of which 29,675 (50.1%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 25,700 (43.4%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 13,518 (22.8%) had a female householder with no husband present, 5,302 (8.9%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 5,198 (8.8%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 488 (0.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 11,229 households (18.9%) were made up of individuals and 4,119 (6.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.42. There were 44,520 families (75.1% of all households); the average family size was 3.89.

The population was spread out with 67,238 people (32.0%) under the age of 18, 26,654 people (12.7%) aged 18 to 24, 56,221 people (26.8%) aged 25 to 44, 43,277 people (20.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 16,534 people (7.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.0 males.

There were 65,401 housing units at an average density of 1,096.5 per square mile (423.4/km²), of which 29,838 (50.3%) were owner-occupied, and 29,445 (49.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 9.5%. 102,650 people (48.9% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 99,949 people (47.6%) lived in rental housing units.

According to the 2010 United States Census, San Bernardino had a median household income of $39,097, with 30.6% of the population living below the federal poverty line.^[30]

Ethnic diversity

Western, central, and parts of eastern San Bernardino are home to mixed-ethnic working class populations, of which the Latino and African-American populations comprise the vast majority of the city. Historically, many Latinos, primarily Mexican-Americans and Mexicans, lived on Mount Vernon Avenue on the West Side.^[31] Since the 1960s, the Medical Center (formerly known as Muscoy) and Base Line corridors were mostly black, in particular in the east side and west side areas centering on public housing projects Waterman Gardens and the public housing on Medical Center drive. The heart of the Mexican-American community is on the West and Southside of San Bernardino, but is slowly expanding throughout the entire city.^[32]^[33] San Bernardino's only Jewish congregation moved to Redlands in December 2009.^[34]

Some Asian Americans live in and around the city of San Bernardino, as in a late 19th-century-era (gone) Chinatown and formerly Japanese-American area in Seccombe Park on the east end of downtown, and a large East-Asian community in North Loma Linda. Others live in nearby Loma Linda to the south across the Santa Ana River.

Economy

Government, retail, and service industries dominate the economy of the city of San Bernardino. From 1998 to 2004, San Bernardino's economy grew by 26,217 jobs, a 37% increase, to 97,139. Government was both the largest and the fastest-growing employment sector, reaching close to 20,000 jobs in 2004. Other significant

The city's location close to the Cajon and San Gorgonio passes, and at the junctions of the I-10, I-215, and SR-210 freeways, positions it as an intermodal logistics hub. The city hosts the Burlington Northern and Santa Fe Railway's intermodal freight transport yard, the Yellow Freight Systems' cross-docking trucking center, and Pacific Motor Trucking. Large warehouses for Kohl's, Mattel, Pep Boys, and Stater Bros. have been developed near the San Bernardino International Airport.^[35]

Over the last few decades, the city's riverfront district along Hospitality Lane has drawn much of the regional economic development away from the historic downtown of the city so that the area now hosts a full complement of office buildings, big-box retailers, restaurants, and hotels situated around the Santa Ana River.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}}

The closing of Norton Air Force Base in 1994 resulted in the loss of 10,000 military and civilian jobs and sent San Bernardino's economy into a downturn that has been somewhat offset by more recent growth in the intermodal shipping industry. The jobless rate in the region rose to more than 12 percent during the years immediately after the base closing. As of 2007 households within one mile of the city core had a median income of only $20,480, less than half that of the Inland region as a whole.^[36] Over 15 percent of San Bernardino residents are unemployed as of 2012, and over 40 percent are on some form of public assistance.^[37] According to the US Census, 34.6 percent of residents live below the poverty level, making San Bernardino the poorest city for its population in California, and the second poorest in the US next to Detroit.^[38]

Amazon.com has built a new {{Convert|950,000|sqft|acre|adj=on|sigfig=2}} fulfillment warehouse on the south side of the airport, that opened in the fall of 2012, promising to create 1,000 new jobs, which will make it one of the city's largest employers. Reference no longer valid

Top employers

According to the city's 2010 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,^[39] the top employers in the city are:

Arts and culture

Annual events

San Bernardino hosts several major annual events, including: Route 66 Rendezvous,^[40] a four-day celebration of America's "Mother Road" that is held in downtown San Bernardino each September; the Berdoo Bikes & Blues Rendezvous, held in the spring; the National Orange Show Festival,^[41] a citrus exposition founded in 1911 and also held in the spring; and, the Western Regional Little League Championships held each August, as well as the annual anniversary of the birth of the Mother Charter of the Hells Angels Motorcycle Club, Berdoo California Chapter.

Museums

The Robert V. Fullerton Museum of Art, located on the campus of California State University, San Bernardino, contains a collection of Egyptian antiquities, ancient pottery from present-day Italy, and funerary art from ancient China. In addition to the extensive antiquities on display, the museum presents contemporary art and changing exhibitions.

The Heritage House holds the collection of the San Bernardino Historic and Pioneer Society, while the [https://web.archive.org/web/20110217080149/http://www.co.san-bernardino.ca.us/museum/ San Bernardino County Museum] of regional history in Redlands has exhibits relating to the city of San Bernardino as well.

The San Bernardino Railroad and History Museum is located inside the historic Santa Fe Depot. A Route 66 museum is located on the historic site of the original McDonald's restaurant.^[42] It is at 1398 North E Street and West 14th Street.

Specialty museums include the Inland Empire Military Museum,^[43] the American Sports Museum, and the adjacent WBC Legends of Boxing Museum.

Performing arts

Resorts and tourism

San Bernardino is home to the historic Arrowhead Springs Hotel and Spa, located in the Arrowhead Springs neighborhood, which encompasses {{convert|1916|acre|km2}} directly beneath the Arrowhead geological monument that presides over the San Bernardino Valley. The resort contains hot springs, in addition to mineral baths and steam caves located deep underground. Long the headquarters for Campus Crusade for Christ, the site now remains largely vacant and unused since their operations moved to Florida.^[47]

The $300 million Casino San Manuel, one of the few in southern California that does not operate as a resort hotel, is located approximately one mile from the Arrowhead Springs Hotel and Spa.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} The city is also home to the Arrowhead Country Club and Golf Course.

In downtown, Clarion, adjacent to the San Bernardino Convention Center, is the largest hotel while the Hilton is the largest in the Hospitality Lane District.

Nicknames

San Bernardino has received many informal nicknames in its history. Of these, San Berdoo, S.B.D., S.B., San B., Dino, San Bernas, and Berdoo^[48]^[49] are the most common but are sometimes considered derogatory or undignified. Other, more official nicknames include: Gate City^[50] (to reflect its proximity to Los Angeles, and location at the southern and western end of the Cajon Pass, leading to the High Desert and Las Vegas, Nevada); The Friendly City;^[51]^[52] City on the Move;^[51] and, most recently, The Heartbeat of U.S. Route 66.^[53]

Sports

The California State University, San Bernardino (CSUSB) Coyotes compete at the NCAA Division II level in a variety of sports. San Bernardino Valley College competes in the CCCAA and is the only school to offer football at the collegiate level in San Bernardino.

CSUSB used to play their home baseball games at the downtown venue, Arrowhead Credit Union Park, but now play all their home games at the uptown venue, Fiscalini Field.^[54]

San Bernardino has had other professional and semi-pro teams over the years, including the San Bernardino Jazz professional women's volleyball team, the San Bernardino Pride Senior Baseball team, and the San Bernardino Spirit California League Single A baseball team.

San Bernardino also hosts the BSR West Super Late Model Series at Orange Show Speedway. The series fields many drivers, including NASCAR Camping World Truck Series regular Ron Hornaday, who drove the No. 33 in a race on July 12, 2008.

Inland Empire 66ers

The city hosts the Inland Empire 66ers baseball club of the California League, which since 2011 has been the Los Angeles Angels Single A affiliate. The team was the Los Angeles Dodgers Single A affiliate from 2007 to 2010. The 66ers play at San Manuel Stadium in downtown San Bernardino.^[12]

Parks and recreation

San Bernardino offers several parks and other recreation facilities. Perris Hill Park is the largest with: Roosevelt Bowl, Fiscalini Field,^[55] several tennis courts, a Y.M.C.A., a senior center, a shooting range, hiking trails, and a pool. Other notable parks include: the Glen Helen Regional Park, operated by the County of San Bernardino, is located in the northernmost part of the city. Blair Park is another midsized park near the University District, it is home to a well known skate park and various hiking trails on Shandin Hills, also known as Little Mountain.

Government

Local government

According to the city's 2012 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the city's various funds had $313.6 million in Revenues, $298.5 million in expenditures, $1,113.3 million in total assets, $449.6 million in total liabilities, and $181.0 million in cash and investments.^[39]

The city of San Bernardino is a charter city, a form of government under California that allows limited home-rule, in that it can pass its own laws not in conflict with state law, such as when state law is silent, or expressly allows municipal regulations of areas of local concern. San Bernardino became a charter city in 1905, the most current charter was passed in 2004.

The city of San Bernardino has a full-time, elected mayor, a city manager, an elected City Attorney, City Clerk, and City Treasurer, and seven council positions elected in a ward system. The charter also created the San Bernardino City Unified School District, a legally separate agency, and the Board of Water Commissioners, a semi-autonomous, but legally indistinct commission, and a Board of Library Trustees. The City Manager is responsible for all department heads, except for the fire and police chiefs. Previously, the San Bernardino Municipal Code recognized a City Administrator.

When the city originally adopted a ward system, there were five wards. In the 1960s, the Council was expanded to seven wards. The boundaries are adjusted with each federal census. The current council is:^[8]

As per California law, all city positions are nonpartisan. Bob Holcomb (1922–2010) was the longest-serving mayor of San Bernardino to date, holding the office from 1971 until 1985 and again from 1989 to 1993.^[56]^[57]

San Bernardino's legal community has two centers: downtown and Hospitality Lane. Criminal, family, and government lawyers are centered downtown, while local civil firms and outposts of state and national firms, corporate, and insurance defense firms, are located along Hospitality Lane. The government of Mexico has a consulate in downtown San Bernardino on the southeast corner of Third Street and "D" Street. Citizens of Mexico can obtain a Matrícula Consular, which many governments and businesses use in lieu of U.S. photo identification.

Bankruptcy

On July 10, 2012, the City Council of San Bernardino decided to seek protection under Chapter 9, Title 11, United States Code, making it the third California municipality to do so in less than two weeks (after Stockton and the town of Mammoth Lakes), and the second-largest ever. According to state law, the city would normally have to negotiate with creditors first, but, because they declared a fiscal emergency in June, that requirement did not apply.^[59]^[60] The case was filed on August 1.^[14]

Municipal code

As a charter city, San Bernardino may make and enforce its own laws as long as they are not in conflict with the laws of the State of California. These rules have been codified as the San Bernardino Municipal Code. Violations of the code, punishable as a misdemeanor or infraction (or both) are prosecuted by the City Attorney's Office in the San Bernardino County Superior Court. The city also has two administrative processes for violations of the code, as well as other adopted codes, like the California Building Code and the California Fire Code. One process is an administrative citation system, similar to a parking ticket, with a pay or contest procedure. The other is an administrative hearing process, generally used by the Code Enforcement Department for prosecuting multiple code violations.

City of San Bernardino Economic Development Agency

The Redevelopment Agency of the City of San Bernardino, also known as the "Economic Development Agency of the City of San Bernardino," is a separate legal entity, though the City Council of the city of San Bernardino sits as the Agency Board, and the mayor is its executive.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}

Downtown San Bernardino revitalization efforts

In June 2009, the city's Economic Development Agency, presented the San Bernardino City Council with the Downtown Core Vision / Action Plan^[61]– a guide for revitalizing Downtown San Bernardino for the next 10 years. The plan, which the city council approved to support, is the culmination of a year of research, community participation, and planning led by the city's EDA and the urban planning firm EDAW which has worked on master planning across the globe for downtown areas that include Milan, Italy; London, England; New York, New York; and Denver, Colorado, to name a few.

A driving force in the initial phase of the revitalization efforts is the development of an arts and culture district in the heart of Downtown San Bernardino.{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} This effort is being anchored by the historic and iconic California Theatre,^[44] which has been in continuous operation since first opening its doors in 1928. California-based Maya Cinemas, which is adjacent to California Theatre, is in the process of renovating the former CinemaStar movie theatre. These two entertainment facilities are the foundation of what will become a vibrant center for the arts and culture.

Joint-power authorities

San Bernardino shares certain powers with other agencies to form legally separate entities known as joint-power authorities under California law. These include Omnitrans, which provides transportation throughout the east and west valleys of San Bernardino County, SANBAG, which coordinates transportation projects throughout the county, and the Inland Valley Development Agency, which is responsible for redevelopment of the areas around the San Bernardino International Airport.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}

County seat

San Bernardino is the county seat of San Bernardino County, the largest formal county in the contiguous United States by area, but smaller than the informally organized county equivalent Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area, Alaska and the formal county equivalent North Slope Borough, Alaska, as well as four other formal county equivalents and five other informally organized county equivalents in Alaska. Various state courts, (for civil, criminal and juvenile trials) operate under the auspices of the Superior Court, San Bernardino District (formerly Central Division prior to the unification of the Superior and Municipal Courts in 1998). Currently, the Superior Court of California county courthouse is located at 351 North Arrowhead Avenue. It consists of a four-story building of steel and concrete construction built in 1927. A six-story addition was added in the 1950s. Currently, the 1926 structure is being retrofitted. A new courthouse, located at 247 West Third Street, opened in 2014, which houses civil courts.

Juvenile Court and Juvenile Hall are located in a county enclave adjacent to the city on Gilbert Street, near the site of the former County Hospital.

The County's District Attorney and the Public Defender both have their main offices on Mountain View Avenue, directly east of the Courthouse.

The California Court of Appeal Fourth District, Division Two used to be located in San Bernardino, but moved to Riverside in the 1990s. Federal cases (including Bankruptcy) are also heard in Riverside courthouses.

Public safety

The 1905 Charter created the San Bernardino Police Department and chief of police; before 1905, there was a position of city marshal. The current charter places the chief of police under the direction of the mayor.

The San Bernardino City Fire Department was founded in 1878 and dissolved on July 1, 2016, to be taken over by the San Bernardino County Fire District.^[62]

Charter Section 186 requires that the monthly salaries of police and fire local safety members be the average of like positions at ten comparable cities in California.^[63] Thus, if the average goes up in other cities, the compensation of the local safety employees automatically rises.

Over 90 percent of local police officers do not live within the city limits.^[64]

Recent police efforts include joint patrols with the San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department and the California Highway Patrol. As of November 2006,^[65] Part 1 Crime (Murders, Rape, Robbery, Assault, Burglary and Theft) was down 14.07 percent from 2005. Stricter enforcement caused a rise in both juvenile and adult arrests.^[66]

San Bernardino has long battled high crime rates. According to statistics published by Morgan Quitno, San Bernardino was the 16th most dangerous US city in 2003,^[67] 18th in 2004^[68] and 24th in 2005. San Bernardino's murder rate was 29 per 100,000 in 2005, the 13th highest murder rate in the country and the third highest in the state of California after Compton and Richmond.^[69] Police efforts have significantly reduced crime in 2008^[70] and a major drop collectively since 1993 when the city's murder rate placed ninth in the nation.^[71] Thirty two killings occurred in 2009, a number identical to 2008 and the lowest murder rate in San Bernardino since 2002, but only a third of cases led to arrests.^[72]^[73] According to findings by the U.S. Census Bureau, San Bernardino was among the most poverty-stricken cities in the nation, second nationally behind Detroit.^[74]

Jails

The San Bernardino Police Department has a holding area, but pre-trial arrested suspects are transported to the West Valley Detention Center in Rancho Cucamonga. Sentenced criminals are held at the Glen Helen Rehabilitation Center, in the northern limits of the city in the Verdemont neighborhood. While the Central Detention Center, located at 630 East Rialto Avenue in San Bernardino, served as the main jail from 1971–1992, today it mostly serves federal prisoners under contract.

State and federal representation

In the California State Senate, San Bernardino is split between {{Representative|casd|20|fmt=sdistrict}}, and {{Representative|casd|23|fmt=sdistrict}}.^[75] In the California State Assembly, it is split between {{Representative|caad|40|fmt=adistrict}}, and {{Representative|caad|47|fmt=adistrict}}.^[76]

In the United States House of Representatives, San Bernardino is in California's 31st congressional district, which has a Cook PVI of D+5^[77] and is represented by {{Representative|cacd|31|fmt=pfl}}.^[78]

Education

San Bernardino is primarily served by the San Bernardino City Unified School District, the eighth largest district in the state,^[79] although it is also served by Rim of the World (far north, mountains), Redlands (far south east) and Rialto (far west) Unified School Districts.

Colleges and universities

High schools

The district, as signified by its name, has elementary, intermediate, and high schools. The comprehensive high schools are:

Media

San Bernardino is part of the Los Angeles Nielsen area. As such, most its residents receive the same local television and radio stations as residents of Los Angeles. KVCR-DT, a PBS affiliate operated by the San Bernardino Community College District, is the only local San Bernardino television station. KPXN, the Los Angeles Ion Television network affiliate, is licensed to San Bernardino, but contains no local content. Most of the northern section of San Bernardino cannot receive over-the-air television broadcasts from Los Angeles because Mount Baldy, and other San Gabriel Mountain peaks, block transmissions from Mount Wilson. Since the 1960s, most North San Bernardino residents have required cable television to obtain television. Today, the city has one main cable franchise: the city has Charter Communications. Mountain Shadow Cable is a small local company that provides services to the eponymous mobile home park. DBS satellite also has a presence. Local programming is handled by the city's Public, educational, and government access (PEG) cable TV channel KCSB-TV.

Historically, San Bernardino has had a number of newspapers. Today, the San Bernardino Sun, founded in 1894 (but was the continuation of an earlier paper) publishes in North San Bernardino, and has a circulation area roughly from Yucaipa to Fontana, including the mountain communities. Many older residents refer to the Sun as the Sun-Telegram, its name when it merged with the afternoon Telegram in the 1960s. The Precinct Reporter has been publishing weekly since 1965, primarily serving African American residents. Its circulation also includes Riverside County and Pomona Valley. There is also the Black Voice News that previously served Riverside has been in the area over 30 years and has more recently served African Americans that live in the community. Another local newspaper centered mostly around the African American community is the Westside Story Newspaper, established in 1987. Their coverage area extends to the greater area of San Bernardino County. They currently operate locally and online.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}} The Inland Catholic Byte is the newspaper of the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Bernardino. The Los Angeles Times is also widely circulated.

The Inland Empire also has its own Arbitron area. Therefore, there are several radio stations that broadcast in San Bernardino or other Inland Empire cities. These include top 40 station KHTI, country music station KFRG, NPR member station KVCR and news/talk/music station KCAA 1050 AM, with studios in the Carousel Mall. Other than government or media outlets, there is no major internet site made for the Inland Empire.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Roads and highways

San Bernardino has a system of mostly publicly maintained local streets, including major arterials, some private streets, state highways, and interstate highways.

The city's street system is laid out in a grid network, mostly aligned with the public land survey system. The major streets are north-south streets, from the west, are: Meridian Avenue, Mount Vernon Avenue, E Street, Arrowhead Avenue, Sierra Way, Waterman Avenue, Tippecanoe Avenue, Del Rosa Avenue, Sterling Avenue, Arden Avenue, Victoria Avenue, Palm Avenue, and Boulder Street. The major east-west streets, from the north, are: Northpark Boulevard, Kendall Avenue, 40th Street, Marshall Boulevard, 30th Street, Highland Avenue, Base Line (Street), 9th Street, 5th Street, 2nd Street, Rialto Avenue, Mill Street, Orange Show Road, and Hospitality Lane.

Rail service

Amtrak's Southwest Chief, operating between Los Angeles and Chicago, has one daily train in each direction that stops at the San Bernardino station.

San Bernardino is served by the Metrolink regional rail service. Lines include: the Metrolink Inland Empire-Orange County Line and the Metrolink San Bernardino Line.

Plans are underway by SANBAG to create a passenger rail link to Redlands, California, with potential station-stops at Mill Street and Hospitality Lane. It would connect with the downtown mutimodal transit center that is under construction in the downtown area, where passengers would be able to connect with Metrolink, BRT, and regular bus service from MARTA, Omnitrans, and VVTA.^[80]

Bus

The city of San Bernardino is a member of the joint-powers authority of Omnitrans and MARTA. A Bus Rapid Transit corridor, called sbX Green Line, connects the north part of the city near California State University, San Bernardino and the Verdemont Hills area with the Jerry L. Pettis VA Medical Center in Loma Linda, CA.^[81]^[82] Additional bus routes and on-demand shuttle service for the disabled and elderly is also provided by Omnitrans. MARTA provides a connection between downtown and the mountain communities.

Airports

Cemeteries

Notable people

Sister cities

San Bernardino has eleven sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International and the Mayor's office^[89] of the City of San Bernardino:

See also

References

1. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc |title=California Cities by Incorporation Date |format=Word |publisher=California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions |accessdate=August 25, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc |archivedate=November 3, 2014 |df= }}
2. ^{{Cite web | url=http://sbcity.org/cityhall/city_council/default.asp | title=City of San Bernardino - Common Council}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_06.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=Jun 28, 2017}}
4. ^{{Cite GNIS|1661375|San Bernardino|accessdate=December 3, 2014}}
5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0665000.html|title=San Bernardino (city) QuickFacts|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=March 20, 2015}}
6. ^¹²{{cite web|title=American FactFinder|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/community_facts.xhtml#|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=June 19, 2018}}
7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://sbcity.org/cityhall/city_managers_office/default.asp|title=City Manager's Office|publisher=City of San Bernardino|accessdate=January 24, 2015}}
8. ^¹²{{Cite web|url=http://sbcity.org/officials/default.asp|accessdate=September 18, 2014|publisher=City of San Bernardino|title=Elected Officials}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_PL_GCTPL1.ST13&prodType=table#|title=American FactFinder - Results|author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS)|publisher=}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pe.com/local-news/local-news-headlines/20140307-immigration-guatemala-to-open-san-bernardino-consulate.ece|title=IMMIGRATION: Guatemala to open San Bernardino consulate|author=DAVID OLSON|date=March 7, 2014|work=Press Enterprise}}
11. ^{{cite web|title=American Sports University|url=http://www.americansportsuniversity.com/fox_theatre.php|publisher=American Sports University|accessdate=September 5, 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624162743/http://www.americansportsuniversity.com/fox_theatre.php|archivedate=June 24, 2012|df=mdy-all}}
12. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.milb.com/team2/page.jsp?ymd=20100310&content_id=8748902&vkey=team2_t401&fext=.jsp&sid=t401|title=History - Inland Empire 66ers San Manuel Stadium|work=Inland Empire 66ers}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=City of San Bernardino, California Chapter 9 Voluntary Petition|url=https://www.pacermonitor.com/view/AUMPLNQ/City_of_San_Bernardino_California__cacbke-12-28006__0001.0.pdf|website=PacerMonitor|publisher=PacerMonitor|accessdate=22 June 2016}}
14. ^¹{{cite news|last=Reid|first=Tim|title=San Bernardino, California, files for bankruptcy with over $1 billion in debts|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/02/us-usa-bankrupty-san-bernardino-idUSBRE87105220120802|newspaper=Reuters|accessdate=September 5, 2012|date=2012-08-02}}
15. ^Munro, Pamela, et al., Yaara' Shiraaw'ax 'Eyooshiraaw'a. Now You're Speaking Our Language: Gabrielino/Tongva/Fernandeño. Lulu.com: 2008.
16. ^[https://archive.org/details/historyofsanbern00caba Caballeria y Collell, Juan, HISTORY OF SAN BERNARDINO VALLEY, from the padres to the pioneers, 1810-1851, Times-Index Press, San Bernardino, Cal., 1902.]
17. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.sanmanuel-nsn.gov/culture_history.php.html |title=History |publisher=San Manuel Band of Mission Indians |accessdate=November 6, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823043732/http://www.sanmanuel-nsn.gov/culture_history.php.html |archivedate=August 23, 2014 |df= }}
18. ^Modern Marvels "Fast Food Tech"; History Channel; Viewed December 3, 2009
19. ^{{cite web|title=Past Winners|url=https://www.nationalcivicleague.org/america-city-award/past-winners/?string=san+bernadino|website=National Civic League|accessdate=16 March 2018}}
20. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-bankrupty-san-bernardino-idUSBRE87105220120802|title=San Bernardino, California, files for bankruptcy with over $1 billion in debts|last=|first=|date=August 2, 2012|work=Reuters|access-date=June 12, 2017}}
21. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.weather.com/outlook/events/weddings/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USCA0978| title = Average Weather for San Bernardino, CA – Temperature and Precipitation| accessdate =October 27, 2009| publisher = The Weather Channel}}
22. ^New attack on California's dirty airby Tony Barboza, LA Times Oct. 1, 2015
23. ^{{cite web |url=ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USC00047723.normals.txt |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Station Name: CA SAN BERNARDINO F S 226 |accessdate=July 3, 2013}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mapquest.com/maps?address=S+E+St+%26+W+Hospitality+Ln&city=San+Bernardino&state=CA&zipcode=92408&latitude=34.06568&longitude=-117.29345&geocode=INTERSECTION |title=Hospitality Ln. & E St |publisher=Mapquest.com |accessdate=December 10, 2011}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|archivedate=May 12, 2015|df=mdy }}
26. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/0665000,00 |title=San Bernardino (city), California |work=State & County QuickFacts |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}
27. ^¹²{{cite web|title=Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990 |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/69hd5KAIE?url=http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html |archivedate=August 6, 2012 |df= }}
28. ^¹From 15% sample
29. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0665000|title=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - San Bernardino city|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=July 12, 2014}}
30. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0665000.html|title=San Bernardino (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau|publisher=}}
31. ^{{cite news| url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/29/local/me-deadprez29 | work=Los Angeles Times | title=Murder trial exposes gang intrigue, greed | first=Sam | last=Quinones | date=June 29, 2008|accessdate=December 2, 2016}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sbsun.com/elections/ci_9590759 |title=Obama inspires hope on Westside – San Bernardino County Sun |publisher=Sbsun.com |date=March 9, 2010 |accessdate=December 10, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217091401/http://www.sbsun.com/elections/ci_9590759 |archivedate=February 17, 2012 |df= }}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pe.com/localnews/sbcounty/stories/PE_News_Local_S_mobilize21.2f179b8.html |title=Inland get-out-the-vote effort tries personal contact |accessdate=2008-10-20 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090921175649/http://www.pe.com/localnews/sbcounty/stories/PE_News_Local_S_mobilize21.2f179b8.html |archivedate=September 21, 2009 |df=mdy }}
34. ^{{cite web| last = Faturechi| first = Robert| title = San Bernardino loses its Jewish congregation| date = January 25, 2010| accessdate =January 25, 2010| url = http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jan/25/local/la-me-beliefs25-2010jan25| work=Los Angeles Times| postscript = {{inconsistent citations}}}}
35. ^¹{{Cite book | last=Advisory Services Panel | title=San Bernardino, California: Crossroads of the Southwest | url=http://www.ci.san-bernardino.ca.us/civica/filebank/blobdload.asp?BlobID=4907 | publisher=Urban Land Institute | location=Washington, D.C. | date=June 24–29, 2007 | accessdate=December 26, 2007}}
36. ^{{cite news | last=Brown | first=Josh | title=San Bernardino's base redevelopment efforts take circuitous path | url=http://www.pe.com/localnews/sbcounty/stories/PE_News_Local_D_nortonmain26.2037459.html | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520021635/http://www.pe.com/localnews/sbcounty/stories/PE_News_Local_D_nortonmain26.2037459.html | archivedate=May 20, 2011 | publisher=Press Enterprise | date=July 25, 2007 | accessdate=December 26, 2007}}
37. ^{{cite news|last=Willon|first=Phil|title=Plenty of blame on long road to San Bernardino bankruptcy|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-san-bernardino-20120713,0,3298664.story|accessdate=July 17, 2012|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=July 12, 2012}}
38. ^{{cite news|last=Romero|first=Dennis|title=America's Second Poorest Big City is Right Here in Southern California: San Bernardino|url=http://blogs.laweekly.com/informer/2011/10/san_bernardino_poor_poverty_so.php|accessdate=July 12, 2012|newspaper=LA Weekly|date=October 17, 2011}}
39. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.san-bernardino.ca.us/civica/filebank/blobdload.asp?BlobID=10661 |title=City of San Bernardino CAFR |accessdate=April 22, 2012}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.route-66.org/ |title=19th Annual Stater Bros. Route 66 Rendezvous |publisher=Route-66.org |accessdate=December 10, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20070801193319/http://www.route-66.org/ |archivedate=August 1, 2007 |df= }}
41. ^NOS Festival {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722154234/http://www.nosevents.com/NOS_fair/history.htm |date=July 22, 2011 }}
42. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.route-66.com/mcdonalds/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20091012230532/http://www.route-66.com/mcdonalds/ |archive-date=October 12, 2009 |title=Welcome to the Historic Site Of The First McDonalds |dead-url=yes |accessdate=June 1, 2016}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sbsun.com/ci_3652208 |title=Inland Empire Military Museum |publisher=Sbsun.com |accessdate=December 10, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217091511/http://www.sbsun.com/ci_3652208 |archivedate=February 17, 2012 |df= }}
44. ^¹{{Cite web | url=http://www.californiatheatre.net/ | title=Home}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sturgescenter.org/|title=Sturges Center for the Fine Arts|publisher=}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://lyricsymphony.com/calendar.php|title=Lyric Symphony Orchestra|date=December 4, 2010|publisher=}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://ohp.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=21476|title=California Historical Landmarks: San Bernardino County|accessdate=August 10, 2009}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://angeles.sierraclub.org/hps/signatures/26g.htm |title=Used since the 1870s |publisher=angeles.sierraclub.org |date=February 25, 2003 |accessdate=December 10, 2011}}
49. ^{{cite news|author=|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821570-1,00.html |title=Practical Presbyterian, Time Magazine, April 23, 1951 |work=Time |date=April 23, 1951 |accessdate=December 10, 2011}}
50. ^See The San Bernardino Daily Sun, July 1918 quoted at Santa Fe Depot and the Railroads
51. ^¹Interview of Edward Thomann on January 9, 2003 by Professor Joyce Hanson, for the San Bernardino Oral History Project, January 9, 2003{{cite web|url=http://www.uia.net/~sbpl/thomann.html |title=Historical Treasures of San Bernardino |accessdate=2007-03-03 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113182927/http://www.uia.net/~sbpl/thomann.html |archivedate=January 13, 2009 |df=mdy }}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.san-bernardino.org/about/index_about.html|title=About San Bernardino|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021023122414/http://www.san-bernardino.org/about/index_about.html|archivedate=October 23, 2002|df=mdy-all}}
53. ^The Convention and Visitor's Bureau created this slogan, but no longer uses it
54. ^Events Calendar
55. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalballparks.com/California/Fiscalini.html |title=Fiscalini Field |publisher=Digitalballparks.com |date=September 15, 2002 |accessdate=December 10, 2011}}
56. ^{{cite news|first=James Rufus|last=Koren|title=Ex-mayor of San Bernardino dies at 88|url=http://www.sbsun.com/ci_16738877?source=most_viewed|work=The San Bernardino Sun|date=November 29, 2010|accessdate=December 11, 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314032949/http://www.sbsun.com/ci_16738877?source=most_viewed|archivedate=March 14, 2012|df=mdy-all}}
57. ^{{cite news|first=Andrew |last=Edwards |title=Former SB mayor W.R. "Bob" Holcomb laid to rest |url=http://www.contracostatimes.com/california/ci_16819669 |work=Contra Costa Times |date=December 9, 2010 |accessdate=December 12, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213232533/http://www.contracostatimes.com/california/ci_16819669 |archivedate=December 13, 2010 |df= }}
58. ^Mayors of San Bernardino, City of San Bernardino (accessed December 4, 2015).
59. ^¹{{cite web|title=3rd Calif. city to file for bankruptcy in 1 month|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57469953/3rd-calif-city-to-file-for-bankruptcy-in-1-month/|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=July 11, 2012}}
60. ^¹{{cite news|last=Church|first=Steven|title=San Bernardino Bankruptcy Judge Sets Oct. 24 Deadline|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2012-08-17/san-bernardino-bankruptcy-judge-sets-oct-dot-24-deadline|accessdate=August 21, 2012|newspaper=BloombergBusinessWeek|date=August 17, 2012}}
61. ^{{cite web |author=City of San Bernardino EDA, Pirih Productions, and Brostrom Software Solutions |url=http://www.sbrda.org/corevision.htm |title=Downtown Core Vision |publisher=Sbrda.org |accessdate=December 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009125146/http://www.sbrda.org/corevision.htm |archive-date=October 9, 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
62. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.san-bernardino.ca.us/depts/fire/stations.asp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305184545/http://www.ci.san-bernardino.ca.us/depts/fire/stations.asp |archivedate=March 5, 2007 |title=San Bernardino City Fire Department. Stations |publisher=Ci.san-bernardino.ca.us |accessdate=December 10, 2011}}
63. ^City of San Bernardino, Charter section 186, San Bernardino Municipal Code section 1.28.020
64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.blackvoicenews.com/commentary/hardy-l-brown/40592-editorials-by-hardy-brown.html |title=Brinker, Derry, Kelley & McCammack 'Wrapped Up, Tied Up, Tangled Up' . . . Ethics Gone |author=Brown, Hardy|date=March 15, 2007|accessdate=2012-04-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521115313/http://www.blackvoicenews.com/commentary/hardy-l-brown/40592-editorials-by-hardy-brown.html |archivedate=May 21, 2014 |work =San Bernardino Black Voice News }}
65. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.san-bernardino.ca.us/civica/filebank/blobdload.asp?BlobID=3580 |title=November 2006 Part 1 Crime in San Bernardino |accessdate=December 10, 2011}}
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.san-bernardino.ca.us/civica/filebank/blobdload.asp?BlobID=3530 |title=Juvenile and adult arrests in San Bernardino |accessdate=December 10, 2011}}
67. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.morganquitno.com/cit05pop.htm |title=Morgan Quitno. 2005 city crime statistics |publisher=Morganquitno.com |accessdate=December 10, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225033434/http://www.morganquitno.com/cit05pop.htm |archivedate=December 25, 2011 |df= }}
68. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.comunidadesegura.org/?q=en/node/30265 |title=Comunidad Segura. Lis Horta Moriconi, 13/09/2006. California's San Bernardino aims for a turnaround with Operation Phoenix |publisher=Comunidadesegura.org |date=September 13, 2006 |accessdate=December 10, 2011}}
69. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0934323.html |title=Infoplease. Crime Data. 2005 Murder Rate in Cities |publisher=Infoplease.com |accessdate=December 10, 2011}}
70. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pe.com/localnews/inland/stories/PE_News_Local_N_ncrime11.4a8ed04.html |title=Crime falls nearly 10 percent in San Bernardino |accessdate=2011-05-20 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520022457/http://www.pe.com/localnews/inland/stories/PE_News_Local_N_ncrime11.4a8ed04.html |archivedate=May 20, 2011 |df=mdy|work=Press Enterprise|author=Brooks, Ricahrd|date= July 10, 2008 }}
71. ^{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n7_v87/ai_15969801/ |title=Jet. FBI report lists cities with highest murder rates in 1993 |publisher=Findarticles.com |date=December 19, 1994 |accessdate=December 10, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712052802/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n7_v87/ai_15969801/ |archivedate=July 12, 2014 |df= }}
72. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.pe.com/localnews/inland/stories/PE_News_Local_N_nstats20.3f92fec.html |title=2007 data: San Bernardino has state's 4th highest murder rate for cities above 10,000 people |last=Larocco |first=Paul |date=September 20, 2008 |work=Press Enterprise |publisher=A. H. Belo |accessdate=January 19, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120912064624/http://www.pe.com/localnews/inland/stories/PE_News_Local_N_nstats20.3f92fec.html |archivedate=September 12, 2012 }}
73. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.pe.com/localnews/sanbernardino/stories/PE_News_Local_W_homicide09.37d8122.html |title=Inland's largest cities log lower or near-identical killing totals in 2009 |last=Larocco |first=Paul |date=January 8, 2010 |work=Press Enterprise |publisher=A. H. Belo |accessdate=January 19, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120907051324/http://www.pe.com/localnews/sanbernardino/stories/PE_News_Local_W_homicide09.37d8122.html |archivedate=September 7, 2012 }}
74. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.sbsun.com/general-news/20111016/san-bernardino-among-most-poverty-stricken-in-nation|title=San Bernardino among most poverty-stricken in nation|last=Dulaney|first=Josh|date=October 16, 2011|newspaper=San Bernardino Sun|accessdate=June 17, 2016}}
75. ^{{Cite web |url = http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_sd_finaldraft_splits.zip |title = Communities of Interest — City |publisher = California Citizens Redistricting Commission |accessdate = September 28, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054153/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_sd_finaldraft_splits.zip |archive-date = October 23, 2015 |dead-url = yes |df = mdy-all}}
76. ^{{Cite web |url = http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_ad_finaldraft_splits.zip |title = Communities of Interest — City |publisher = California Citizens Redistricting Commission |accessdate = September 28, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054757/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_ad_finaldraft_splits.zip |archive-date = October 23, 2015 |dead-url = yes |df = mdy-all}}
77. ^{{Cite web | url = http://cookpolitical.com/file/2013-04-49.pdf | title = Partisan Voting Index: Districts of the 113th Congress | publisher = The Cook Political Report | accessdate = November 30, 2014}}
78. ^{{Cite GovTrack|CA|31}}
79. ^{{cite web|url=http://sbcusd.com/DocumentView.aspx?DID=14211|title=San Bernardino City Unified School District|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504190120/http://sbcusd.com/DocumentView.aspx?DID=14211|archivedate=May 4, 2012|df=mdy-all}}
80. ^{{Cite news|last=Begley |first=Doug |title=E Street transit center chosen for Metrolink plan |work=Press Enterprise |publisher=A. H. Belo |date=June 4, 2009 |accessdate=January 27, 2010 |url=http://www.pe.com/localnews/transportation/stories/PE_News_Local_S_sanbag04.3dde5b3.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130131024540/http://www.pe.com/localnews/transportation/stories/PE_News_Local_S_sanbag04.3dde5b3.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=January 31, 2013 }}
81. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.omnitrans.org/blog/2014/04/24/pep-rally-celebrates-sbx-completion/ |title=Pep Rally Celebrates sbX Completion |publisher=Omnitrans |date=April 24, 2014 |accessdate=April 27, 2014}}
82. ^About sbX {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823165157/http://estreet-sbx.com/about/index.html |date=August 23, 2013 }}
83. ^{{Cite news| issn = 0458-3035| last = Roberts| first = Charles| title = Jet Service comes to SBD| work = Highland News| accessdate = August 4, 2009| date = August 4, 2009| url = http://www.highlandnews.net/articles/2009/08/04/news/doc4a72283782c9f979209691.txt}}{{registration required}}
84. ^{{GNIS|1841973|Campo Santo Cemetery}}
85. ^{{GNIS|243595|Home of Eternity Cemetery}}
86. ^{{GNIS|246300|Mountain View Cemetery}}
87. ^{{GNIS|247565|Pioneer Memorial Cemetery}}
88. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.san-bernardino.ca.us/cityhall/parks/pioneer_memorial_cemetery/default.asp|title=City of San Bernardino - Pioneer Memorial Cemetery|publisher=}}
89. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.san-bernardino.ca.us/depts/mayor/sister_cities.asp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305210800/http://www.ci.san-bernardino.ca.us/depts/mayor/sister_cities.asp |archivedate=March 5, 2007 |title=Mayor's Office – Sister Cities |publisher=Ci.san-bernardino.ca.us |accessdate=December 10, 2011}}