| 词条 | Juncus phaeocephalus |
| 释义 |
| image = Juncus phaeocephalus phaeocephalus.jpeg | image_caption = Juncus phaeocephalus var. phaeocephalus | genus = Juncus | species = phaeocephalus | authority = Engelm. }} Juncus phaeocephalus, the brown-headed rush, is native mostly along the coast of California, north to Oregon and Washington.[1] It grows in moist seeps and shallow wet soil. DistributionJuncus phaeocephalus is native to the coastlines of California. It is distributed in meadows and borders of swamps and coastal regions from Los Angeles County and Mendocino County to Oregon and Washington.[2]
Juncus phaeocephalus grows along the coast in sand dunes, marshes and sloughs. Some of them also grow inland in wet grassy meadows, bogs, and along lakes and streams, such as in the Peninsular Ranges and Transverse Ranges of Southern California.[3][4] Its creeping rhizomes can spread across moist soil. This perennial plant can grow in elevations less than {{convert|2200|m|ft}} high. DescriptionJuncus phaeocephalus is perennial with creeping rhizomes. It has flattened stems that are two-edged and can grow up to {{convert|1.5|ft|m}} tall. Its leaves are shorter than its flowering stems. Brown-head Rush can be easily mistaken from sedges or irises because of its stems and leaves.[5] These plants have many flowers that exhibit a brownish color with one to several spherical heads at the ends of the stem.
This plant is perennial and can grow up to {{convert|1.5|ft|m}} tall. They appear as herbs and erect. Its stems are flat, erect and leafy. They arise from stout elongated rootstocks. Its leaves are 0.5 to 1.5 lines wide and are ribbed by transverse septa. The septa of the leaf-blades are not complete. It does not have any ligule. The bases of the leaves are overlapping. The blades are flat with edges towards the stem. Their tips are often fine-pointed.[6]
Its inflorescence appears terminal, having the lowest bract of the inflorescence not appearing as a continuation of the stem. The flowers of this plant are in heads. The flower’s heads can have one or many. It has 6 stamens. Its perianth is dark brown in color, and is about 4 to 6 mm long, with anthers longer than the filaments. The flowers are widely lanceolate. Its style is long and the stigmata are exserted. This plant produces many seeds. These ovoid seeds are about 0.6 mm in size. VarietiesJuncus phaeocephalus is a variable species in which several subspecific varieties have been characterized mainly on its branching patterns of the inflorescences.Named varieties include:[7]
Poisonous plantAccording to the tests made on the plants at the Chemistry Laboratory of the California Department of Food and Agriculture, Juncus phaeocephalus has as much as 30 ppm of hydrocyanic acid present in the plants. Due to its volatile nature, the concentration of this chemical might be greater before the actual testing was made. One actual case of hydrocyanic acid poisoning from a common rush occurred in California. In December 1958, two dairy heifers were found dead on a farm land near Petaluma, Sonoma County. The heifers died due to consumption of Juncus phaeocephalus plants.[8] Juncus phaeocephalus grows with Verbena spp., Mimulus guttatus, Eleocharis macrostachya and Agrostis densiflora.[9] References1. ^USDA— Juncus phaeocephalus . 2.12.2013 2. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=bffkmpjLa8EC&dq=A+Manual+of+the+Flowering+Plants+of+California |last=Jepson |first=Willis |title=A Manual of the Flowering Plants of California|year=1957|publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley and Los Angeles|isbn=9780520006065|pages=1238}} 3. ^Calflora . 2.12.2013 4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Parikh|first1=Anuja|author2=Nathan Gale|title=Vegetation monitoring of created dune swale wetlands, Vandenberg Air Force Base, California|journal=Ecological Restoration|year=1998|volume=6|issue=1|pages=83–93 |doi=10.1046/j.1526-100x.1998.06111.x}} 5. ^{{cite book |title=Terrestrial Vegetation of California|year=2007|publisher=Regents of the University of California|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles, California|isbn=978-0-520-24955-4|author1=Todd Keeler-Wolf|edition=Third|author2=Allan A. Schoenherr |author3=Michael G. Barbour|editor=Michael G. Barbour}} 6. ^{{cite book|last=Herbaria|first=Jepson|title=Vascular Plants of California|year=2012|publisher=Regents of the University of California|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=9780520253124|pages=1600|edition=Second|editors=Bruce G. Baldwin (Editor), Douglas H. Goldman (Editor), David J Keil (Editor), Robert Patterson (Editor), Thomas J. Rosatti (Editor)}} 7. ^{{cite book|last=Thomas|first=John|title=FLORA of the Santa Cruz Mountains of California|year=1961|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Stanford, California|isbn=9780804718622|pages=434 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=jTh8OF-Y9SwC&dq=FLORA+of+the+Santa+Cruz+Mountains+of+California}} 8. ^{{cite book |title=Poisonous Plants of California|year=1986|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles, London|isbn=9780520055698 |pages=433|author1=Thomas C. Fuller|author2=Elizabeth McClintock|editor=Advisory Editorial Committee}} 9. ^{{cite book|title=History of Santa Cruz County, California|year=1892|publisher=Pacific Press Publishing Company|location=San Francisco, California|author=Edward Sanford Harrison}} External links
7 : Juncus|Flora of the West Coast of the United States|Flora of California|Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Natural history of the California Coast Ranges|Poisonous plants|Plants described in 1868 |
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