| 词条 | Jund al-Aqsa | |||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Jund al-Aqsa |native_name=جند الأقصى |native_name_lang=Ar |war=the Syrian Civil War and Operation Inherent Resolve[1] |image= Flag of Jund al-Aqsa Emblem of Jund al-Aqsa |caption= |active= January 2014 – 22 February 2017 |ideology=Salafist jihadism[1] |leaders=*Abu Dhar al-Najdi al-Harethi[2]
|clans=Ansar ut-Turkistan (formerly)[7] |headquarters= *Sarmin, Idlib Governorate, Syria (2015–17)[4]
|area=Hama Governorate, Syria Idlib Governorate, Syria[8] Aleppo Governorate, Syria[9] |strength= *1,000+ (2014)[9]
|partof=
|previous= Sarayat al-Quds (part of al-Nusra Front) |next= *{{flag|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} (Majority joined in February 2017)
|allies={{flag|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} {{flagicon image|Flag of the Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria.svg}} Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria {{Flagicon image|Logo of Jaysh al-Sunna.png}} Jaysh al-Sunna[17] |opponents= State opponents
|battles= Syrian Civil War
|groups= }}Jund al-Aqsa ({{lang-ar|جند الأقصى}} Jund al-‘Aqṣā, "Garrison of al-Aqsa"), later known as Liwa al-Aqsa after 7 February 2017,[19][10][20] was a Salafist jihadist organization that was active during the Syrian Civil War.[8] Formerly known as Sarayat al-Quds, the group was founded by Abu Abdul 'Aziz al-Qatari as a subunit within the al-Nusra Front.[9] The group later became independent, because al-Nusra was growing too rapidly for its resources and had suffered from fighting the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[9] The United States Department of State designated Jund al-Aqsa as a terrorist organization.[21] The group rejoined al-Nusra Front, by then renamed Jabhat Fateh al-Sham, in October 2016.[5] However, on 23 January 2017, JFS declared that Jund Al-Aqsa was no longer part of Jabhat Fateh Al-Sham.[22] In early February 2017, some of Jund al-Aqsa's units joined the newly formed Tahrir al-Sham, while the others refused and formed a new splinter group called Liwa al-Aqsa, and captured many towns in northern Hama and southern Idlib from other rebel groups. Following these attacks, Tahrir al-Sham launched a military operation against Liwa al-Aqsa, accusing them of being an ISIL affiliate.[23] Following intense clashes with Tahrir al-Sham, up to 2,100 Liwa al-Aqsa militants left the Idlib Province to join ISIL in the Ar-Raqqah Province, by 22 February 2017.[24][25] HistoryThe name of the group means "Garrison of Aqsa," referring to Islam's third most important mosque in Jerusalem. They originally called themselves Sarayat al-Quds, which was a brigade operating under the al-Nusra Front, and drew inspiration from numerous Salafi-Jihadist scholars. Their goal is to eliminate the Assad regime, and establish a state running on Sharia law. They do not see Syria as an independent state, rather as part of a larger caliphate, protecting a Sunni nation in Syria, Yemen, and Iraq. They differ from other terrorist groups, such as the Islamic State, in their methodology. They refuse to accuse someone of apostasy {{Citation needed|date=February 2017}}(pronounced Takfeer in Arabic). Such accusations allow that rebels to deprive one another of their life and property, in other words, looting and killing. Militarily, they try to attack only areas they can maintain. They also have a strong background in bomb making and mortars. They have only opted to use suicide bombings as a last resort, and have not yet launched attacks against the West directly.[26][27][28][29][30][31] In early 2014, the group was reportedly composed of mostly non-Syrian Arab fighters.[32] By the end of the year, it had reportedly become a Syrian-majority group, partly because of defections from other Syrian rebel groups.[9] The group worked with local and foreign fighters made up of Salafi Jihadi, Palestinian movements, groups affiliated with al Qaeda, and groups affiliated with the FSA. Their military expertise was drawn largely from Iraqi, Afghani, and Bosnian Jihad veterans. The group prefers to recruit foreign fighters, as they have greater motivation, stronger connection to their ideology, and have fought in other terrorist groups prior.[26][27] Their fighting is targeted in the Syrian North.[33] On 7 January 2014, it was confirmed that 34 foreign ISIL and Jund al-Aqsa fighters had been executed in the previous few days, by rebels in the Jabal al-Zawiya area.[34] ISIL retreated from Mayadin in Deir ez-Zor Governorate, without any fighting with rebel forces.[35] East of Rastan, in the Homs Governorate, ISIL attacked a rebel headquarters, killing 15 rebel fighters.[36] During the day, it was revealed that during the previous evening, ISIL executed up to 50 prisoners in the Qadi al-Askar district of Aleppo. The dead included media activists, relief workers, and other civilians.[37] According to the opposition SOHR, 42 people were executed, including, 21 rebel fighters and five media activists.[38] In February 2014, Jund al-Aqsa captured the town of Ma'an and massacred more than 21 Alawite civilians, half of them women and children. They launched another attack in March 2014, via suicide bombings that massacred another 20 civilians. They were also involved in an operation to seize a Hama military airport in July of the same year.[39][40][41] In 2014, it was reported that the group was receiving continuous funding from wealthy private Gulf donors for their refusal to attack ISIL, part of which was the reason for their rift with al-Nusra Front and Ahrar al-Sham. They reformed after previously fighting the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, who hurt the group and also caused them to run into some debt. These Gulf donors, who financed them for this reason, refused to finance groups involved in intra-rebel fighting.[26] On 23 October 2015, Jund al-Aqsa left the Army of Conquest, because it had misgivings about fighting against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, while reaffirming its loyalty to al-Qaeda.[42] On 17 February 2016, over 400 fighters and senior leaders of Jund al-Aqsa defected to al-Nusra Front.[10][43] In the February 2016 Khanasir offensive, Jund al-Aqsa and ISIL temporarily cut off the Syrian government's supply route to Aleppo, sharing war booty captured from Syrian forces before retreating. SOHR claimed that Jund al-Aqsa joined the 2016 Idlib Governorate clashes and established checkpoints in support of JaN.[44] According to the 13th Division's media wing, their position was overran and 4 of their fighters were killed.[45] In late August 2016, Jund al-Aqsa announced an offensive in the northern Hama Governorate. During this offensive, it used a drone to drop a small bomb.[46] In October 2016, clashes between Jund al-Aqsa and Ahrar al-Sham escalated throughout the Idlib Governorate, with both sides expelling each other from several towns and villages.[47] During the clashes 800 other rebels reportedly defected to Jund al-Aqsa, increasing the group's strength up to 1,600 fighters.[12] During the clashes in Idlib, the group aided al-Nusra Front by sending them two suicide bombers of Kuwaiti and Saudi origins.[48] On 25 December 2016, 2 Free Idlib Army commanders were shot and killed in Maarat. Opposition activists accused Jund al-Aqsa of conducting the assassination.[49] The next day, the al-Nusra Front raided houses throughout Idlib and captured 16 FIA fighters from the Mountain Hawks Brigade. The rebels were captured on charges of participating in the Turkish military intervention in Syria.[50] As a result of the clashes, the group pledged allegiance to Jabhat Fatah al-Sham.[51] This group was a rebranded version of al-Nusra Front, only changing their name in July 2016. The leaders of Jabhat Fateh al-Sham (JFS) and Jund al-Aqsa signed their names in a text agreement to pledge their allegiance.[52][53] However, shortly after, an agreement between JFS and Ahrar al-Sham was posted on the Syrian opposition website, stating that Jund al Aqsa would be dissolved and completely incorporated with JFS, whereby preventing it from reconstructing independently under any other name or form.[54][55] The group has stated its continued loyalty to Ayman al Zawahiri for his eminence as the sheikh of the modern mujahedeen, according to them.[56] Within the past three years, the group has assisted al-Qaeda in toppling the Syrian Revolutionaries Front and the Hazzm Movement, two key Western-backed rebel organizations in Syria, as well as weaken a third called Division 13.[26][57][58] Some sources believe that the original rift from al-Nusra Front was part of a Qatar-led effort to rebrand al-Nusra Front, and provide it with new support, a move that could increase external aid for the terrorist group.[59] Another analysis of Jund al Aqsa's rift and reunification states that it's a reflection of al-Qaeda's strategy of downplaying its official ties to these groups, and a strategy of diversifying its investments, especially with regards to affiliations with Qatar and Kuwait and the lack of political will in their countries to combat terrorism and terror financing.[60][61] On 7 February 2017, Jund al-Aqsa attacked the headquarters of Jaysh al-Nasr near the town of Murak in northern Hama. Jund al-Aqsa captured more than 250 fighters from Jaysh al-Nasr.[62] By 9 February, Jund al-Aqsa had captured 17 towns and villages from the Free Syrian Army and Tahrir al-Sham, in the northern Hama Province.[63] On 13 February 2017, clashes erupted between the Tahrir al-Sham and Liwa al-Aqsa (Jund al-Aqsa's new brand) in northern Hama and southern Idlib.[64] It was rumored that Liwa al-Aqsa pledged allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, sparking the clashes with Tahrir al-Sham, known as a staunch ISIL opponent. On 14 February 2017, Jund al-Aqsa executed more than 170 prisoners of war, including both HTS fighters, FSA fighters, and civilians.[65][66] Kafr Nuboudah and Kafr Zita villages were the origin of the Jaysh Nasr members whom Liwa al-Aqsa executed according to Moussa al-Omar.[67] The casualties given for Jaysh Nasr were : fighters: fifty six, media reporters: three, and military chiefs : eleven, according to Moussa al-Omar.[68][69] After Jund al-Aqsa committed the slaughter at Khan Shaykhun, only one person lived to tell the tale.[70] On the next day, HTS captured the village of Heish from Jund al-Aqsa, and then besieged the retreating Jund al-Aqsa forces in Khan Shaykhun and Murak.[71] On 19 February 2017, it was reported that 600 Jund al-Aqsa militants would be transported to the Ar-Raqqah Governorate to join ISIL, while the remaining Jund al-Aqsa forces would surrender their heavy weapons and join the Turkistan Islamic Party within 72 hours. It was also reported that over 250 Free Syrian Army and Tahrir al-Sham fighters had been killed in clashes by Jund al-Aqsa.[72] On the afternoon of 19 February, a convoy of Jund al-Aqsa members and their relatives tried to cross from the Idlib Province into the Raqqa Governorate across a Syrian government supply route to Aleppo, stretching from Ithriyah to Salamiyah, in order to escape the rebel infighting in the restive Idlib Governorate. However, they were ambushed by the National Defence Forces, resulting in several deaths, with the rest of the militants surrendering themselves.[73] On 22 February 2017, the last of Liwa al-Aqsa's 2,100 militants left their final positions in Khan Shaykhun to join ISIL in the Ar-Raqqah Province after a negotiated withdrawal deal with Tahrir al-Sham and the Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria.[24][25] Afterward, Tahrir al-Sham declared terminating Liwa al-Aqsa, and promised to watch for any remaining cells in northwestern Syria.[74] On 23 February, the relatives of FSA prisoners executed by Liwa al-Aqsa accused the group of treating them worse than the Syrian regime ever did.[75] On 9 July 2017, Tahrir al-Sham, utilizing over 1,000 fighters, performed raids in Idlib Governorate against alleged ISIL and Jund al-Aqsa sleeper cells, arresting over 100 fighters.[76] In March 2018, remnants of Jund al-Aqsa in Sarmin, led by Abu Diab al-Sarmini, regrouped under the name of Ansar al-Tawhid. Other Jund al-Aqsa cells would go on to form the al-Qaeda-affiliated Guardians of Religion Organization. Ansar al-Tawhid reportedly consisted of around 300 fighters.[15] It would later go on to form the al-Qaeda-affiliated Alliance to Support Islam, which included the Guardians of Religion Organization, joined by other hardline members of Tahrir al-Sham and other groups. On 23 March, suspected Jund al-Aqsa-linked gunmen attacked the headquarters of the Sham Legion in Idlib.[77] LeadershipJund al-Aqsa was known to have significant roots in the Gulf, particularly Qatar. This has raised questions about how much these associated Gulf states have contributed in tackling terrorism and its financing, due to the country's lack of pressing charges or convicting known terrorists and terrorist financiers.[60][78] Abu Abdul Aziz al-Qatari was the organization's founder and first emir. He was a Jordanian citizen with Palestinian roots. His real name is Muhammed Yusuf Uthman Abd al Salam, and he was reportedly a longtime al-Qaeda associate. Abdul Aziz changed his name according to his move from state to state. He was reported to have worked for al Qaeda in Afghanistan where he was close to terrorists including Osama bin Laden, Ayman al Zawahiri, and Sheikh Abdullah Azzam. He also fought against the Russian forces in Chechnya, and shortly after helped Abu Musab al-Zarqawi found Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, which is known to be the precursor to Al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI).[79] After the death of Zarqawi, he continued to serve as an official in the terrorist organization.[33][80] He was also a co-founder of al-Nusra Front, al-Qaeda's Syrian branch, with Abu Mohammad al-Julani in 2012, after the two were sent to Syria by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi to form terrorist sleeper cells.[81][82] At this time he also was involved in terrorist financing for the Islamic State.[83] His ties to the Gulf stem from the time period between the 2003 American invasion of Iraq to just prior to the Syrian Revolution, where he transitioned from assisting extremists in Iraq to helping them in Qatar. He believed that in Qatar he could assist jihadists both materially and logistically.[84][85] He was also associated with the head of a banned extremist group called the Ummah Party{{disambiguation needed|date=March 2017}} after traveling with him to Syria in 2011 to assist and fund insurgent groups in the region, including Ahrar al Sham.[86] This group drew inspiration from a U.S. and UN sanctioned terrorism financier and Kuwaiti cleric, Hamid bin Hammad al Ali.[26][87] This group was reported by The New York Times to be backed by the governments of both Turkey and Qatar. He went on to become one of al-Nusra Front's senior ranking leaders.[88] His sons are both Qatari ID holders, and are sanctioned by both the UN and the United States for their funding of various al Qaeda branches. His sons have been successful in connecting the Jund al Aqsa group with Iranian financing from al Qaeda's network in Iran.[89] After Abdul Aziz's death in 2014, one of his sons became a leader of Jund al Aqsa. According to Syrian opposition sources, the group is run by several individuals, one of which is Abu Ahmed al Qatari, who is the son of Abdul Aziz. He is known to be the organization's primary financial official, responsible for recruiting new members and buying up independent militias. He holds direct links with wealthy and ideologically extremist Qatari and Kuwaiti businessmen, who finance terrorist groups via charity fronts.[33][90][91][92] Another noteworthy leader is Abu Dharr al Jazrawi, a Saudi national, who, along with Abu Ahmed al Qatari, are accused of allowing the group to be supported and penetrated by Qatari intelligence services.[91][92][93] The last Emir of the group was Abu Thar al-Najdi I-Harthy, a Saudi Arabian citizen.[30] Designation as a terrorist organization
See also
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Combating Terrorism Center at West Point|publisher=}} 62. ^{{cite web|url=http://aletihadpress.com/2017/02/07/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89-%D9%8A%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%85-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81/|title=Al-Aqsa Brigade attacked the headquarters of an army victory Brive northern Hama|work=Al-Etihad Press|date=7 February 2017}} 63. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/salafist-jihadists-overrun-fsa-northern-syria-rebel-infighting-intensifies/|title=Salafist jihadists overrun FSA in northern Syria as rebel infighting intensifies|first=Zen|last=Adra|date=9 February 2017|publisher=|accessdate=11 March 2017}} 64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/world/2017/02/13/jihadist-rebel-groups-clash-in-northwest-syria--monitor/|title=Jihadist rebel groups clash in northwest Syria - monitor|work=Reuters|date=13 February 2017}} 65. ^{{cite tweet |user= JAN_Violations|number= 831612448436342784|date= 14 February 2017|title= Observatories Idlib: Nearly 170 people between the military and civilian toll of the massacre committed by elements of Jund al-Aqsa day camp in the tanks Khan hejn}} 66. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-al-qaeda-group-slaughters-100-jihadist-rebels-idlib/|title=Syrian Al-Qaeda group slaughters over 100 jihadist rebels in Idlib|author=Leith Fadel|work=al-Masdar News|date=14 February 2017}} 67. ^{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/MousaAlomar/status/833196185825472512 |title= |last=العمر|first=موسى|date=18 February 2017 |website=Twitter |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}} 68. ^{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/MousaAlomar/status/833188266572644352 |title= |last=العمر|first=موسى|date=18 February 2017 |website=Twitter |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}} 69. ^{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/mohmad_rasheed/status/833137477942644736 |title= |last=رشيد|first=محمد |date=18 February 2017 |website=Twitter |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}} 70. ^{{cite AV media |people= |date= 15 February 2017 |year= |title=الناجي الوحيد |trans-title= |medium= |language= |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sKy6onD6GIM |access-date= |format= |time= |location= |publisher= |id= |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |ref= }} 71. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/jund-al-aqsa-completely-besieged-rival-rebel-factions-around-two-towns-idlib/|title=Jund al-Aqsa completely besieged by rival rebel factions around two towns in Idlib|author=Chris Tomson|work=al-Masdar News|date=16 February 2017}} 72. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/250-fighters-killed-rebel-infighting-across-syria/|title=250+ fighters killed in rebel infighting across Syria|first=Suliman|last=Mulhem|date=19 February 2017|publisher=|accessdate=11 March 2017}} 73. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/syrian-army-ambushes-scores-of-islamist-rebels-trying-to-defect-to-isis/|title=Syrian Army ambushes scores of Islamist rebels trying to defect to ISIS|last=Tomson|first=Chris|date=19 February 2017|newspaper=AMN – Al-Masdar News {{!}} المصدر نيوز|access-date=19 February 2017|language=en-US}} 74. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/tahrir-al-sham-declare-terminating-liwa-al-aqsa.html|title=Tahrir al-Sham Declare Terminating Liwa al-Aqsa|first=|last=SITE|publisher=|accessdate=11 March 2017}} 75. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://syriadirect.org/news/relatives-of-executed-rebels-speak-out-%E2%80%98the-regime-hasn%E2%80%99t-even-done-what-liwa-al-aqsa-did-to-us%E2%80%99/|title=Relatives of executed rebels speak out: ‘The regime hasn’t even done what Liwa al-Aqsa did to us’|publisher=|accessdate=11 March 2017}} 76. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2017/07/jihadists-claim-to-crack-down-on-islamic-state-cells-in-idlib-syria.php|title=Jihadists claim to crack down on Islamic State cells in Idlib, Syria - FDD's Long War Journal|website=FDD's Long War Journal}} 77. ^{{cite web|author=Joško Barić |url=https://syrianwardaily.com/2018/03/24/syrian-war-daily-24th-of-march-2018/ |title=– 24th of March 2018 |publisher=Syrian War Daily |date=2018-03-24 |accessdate=2019-02-02}} 78. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eHzYH0IIq-8&t=41m35s|title=The Evolution of Terrorism Financing: Disrupting the Islamic State|first=|last=WashingtonInstitute|date=25 October 2016|publisher=|via=YouTube}} 79. ^http://www.syriahr.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AC%D8%AB%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89-%D8%A8/ 80. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.shabab.ps/vb/archive/index.php/t-145507.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103193120/http://www.shabab.ps/vb/archive/index.php/t-145507.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date= 3 January 2015 |title=لماذا قتل الشيخ ابو عبد العزيز القطري/العراقي/الاردني/الفلسطيني؟ [الأرشيف] - منتديات شباب فلسطين |date=3 January 2015 |publisher= |df= }} 81. ^http://www.syriahr.com/2014/11/10/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AC%D8%AB%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89-%D8%A8/ 82. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.zawya.com/ar/story/ZAWYA20150620043147/|title=باحث عراقي: كويتيون في صفوف "داعش" - Zawya|publisher=}} 83. ^{{cite web| title=واشنطن تدرج قياديين في "داعش" على قائمة الإرهاب | website=alarabiya.net | date=2017-10-19 | url=http://www.alarabiya.net/ar/arab-and-world/syria/2014/05/14/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019104637/http://www.alarabiya.net/ar/arab-and-world/syria/2014/05/14/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9-.html | archive-date=2017-10-19 | dead-url=yes | language=ar | access-date=2019-02-02}} 84. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5GdmJMj1GI&t=2m19s|title=جريمة مقتل القائد أبو عبدالعزيز القطري - جبهة ثوار سوريا من الداخل (الحلقة 2)|first=|last=Masar Media|date=5 March 2015|publisher=|via=YouTube}} 85. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/syria.olamaa/posts/657018527683314?stream_ref=5|title=الشيخ رامي الدالاتي: لمثل هؤلاء تنحني... - الهيئة العامة للعلماء المسلمين في سوريا - Facebook|publisher=}} 86. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dr-hakem.com/Portals/Content/?info=T0RVMUpsTjFZbEJoWjJVbU1RPT0rdQ==.jsp|title=موقع الشيخ حاكم المطيري :-: رثاء الشيخ محمد المفرح .. وداعًا أخا الأحرار|publisher=}} 87. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n5GdmJMj1GI&t=2m33s|title=جريمة مقتل القائد أبو عبدالعزيز القطري - جبهة ثوار سوريا من الداخل (الحلقة 2)|first=|last=Masar Media|date=5 March 2015|publisher=|via=YouTube}} 88. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/26/world/middleeast/ahrar-al-sham-rebel-force-in-syrias-gray-zone-poses-challenge-to-us.html|title=In Syria, Potential Ally's Islamist Ties Challenge U.S.|last=Hubbard|first=Ben|date=2015-08-25|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-12-15}} 89. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl2651.aspx|title=Treasury Designates Twelve Foreign Terrorist Fighter Facilitators|publisher=}} 90. ^{{cite web|url=http://arabi21.com/story/888827/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%88-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89-%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%82%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%B1%D8%A9|title=شرعيو "جند الأقصى" ونصف عناصرها ينشقون وينضمون للنصرة|publisher=}} 91. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.almodon.com/arabworld/2016/10/14/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%89-%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD-%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85|title=انتهاء الحرب على "جند الأقصى" لصالح "فتح الشام"|first=عقيل|last=حسين|publisher=}} 92. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.assakina.com/center/parties/93466.html|title=جند الأفصى - السكينة|publisher=}} 93. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.alhadathnews.net/archives/120979|title=الجيش الحر يبدأ الإستلاء على تنظيم مسلح تابع لقطر - موقع الحدث نيوز الإخباري|publisher=}} 94. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/509003/20160318proscription.pdf|title=Home Office: PROSCRIBED TERRORIST ORGANISATIONS|publisher=}} 95. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/ct/rls/other/des/266479.htm|title=State Department Terrorist Designation of Jund al-Aqsa|author= |date=2016-09-20|work= |publisher=State.gov|accessdate=2017-02-19}} 96. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-terrorist-idUSKCN0VQ25E|title=Syrian terrorist list produces 163 names and no agreement|work=Reuters|date=17 February 2016}} External links
7 : Anti-government factions of the Syrian Civil War|Jihadist groups in Syria|Al-Nusra Front|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Organisations designated as terrorist by the United Kingdom|Organizations designated as terrorist by the United States|Organizations designated as terrorist by Saudi Arabia |
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