“San Jose, California”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Santa Clara Valley was home to the Tamyen group of the Ohlone people since around 4,000 BCE.^[30]^[31]^[32] The Tamyen spoke Tamyen language of the Ohlone language family. With the Spanish colonization of California, the majority of the Tamyen came to inhabit Mission Santa Clara de Asís and Mission San José.^[33]

Spanish period

California was claimed as part of the Spanish Empire in 1542, when explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo charted the Californian coast. During this time, California and Baja California were administered together as Province of the California ({{lang-es|Provincia de las California|link=no}}). For nearly 200 years, the Californias were sparsely populated and largely ignored by the government of the Viceroyalty of New Spain in Mexico City. Only in 1769 was Northern California finally surveyed by Spanish authorities, with the Portolá Expedition.^[34]

In 1776, the Californias were included as part of the Captaincy General of the Provincias Internas, a large administrative division created by José de Gálvez, Spanish Minister of the Indies, in order to provide greater autonomy for the Spanish Empire's lightly populated and largely ungoverned borderlands. That year, King Carlos III of Spain approved an expedition by Juan Bautista de Anza to survey the San Francisco Bay Area, in order to choose the sites for two future settlements and their accompanying mission. First he chose the site for a military settlement in San Francisco, for the Royal Presidio of San Francisco, and Mission San Francisco de Asís. On his way back to Mexico from San Francisco, de Anza chose the sites in Santa Clara Valley for a civilian settlement, San Jose, on the eastern bank of the Guadalupe River, and a mission on its western bank, Mission Santa Clara de Asís.^[35]

San Jose was officially founded as California's first civilian settlement on November 29, 1777, as the Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe by José Joaquín Moraga, under orders of Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa, Viceroy of New Spain.^[36] San Jose served as a strategic settlement along El Camino Real, connecting the military fortifications at the Monterey Presidio and the San Francisco Presidio, as well as the California mission network.^[37] In 1791, due to the severe flooding which characterized the pueblo, San Jose's settlement was moved approximately a mile south, centered on the Pueblo Plaza (modern-day Plaza de César Chávez).^[38]

In 1800, due to the growing population in the northern part of the Californias, Diego de Borica, Governor of the Californias, officially split the province into two parts: Alta California (Upper California), which would eventually become a U.S. state, and Baja California (Lower California), which would eventually become two Mexican states.

Mexican period

San Jose became part of the First Mexican Empire in 1821, after Mexico's War of Independence was won against the Spanish Crown, and in 1824, part of the First Mexican Republic. With its newfound independence, and the triumph of the republican movement, Mexico set out to diminish the Catholic Church's power within Alta California by secularizing the California missions in 1833.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

In 1824, In order to promote settlement and economic activity within sparsely populated California, the Mexican government began an initiative, for Mexican and foreign citizens alike, to settle unoccupied lands in California. Between 1833 and 1845, thirty-eight rancho land grants were issued in the Santa Clara Valley, 15 of which were located within modern day San Jose's borders. Numerous prominent historical figures were among those granted rancho lands in the Santa Valley, including James A. Forbes, founder of Los Gatos, California (granted Rancho Potrero de Santa Clara), Antonio Suñol, Alcalde of San Jose (granted Rancho Los Coches), and José María Alviso, Alcalde of San Jose (granted Rancho Milpitas).{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

In 1835, San Jose's population of approximately 700 people included 40 foreigners, primarily Americans and Englishmen. By 1845, the population of the pueblo had increased to 900, primarily due to American immigration. Foreign settlement in San Jose and California was rapidly changing Californian society, bringing expanding economic opportunities and foreign culture.^[39]

By 1846, native Californios had long expressed their concern for the overrunning of California society by its growing and wealthy Anglo-American community.^[40] On July 11, 1846, with the onset of the Mexican–American War, Captain Thomas Fallon conquered San Jose in the name of the Bear Flag Revolt for the California Republic, officially ending Mexican rule in Alta California.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

American period

By the end of 1847, the Conquest of California by the United States was complete, as the Mexican–American War came to an end.^[31] In 1848, the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo formally ceded California to the United States, as part of the Mexican Cession. On December 15, 1849, San Jose became the capital of the unorganized territory of California. With California's Admission to the Union on September 9, 1850, San Jose became the state's first capital.^[41]

On March 27, 1850, San Jose was incorporated. It was incorporated on the same day as San Diego and Benicia; together, these three cities followed Sacramento as California's earliest incorporated cities.^[42] Josiah Belden, who had settled in California in 1842 after traversing the California Trail as part of the Bartleson Party and later acquired a fortune, was the city's first mayor.^[43] San Jose was briefly California's first state capital; legislators met in the city from 1849 to 1851. (Monterey was the capital during the period of Spanish California and Mexican California).^[44] The first capitol no longer exists; the Plaza de César Chávez now lies on the site, which has two historical markers indicating where California's state legislature first met.^[45]

In the period 1900 through 1910, San Jose served as a center for pioneering invention, innovation, and impact in both lighter-than-air and heavier-than-air flight. These activities were led principally by John Montgomery and his peers. The City of San Jose has established Montgomery Park, a Monument at San Felipe and Yerba Buena Roads, and John J. Montgomery Elementary School in his honor. During this period, San Jose also became a center of innovation for the mechanization/industrialization of agricultural and food processing equipment.^[46]

Though not affected as severely as San Francisco, San Jose also suffered significant damage from the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Over 100 people died at the Agnews Asylum (later Agnews State Hospital) after its walls and roof collapsed,^[47] and San Jose High School's three-story stone-and-brick building was also destroyed. The period during World War II was a tumultuous time. Japanese Americans primarily from Japantown were sent to internment camps, including the future mayor Norman Mineta. Following the Los Angeles zoot suit riots, anti-Mexican violence took place during the summer of 1943. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported San Jose's population as 98% white.^[48]

As World War II started, the city's economy shifted from agriculture (the Del Monte cannery was the largest employer and closed in 1999^[49]) to industrial manufacturing with the contracting of the Food Machinery Corporation (later known as FMC Corporation) by the United States War Department to build 1,000 Landing Vehicle Tracked.^[50] After World War II, FMC (later United Defense, and currently BAE Systems) continued as a defense contractor, with the San Jose facilities designing and manufacturing military platforms such as the M113 Armored Personnel Carrier, the Bradley Fighting Vehicle, and various subsystems of the M1 Abrams battle tank.^[51]

The Ford Motor Company relocated its factory in Richmond to a new location in the suburb of Milpitas, called the San Jose Assembly Plant, which was one of the primary locations for manufacturing the Ford Mustang.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

During the 1950s and 1960s, City Manager A. P. "Dutch" Hamann led the city in a major growth campaign. The city annexed adjacent areas, such as Alviso and Cambrian Park, providing large areas for suburbs. An anti-growth reaction to the effects of rapid development emerged in the 1970s, championed by mayors Norman Mineta and Janet Gray Hayes. Despite establishing an urban growth boundary, development fees, and the incorporations of Campbell and Cupertino, development was not slowed, but rather directed into already-incorporated areas.^[50]

On April 3, 1979, the San Jose City Council adopted San José, with the diacritical mark on the "e", as the spelling of the city name on the city seal, official stationery, office titles and department names.^[53] Also, by city council convention, this spelling of San José is used when the name is stated in mixed upper- and lower-case letters, but not when the name is stated only in upper-case letters. The accent reflects the Spanish version of the name, and the dropping of accents in all-capital writing was typical in Spanish. While San José is commonly spelled both with and without the acute accent over the "e", the city's official guidelines indicate that it should be spelled with the accent most of the time and sets forth narrow exceptions, such as when the spelling is in URLs, when the name appears in all-capital letters, when the name is used on social media sites where the diacritical mark does not render properly, and where San Jose is part of the proper name of another organization or business, such as San Jose Silicon Valley Chamber of Commerce, that has chosen not to use the accent-marked name.^[54]^[55] The city's name without the accent can still be found in its 1965 Charter document, as amended, which formally chartered the municipality as City of San Jose.^[56] Similarly, the city's website appears to use a mixture of both; for example, the "City of San José" in the text uses the mark but the "City of San Jose" logo image does not.^[57]

San Jose's position in Silicon Valley triggered further economic and population growth. Results from the 1990 U.S. Census indicated that San Jose surpassed San Francisco as the most populous city in the Bay Area for the first time.^[58] This growth led to the highest housing-cost increase in the nation, 936% between 1976 and 2001.^[59] Efforts to increase density continued into the 1990s when an update of the 1974 urban plan kept the urban growth boundaries intact and voters rejected a ballot measure to ease development restrictions in the foothills. Sixty percent of the housing built in San Jose since 1980 and over three-quarters of the housing built since 2000 have been multifamily structures, reflecting a political propensity toward Smart Growth planning principles.^[60]

Geography

San Jose is located at {{Coord|37.335278|-121.891944|type:city_region:US-CA|format=dms}}. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|180.0|sqmi|abbr=on}}, of which {{convert|3.4|sqmi|abbr=on}} (1.91%) is water, making it the fourth-largest California city by land area (after Los Angeles, San Diego and California City).^[7]

San Jose lies between the San Andreas Fault, the source of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, and the Calaveras Fault. San Jose is shaken by moderate earthquakes on average one or two times a year. These quakes originate just east of the city on the creeping section of the Calaveras Fault, which is a major source of earthquake activity in Northern California. On April 14, 1984, at 1:15 pm local time, a 6.2 magnitude earthquake struck the Calaveras Fault near San Jose's Mount Hamilton.^[61] The most serious earthquake, in 1906, damaged many buildings in San Jose as described earlier. Earlier significant quakes rocked the city in 1839, 1851, 1858, 1864, 1865, 1868, and 1891. The Daly City Earthquake of 1957 caused some damage. The Loma Prieta earthquake of 1989 also did some damage to parts of the city. The other faults near San Jose are the Monte Vista Fault and the Hayward Fault Zone.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

Cityscape

San Jose's expansion was made by the design of "Dutch" Hamann, the City Manager from 1950 to 1969. During his administration, with his staff referred to as "Dutch's Panzer Division", the city annexed property 1,389 times,^[62] growing the city from {{convert|17|to|149|sqmi}},^[63] absorbing the communities named above, changing their status to "neighborhoods."

Sales taxes were a chief source of revenue. Hamann would determine where major shopping areas would be, and then annex narrow bands of land along major roadways leading to those locations, pushing tentacles across the Santa Clara Valley and, in turn, walling off the expansion of adjacent communities.^[65]

During his reign, it was said the City Council would vote according to Hamann's nod. In 1963, the State of California imposed Local Agency Formation Commissions statewide, but largely to try to maintain order with San Jose's aggressive growth. Eventually the political forces against growth grew as local neighborhoods bonded together to elect their own candidates, ending Hamann's influence and leading to his resignation.^[66] While the job was not complete, the trend was set. The city had defined its sphere of influence in all directions, sometimes chaotically leaving unincorporated pockets to be swallowed up by the behemoth, sometimes even at the objection of the residents.^[62]

Major thoroughfares in the city include Monterey Road, the Stevens Creek Boulevard/San Carlos Street corridor, Santa Clara Street/Alum Rock Avenue corridor, Almaden Expressway, Capitol Expressway, and 1st Street (San Jose).

Topography

The Guadalupe River runs from the Santa Cruz Mountains (which separate the South Bay from the Pacific Coast) flowing north through San Jose, ending in the San Francisco Bay at Alviso. Along the southern part of the river is the neighborhood of Almaden Valley, originally named for the mercury mines which produced mercury needed for gold extraction from quartz during the California Gold Rush as well as mercury fulminate blasting caps and detonators for the U.S. military from 1870 to 1945.^[67] East of the Guadalupe River, Coyote Creek also flows to south San Francisco Bay and originates on Mount Sizer near Henry W. Coe State Park and the surrounding hills in the Diablo Range, northeast of Morgan Hill, California.

The lowest point in San Jose is {{convert|13|ft|m}} below sea level at the San Francisco Bay in Alviso;^[68] the highest is {{convert|2,125|ft|m}}.^[69] Because of the proximity to Lick Observatory atop Mount Hamilton, San Jose has taken several steps to reduce light pollution, including replacing all street lamps and outdoor lighting in private developments with low pressure sodium lamps.^[70] To recognize the city's efforts, the asteroid 6216 San Jose was named after the city.^[71]

San Jose lies close to the Pacific Ocean and a small portion of its northern border touches San Francisco Bay. Santa Clara Valley is the population center of the Bay Area and, like the hub and spokes of a wheel, surrounding communities emanate outwards from the valley. This growth, in part, has shaped the greater Bay Area as it is today in terms of geographic population distribution and the trend of suburbanization away from the valley.{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

There are four distinct valleys in the city of San Jose: Almaden Valley, situated on the southwest fringe of the city; Evergreen Valley to the southeast, which is hilly all throughout its interior; Santa Clara Valley, which includes the flat, main urban expanse of the South Bay; and the rural Coyote Valley, to the city's extreme southern fringe.^[72]

Climate

San Jose, like most of the Bay Area, has a Mediterranean climate (Köppen Csb).^[73], with warm to hot, dry summers and mild to cool, wet winters. San Jose has an average of 301 days of sunshine and an annual mean temperature of {{convert|60.5|°F|1}}. It lies inland, surrounded on three sides by mountains, and does not front the Pacific Ocean like San Francisco. As a result, the city is somewhat more sheltered from rain, giving it a semiarid feel with a mean annual rainfall of {{convert|15.82|in|1|disp=or}}, compared to some other parts of the Bay Area, which can receive about three times that amount.

Like most of the Bay Area, San Jose is made up of dozens of microclimates. Because of a more prominent rain shadow from the Santa Cruz Mountains, Downtown San Jose experiences the lightest rainfall in the city, while South San Jose, only {{convert|10|mi|abbr=on}} distant, experiences more rainfall, and somewhat more extreme temperatures.

The monthly daily average temperature ranges from around {{convert|50|°F}} in December and January to around {{convert|70|°F|1}} in July and August.^[74] The highest temperature ever recorded in San Jose was {{convert|109|°F|1}} on June 14, 2000; the lowest was {{convert|19|°F|1}} on December 22–23, 1990. On average, there are 2.7 mornings annually where the temperature drops to, or below, the freezing mark; and sixteen afternoons where the high reaches or exceeds {{convert|90|°F|1|disp=or}}. Diurnal temperature variation is far wider than along the coast or in San Francisco but still a shadow of what is seen in the Central Valley.

With the light rainfall, San Jose and its suburbs experience about 300 fully or partly sunny days a year. Rain occurs primarily in the months from November through April. During the winter and spring, hillsides and fields turn green with grasses and vegetation, although deciduous trees are few. With the coming of the annual hot summer dry period, the vegetation dies and dries, giving the hills a golden cover which, unfortunately, also provides fuel for grass fires.

Measurable precipitation falls in downtown San Jose on an average of 59 days a year.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date=December 2016}} "Rain year" precipitation has ranged from {{convert|4.83|in|mm|1}} between July 1876 and June 1877 to {{convert|30.30|in|mm|1}} between July 1889 and June 1890, although at the current site since 1893 the range is from {{convert|5.77|in|mm|1}} in "rain year" 1975–76 to {{convert|30.25|in|mm|1}} in "rain year" 1982–83. The most precipitation in one month was {{convert|12.38|in|mm|1}} in January 1911. The maximum 24-hour rainfall was {{convert|3.60|in|1}} on January 30, 1968. Although summer is normally quite dry in San Jose, a very heavy thunderstorm on August 21, 1968, brought {{convert|1.92|in|1}} of rain, causing some flooding.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

The snow level drops as low as {{convert|2000|ft|-1|abbr=on}} above sea level, or lower, occasionally coating nearby Mount Hamilton and, less frequently, the Santa Cruz Mountains, with snow that normally lasts a few days. Snow will snarl traffic traveling on State Route 17 towards Santa Cruz. Snow rarely falls in San Jose; the most recent snow to remain on the ground was on February 5, 1976, when many residents around the city saw as much as {{convert|3|in|m}} on car and roof tops. The official observation station measured only {{convert|0.5|in|m}} of snow.^[77]

Neighborhoods and districts

The city is generally divided into the following areas: Downtown San Jose, Central, West San Jose, North San Jose, East San Jose, and South San Jose. Many of these regions were originally unincorporated communities or separate municipalities that were later annexed by the city.

Besides those mentioned above, some well-known communities within San Jose include Japantown, Rose Garden, Midtown San Jose, Willow Glen, Naglee Park, Burbank, Winchester, Alviso, East Foothills, Alum Rock, Communications Hill, Little Portugal, Blossom Valley, Cambrian, Almaden Valley, Silver Creek Valley, Evergreen Valley, Edenvale, Santa Teresa, Seven Trees, Coyote Valley, and Berryessa.

A distinct ethnic enclave in San Jose is the Washington-Guadalupe neighborhood, immediately south of the SoFA District; this neighborhood is home to a community of Hispanics, centered on Willow Street.

Parks

San Jose possesses about {{convert|15950|acres|0|abbr=on}} of parkland in its city limits, including a part of the expansive Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge. The city's oldest park is Alum Rock Park, established in 1872.^[78] In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land, a national land conservation organization, reported that San Jose was tied with Albuquerque and Omaha for having the 11th best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities.^[79]

Trails

A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked San Jose the nineteenth most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States.^[83]

San Jose's trail network of {{convert|60|mi|km|-1}} of recreational and active transportation trails throughout the city.^[84] The major trails in the network include:

This large urban trail network, recognized by Prevention Magazine as the nation's largest, is linked to trails in surrounding jurisdictions and many rural trails in surrounding open space and foothills. Several trail systems within the network are designated as part of the National Recreation Trail, as well as regional trails such as the San Francisco Bay Trail and Bay Area Ridge Trail.

Wildlife

Early written documents record the local presence of migrating salmon in the Rio Guadalupe dating as far back as the 18th century.^[85] Both steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and King salmon are extant in the Guadalupe River, making San Jose the southernmost major U. S. city with known salmon spawning runs, the other cities being Anchorage, Alaska; Seattle, Washington; Portland, Oregon and Sacramento, California.^[86] Runs of up to 1,000 Chinook or King Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) swam up the Guadalupe River each fall in the 1990s, but have all but vanished in the current decade apparently blocked from access to breeding grounds by impassable culverts, weirs and wide, exposed and flat concrete paved channels installed by the Santa Clara Valley Water District.^[87] In 2011 a small number of Chinook salmon were filmed spawning under the Julian Street bridge.^[88]

Longtime San Jose resident and conservationist, Roger Castillo, who discovered the remains of a mammoth on the banks of the Guadalupe River in 2005, recently found that a herd of tule elk (Cervus canadensis) has recolonized the hills of south San Jose east of Highway 101.^[89]

At the southern edge of San José, Coyote Valley is a corridor for wildlife migration between the Santa Cruz Mountains and the Diablo Range.^[90]^[91]

Demographics

In 2014, the U.S. Census Bureau released its new population estimates. With a total population of 1,015,785,^[94] San Jose became the 11th U.S. city to hit the 1 million mark, even though it is currently the 10th most populous city.

2010

The 2010 United States Census^[97] reported that San Jose had a population of 945,942. The population density was 5,256.2 people per square mile (2,029.4/km²). The racial makeup of San Jose was 404,437 (42.8%) White, 303,138 (32.0%) Asian (10.4% Vietnamese, 6.7% Chinese, 5.6% Filipino, 4.6% Indian, 1.2% Korean, 1.2% Japanese, 0.3% Cambodian, 0.2% Thai, 0.2% Pakistani, 0.2% Laotian), 30,242 (3.2%) African American, 8,297 (0.9%) Native American, 4,017 (0.4%) Pacific Islander, 148,749 (15.7%) from other races, and 47,062 (5.0%) from two or more races. There were 313,636 residents of Hispanic or Latino background (33.2%). 28.2% of the city's population was of Mexican descent; the next largest Hispanic groups were those of Salvadoran (0.7%) and Puerto Rican (0.5%) heritage. Non-Hispanic Whites were 28.7% of the population in 2010,^[98] down from 75.7% in 1970.^[48]

The census reported that 932,620 people (98.6% of the population) lived in households, 9,542 (1.0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 3,780 (0.4%) were institutionalized. There were 301,366 households, out of which 122,958 (40.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 162,819 (54.0%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 37,988 (12.6%) had a female householder with no husband present, 18,702 (6.2%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 16,900 (5.6%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 2,458 (0.8%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 59,385 households (19.7%) were made up of individuals and 18,305 (6.1%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.09. There were 219,509 families (72.8% of all households); the average family size was 3.54.

The age distribution of the city was as follows: 234,678 people (24.8%) were under the age of 18, 89,457 people (9.5%) aged 18 to 24, 294,399 people (31.1%) aged 25 to 44, 232,166 people (24.5%) aged 45 to 64, and 95,242 people (10.1%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.8 males.

There were 314,038 housing units at an average density of 1,745.0 per square mile (673.7/km²), of which 176,216 (58.5%) were owner-occupied, and 125,150 (41.5%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.6%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.3%. 553,436 people (58.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 379,184 people (40.1%) lived in rental housing units.

2000

As of the census^[99] of 2000, there were 894,943 people, 276,598 households, and 203,576 families residing in the city.

The population density was 5,117.9 people per square mile (1,976.1/km²). There were 281,841 housing units at an average density of 1,611.8 per square mile (622.3/km²). Of the 276,598 households, 38.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.0% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 18.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.20 and the average family size was 3.62.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 26.4% under the age of 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 35.4% from 25 to 44, 20.0% from 45 to 64, and 8.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.5 males.

According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was the highest in the U.S. for any city with more than a quarter million residents with $76,963 annually. The median income for a family was $86,822.^[100] Males had a median income of $49,347 versus $36,936 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,697. About 6.0% of families and 8.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.3% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

The cost of living in San Jose and the surrounding areas is among the highest in California and the nation, according to 2004 data.^[101] Housing costs are the primary reason for the high cost of living, although the costs in all areas tracked by the ACCRA Cost of Living Index are above the national average. Households in the city limits have the highest disposable income of any city in the U.S. with over 500,000 residents.^[102]^[103]

San Jose holds the distinction of being a United States Foreign-Trade Zone. The City received its Foreign Trade Zone grant from the U.S. Federal Government in 1974, making it the 18th foreign-trade zone established in the United States. Under its grant, the City of San Jose is granted jurisdiction to oversee and administer foreign trade in Santa Clara County, Monterey County, San Benito County, Santa Cruz County, and in the southern parts of San Mateo County and Alameda County.^[104]

San Jose lists many companies with 1,000 employees or more, including the headquarters of Adobe, Altera, Brocade Communications Systems, Cadence Design Systems, Cisco Systems, eBay, Lee's Sandwiches, Lumileds, PayPal, Rosendin Electric, Sanmina-SCI, and Xilinx, as well as major facilities for Becton Dickinson, Ericsson, Hewlett-Packard, Hitachi, IBM, Kaiser Permanente, KLA Tencor, Lockheed Martin, Nippon Sheet Glass, Qualcomm, and AF Media Group. The North American headquarters of Samsung Semiconductor are located in San Jose.^[105]^[106] Approximately 2000 employees will work at the new Samsung campus which opened in 2015.

Other large companies based in San Jose include Altera, Atmel, CEVA, Cypress Semiconductor, Echelon, Extreme Networks, Harmonic, Integrated Device Technology, Maxim Integrated, Micrel, Move, Netgear, Novellus Systems, Oclaro, OCZ, Quantum, SunPower, Sharks Sports and Entertainment, Supermicro, Tessera Technologies, TiVo, Ultratech, and VeriFone. Sizable government employers include the city government, Santa Clara County, and San Jose State University.^[107] Acer's United States division has its offices in San Jose.^[108] Prior to its closing, Netcom had its headquarters in San Jose.^[109]^[110]

On July 31, 2015, Cupertino-based Apple Inc. purchased a 40-acre site in San Jose.{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}} The site, which is bare land, will be the site of an office and research campus where it is estimated that up to 16,000 employees will be located. Apple paid $138.2 million for the site.^[111] The seller, Connecticut-based Five Mile Capital Partners, paid $40 million for the site in 2010.^[112] Real estate experts expect that other tech companies currently located in Silicon Valley will also follow in Apple's path by purchasing land or property in San Jose.^[113]

Silicon Valley

The large concentration of high-technology engineering, computer, and microprocessor companies around San Jose has led the area to be known as Silicon Valley. Area schools such as the University of California, Berkeley, University of California, Santa Cruz, San Jose State University, San Francisco State University, California State University, East Bay, Santa Clara University, and Stanford University pump thousands of engineering and computer science graduates into the local economy every year.

San Jose residents produce more U.S. patents than any other city.^[114] On October 15, 2015, the United States Patent and Trademark Office opened a satellite office in San Jose to serve Silicon Valley and the Western United States.^[115]^[116] Thirty-five percent of all venture capital funds in the U.S. are invested in San Jose and Silicon Valley companies.^[114] By April 2018, Google was in the process of planning the "biggest tech campus in Silicon Valley" in San Jose.^[117]

In January 2014, Forbes Magazine reported that Careerbliss.com had ranked San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara metro area as the happiest place to work in the United States. The report cited a large concentration of technology jobs that typically offer a high salary and opportunity for growth, in addition to companies providing "fun and innovative work environments" as some of the reasons for the ranking.^[118]

High economic growth during the tech bubble caused employment, housing prices, and traffic congestion to peak in the late 1990s. As the economy slowed in the early 2000s, employment and traffic congestion was somewhat diminished.{{Citation needed|date=December 2016}} In the mid-2000s, traffic along major highways again began to worsen as the economy improved. San Jose had 405,000 jobs within its city limits in 2006, and an unemployment rate of 4.6%. In 2000, San Jose residents had the highest median household income of any city in the United States with a population over 300,000, and currently has the highest median income of any U.S. city with over 280,000 people.

On March 14, 2013, San Jose implemented a public wireless connection in the downtown area.^[119] Wireless access points were placed on outdoor light posts throughout the city.^[120]

Media

San Jose is served by Greater Bay Area media. Print media outlets in San Jose include the San Jose Mercury News, the weekly Metro Silicon Valley, El Observador and the Silicon Valley / San Jose Business Journal. The Bay Area's NBC O&O, KNTV 11, is based in San Jose. In total, broadcasters in the Bay Area include 34 television stations, 25 AM radio stations, and 55 FM radio stations.^[121]

In April 1909, Charles David Herrold, an electronics instructor in San Jose, constructed a radio station to broadcast the human voice. The station, "San Jose Calling" (call letters FN, later FQW), was the world's first radio station with scheduled programming targeted at a general audience. The station became the first to broadcast music in 1910. Herrold's wife Sybil became the first female "disk jockey" in 1912. The station changed hands a number of times before eventually becoming today's KCBS in San Francisco.^[122] Therefore, KCBS technically is the oldest radio station in the United States, and celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2009 with much fanfare.

Top employers

Culture

Architecture

Because the downtown area is in the flight path to nearby Mineta San Jose International Airport (also evidenced in the above panoramic), there is a height limit for buildings in the downtown area, which is underneath the final approach corridor to the airport. The height limit is dictated by local ordinances, driven by the distance from the runway and a slope defined by Federal Aviation Administration regulations. Core downtown buildings are limited to approximately {{convert|300|ft|m}} but can get taller farther from the airport.^[124]

There has been broad criticism over the past few decades of the city's architecture.^[125] Citizens have complained that San Jose is lacking in aesthetically pleasing architectural styles. Blame for this lack of architectural "beauty" can be assigned to the re-development of the downtown area from the 1950s onward, in which whole blocks of historic commercial and residential structures were demolished.^[126] Exceptions to this include the Downtown Historic District, the Hotel De Anza, and the Hotel Sainte Claire, both of which are listed in the National Register of Historic Places for their architectural and historical significance.

Municipal building projects have experimented more with architectural styles than have most private enterprises.^[127] The Children's Discovery Museum, Tech Museum of Innovation, and the San Jose Repertory Theater building have experimented with bold colors and unusual exteriors. The new City Hall, designed by Richard Meier & Partners, opened in 2005 and is a notable addition to the growing collection of municipal building projects.^[128]

San Jose has many examples of houses with fine architecture. Late 19th century and early 20th century styles exist in neighborhoods such as Hanchett Park, Naglee Park, Rose Garden, and Willow Glen (including Palm Haven).

Styles include Craftsman, Mission Revival, Prairie style, and Queen Anne style Victorian.

Notable architects include Frank Delos Wolfe, Theodore Lenzen, Charles McKenzie,^[129] and Julia Morgan.^[130]

Visual arts

Public art is an evolving attraction in the city. The city was one of the first to adopt a public art ordinance at 2% of capital improvement building project budgets,^[131] and the results of this commitment are beginning to affect the visual landscape of the city. There are a considerable number of public art projects throughout the downtown area, and a growing collection in the newer civic locations in neighborhoods including libraries, parks, and fire stations. Of particular note, the Mineta Airport expansion is incorporating a program of art and technology into its development.

Within the early efforts at public art, there are notable controversies. Two examples include the statue of Quetzalcoatl (the plumed serpent) in downtown which was controversial in its planning because some religious groups felt that it was pagan, and controversial in its implementation because many felt that the final statue by Robert Graham did not closely resemble a winged serpent, and was more noted for its expense than its aesthetics. This has resulted in locals joking that the statue resembles a pile of feces.^[132]

The planned installation of a statue of Thomas Fallon also met strong resistance from those who felt that he was largely responsible for the decimation of early native populations. Chicano/Latino activists protested because he had captured San Jose by military force in the Mexican–American War (1846); They also protested the perceived "repression" of historic documents detailing Fallon's orders which expelled many of the city's Californio (early Spanish/Mexican/Mestizo) residents. In October 1991 after protests in part of Columbus Day and Dia de la Raza celebrations, the Fallon statue plan was scrapped and the statue was stored in a warehouse in Oakland for more than a decade. The statue was returned to public display in 2002, albeit in a less conspicuous location: Pellier Park, a small triangular patch formed by the merge of West Julian and West St. James streets.^[133]

In 2001, the city sponsored SharkByte, an exhibit of decorated sharks, based on the mascot of the hockey team, the San Jose Sharks, and modeled after Chicago's display of decorated cows.^[134] Large models of sharks were decorated in a variety of clever, colorful, or creative ways by local artists and were then displayed for months at dozens of locations around the city. Many displays were removed early because of vandalism. After the exhibition, the sharks were auctioned off and the proceeds donated to charity. The sharks can still be found in their new owners' homes and businesses.

In 2006, Adobe Systems commissioned an art installation titled San Jose Semaphore by Ben Rubin,^[135] which is located at the top of its headquarters building. Semaphore is composed of four LED discs which "rotate" to transmit a message. The content of the San Jose Semaphore's message remained a mystery until it was deciphered in August 2007.^[136]^[137] The visual art installation is supplemented with an audio track, transmitted from the building on a low-power AM station. The audio track provides clues to decode the message being transmitted.

Performing arts

The city is home to many performing arts companies, including Opera San Jose, Symphony Silicon Valley, Ballet San Jose Silicon Valley, sjDANCEco, Children's Musical Theater of San Jose,^[138] the San Jose Youth Symphony, the San Jose Repertory Theatre, City Lights Theatre Company, The Tabard Theatre Company, San Jose Stage Company, and the now-defunct American Musical Theatre of San Jose which was replaced by Broadway San Jose in partnership with Team San Jose. San Jose also is home to the San Jose Museum of Art,^[139] one of the nation's premiere Modern Art museums. The annual Cinequest Film Festival in downtown has grown to over 60,000 attendees per year, becoming an important festival for independent films. The San Francisco Asian American Film Festival is an annual event, which is hosted in San Francisco, Berkeley, and Downtown San Jose. Approximately 30 to 40 films are screened in San Jose each year at the Camera 12 Downtown Cinemas. The San Jose Jazz Festival is another of many great events hosted throughout the year.

The SAP Center at San Jose is one of the most active venues for events in the world. According to Billboard Magazine and Pollstar, the arena sold the most tickets to non-sporting events of any venue in the United States, and third in the world after the Manchester Evening News Arena in Manchester, England, and the Bell Centre in Montreal, Canada, for the period from January 1{{spaced ndash}}September 30, 2004.^[140] Including sporting events, the SAP Center averages 184 events a year, or roughly one event for every two days, which is significantly higher than the average for NHL arenas.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}}

Sports

San Jose is home to the San Jose Sharks of the NHL, the San Jose Barracuda of the AHL, and the San Jose Earthquakes of Major League Soccer. The Sharks and the Barracuda play in the SAP Center at San Jose. The Earthquakes built an 18,000 seat new stadium that opened in March 2015. San Jose was a founding member of both the California League and Pacific Coast League in minor league baseball. San Jose currently fields the San Jose Giants, a High-A affiliate of the San Francisco Giants. The NFL's San Francisco 49ers call neighboring Santa Clara home.

San Jose has "aggressively wooed" the Oakland Athletics to relocate to San Jose from nearby Oakland, and the Athletics in turn have said that San Jose is their "best option", but the San Francisco Giants have thus far exercised a veto against this proposal.^[141] In 2013, the city of San Jose sued Major League Baseball for not allowing the Athletics to relocate to San Jose.^[142]^[143] On October 5, 2015 the United States Supreme Court rejected San Jose's bid on the Athletics.^[144]

From 2005 to 2007, the San Jose Grand Prix, an annual street circuit race in the Champ Car World Series, was held in the downtown area. Other races included the Trans-Am Series, the Toyota Atlantic Championship, the United States Touring Car Championship, the Historic Stock Car Racing Series, and the Formula D Drift racing competition.

In 2004, the San Jose Sports Authority hosted the U.S. Olympic team trials for judo, taekwondo, trampolining and rhythmic gymnastics at the San Jose State Event Center. In 2008, around 90 percent of the members of the United States Olympic team were processed at San Jose State University prior to traveling to the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.^[145] The 2009 Junior Olympics for trampoline were also held here.

In August 2004, the San Jose Seahawk Rugby Football Club hosted the USA All-Star Rugby Sevens Championships at Watson Bowl, east of Downtown.

San Jose State hosted the 2011 American Collegiate Hockey Association (ACHA) national tournament.^[146] The NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament is also frequently held in San Jose.

Landmarks

Notable landmarks in San Jose include Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose, History Park at Kelley Park, Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph, Plaza de César Chávez, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Library, Mexican Heritage Plaza, Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum, Lick Observatory, Hayes Mansion, SAP Center at San Jose, Hotel De Anza, San Jose Improv, Sikh Gurdwara of San Jose, Peralta Adobe, San Jose Municipal Stadium, Spartan Stadium, Japantown San Jose, Winchester Mystery House, Raging Waters, Circle of Palms Plaza, San Jose City Hall, San Jose Flea Market, Oak Hill Memorial Park, San Jose electric light tower, and The Tech Museum of Innovation.

Museums and institutions

Law and government

Local

San Jose is a charter city under California law, giving it the power to enact local ordinances that may conflict with state law, within the limits provided by the charter.^[147] The city has a council-manager government with a city manager nominated by the mayor and elected by the city council.

The San Jose City Council is made up of ten council members elected by district, and a mayor elected by the entire city. During city council meetings, the mayor presides, and all eleven members can vote on any issue. The mayor has no veto powers. Council members and the mayor are elected to four-year terms; the even-numbered district council members beginning in 1994; the mayor and the odd-numbered district council members beginning in 1996.^[148] Each council member represents approximately 100,000 constituents.

Council members and the mayor are limited to two successive terms in office, although a council member that has reached the term limit can be elected mayor, and vice versa. The council elects a vice-mayor from the members of the council at the second meeting of the year following a council election. This council member acts as mayor during the temporary absence of the mayor, but does not succeed to the mayor's office upon a vacancy.^[148]

The City Manager is the chief administrative officer of the city, and must present an annual budget for approval by the city council. When the office is vacant, the Mayor proposes a candidate for City Manager, subject to council approval. The council appoints the Manager for an indefinite term, and may at any time remove the manager, or the electorate may remove the manager through a recall election. Other city officers directly appointed by the council include the City Attorney, City Auditor, City Clerk, and Independent Police Auditor.^[148] Like all cities and counties in the state, San Jose has representation in the state legislature.

Like all California cities except San Francisco, both the levels and the boundaries of what the city government controls are determined by the Local Agency Formation Commission (LAFCO).^[149] The goal of a LAFCO is to try to avoid uncontrolled urban sprawl. The Santa Clara County LAFCO has set boundaries of San Jose's "Sphere of Influence" (indicated by the blue line in the map near the top of the page) as a superset of the actual city limits (the yellow area in the map), plus parts of the surrounding unincorporated county land, where San Jose can, for example, prevent development of fringe areas to concentrate city growth closer to the city's core. The LAFCO also defines a subset of the Sphere as an 'Urban Service Area' (indicated by the red line in the map), effectively limiting development to areas where urban infrastructure (sewers, electrical service, etc.) already exists.

San Jose is the county seat of Santa Clara County.^[150] Accordingly, many county government facilities are located in the city, including the office of the County Executive, the Board of Supervisors, the District Attorney's Office, eight courthouses of the Superior Court, the Sheriff's Office, and the County Clerk.^[151]

State and federal

In the California State Senate, San Jose is split between the 10th, 15th, and 17th districts,^[152] represented by {{Representative|casd|10|fmt=spfl}}, {{Representative|casd|15|fmt=spfl}}, and {{Representative|casd|17|fmt=spfl}} respectively.

In the California State Assembly, San Jose is split between the 25th, 27th, 28th, and 29th districts,^[153] represented by {{Representative|caad|25|fmt=spfl}}, {{Representative|caad|27|fmt=spfl}}, {{Representative|caad|28|fmt=spfl}}, and {{Representative|caad|29|fmt=spfl}}, respectively.

Federally, San Jose is split between California's 17th, 18th, and 19th congressional districts,^[154] represented by {{Representative|cacd|17|fmt=pfl}}, {{Representative|cacd|18|fmt=pfl}}, and {{Representative|cacd|19|fmt=pfl}}, respectively.^[155]

Several state and federal agencies maintain offices in San Jose. The city is the location of the Sixth District of the California Courts of Appeal.^[156] It is also home to one of three courthouses of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, the other two being in Oakland and San Francisco.^[157]

Crime

The San Jose Police Department has consistently innovated in crime prevention, through programs like "CrimeReports.com", which made San Jose the first American city to make all 911 calls available via online. Crime in San Jose had been lower than in other large American cities until 2013, when crime rates in San Jose climbed above California and U.S. averages.^[158] Like most large cities, crime levels had fallen significantly after rising in the 1980s.^[159] Today it is no longer ranked as one of the safest cities in the country with a population over 1,000,000 people. The designation is based on crime statistics reported to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in six categories: murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, and auto theft.

Recently, the city had the second lowest violent crime rate of any city with 500,000 or more residents, only behind Honolulu.^[159] However, homicides since 2011 have surged; there were 20 homicides in 2010, 42 in 2011, 46 in 2012, and 44 in 2013.^[160]

Education

Higher education

San Jose is home to several colleges and universities. The largest is San Jose State University, which was founded by the California legislature in 1862 as the California State Normal School, and is the founding campus of the California State University (CSU) system. Located in downtown San Jose since 1870, the university enrolls approximately 30,000 students in over 130 different bachelor's and master's degree programs. The school enjoys a good academic reputation, especially in the fields of engineering, business, art and design, and journalism, and consistently ranks among the top public universities in the western region of the United States.^[161] San Jose State is one of only three Bay Area schools that fields a Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) Division I college football team; Stanford University and U.C. Berkeley are the other two.

California University of Management and Technology (CALMAT) offers many degree programs, including MBA, Computer Science, Information Technology. Most classes are offered both online and in the downtown campus. Many of the students are working professionals in the Silicon Valley.

Lincoln Law School of San Jose and University of Silicon Valley Law School offer law degrees, catering to working professionals.

The San Jose campus of Golden Gate University offers business bachelor and MBA degrees.

In the San Jose metropolitan area, Stanford University is in Stanford, California, Santa Clara University is in Santa Clara, California, and U.C. Santa Cruz is in Santa Cruz, California. Within the San Francisco Bay Area, other universities include U.C. Berkeley, U.C. San Francisco, U.C. Hastings College of Law, and University of San Francisco.

San Jose's community colleges, San Jose City College, West Valley College, Mission College and Evergreen Valley College, offer associate degrees, general education units to transfer to CSU and UC schools, and adult and continuing education programs. The West campus of Palmer College of Chiropractic is also located in San Jose.

WestMed College is headquartered in San Jose and offers paramedic training, emergency medical technician training, and licensed vocational nursing programs.

Primary and secondary education

Up until the opening of Lincoln High School in 1943, San Jose students only attended San Jose High School. San Jose has 127 elementary, 47 middle, and 44 high public schools. Public education in the city is provided by four high school districts, fourteen elementary districts, and four unified school districts (which provide both elementary and high schools). In addition to the main San Jose Unified School District (SJUSD), other nearby unified school districts of nearby cities are Milpitas Unified School District, Morgan Hill Unified School District, and Santa Clara Unified School District.

Private schools in San Jose are primarily run by religious groups. The Catholic Diocese of San Jose has the second largest student population in the Santa Clara County, behind only SJUSD; the diocese and its parishes operate several schools in the city, including six high schools: Archbishop Mitty High School, Bellarmine College Preparatory, Notre Dame High School, Saint Francis High School, and Presentation High School.^[164] Other private high schools not run by the Diocese include two Baptist high schools, Liberty Baptist School^[165] and White Road Baptist Academy, one Non-Denominational Protestant high school, Valley Christian High School (San Jose, California), one University-preparatory school, Cambrian Academy, a nonsectarian K-12 Harker School with four campuses in western San Jose, and a high school of the Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, Apostles Lutheran High School.^[166]

Libraries

The San José Public Library system is unique in that the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Library combines the collections of the city's system with the San Jose State University main library. In 2003, construction of the library, which now holds more than 1.6 million items, was the largest single library construction project west of the Mississippi, with eight floors that result in more than {{convert|475000|sqft|m2}} of space with a capacity for 2 million volumes.^[167]

The city has 23 neighborhood branches including the Biblioteca Latinoamericana which specializes in Spanish language works.^[168] The East San Jose Carnegie Branch Library, a Carnegie library opened in 1908, is the last Carnegie library in Santa Clara County still operating as a public library and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. As the result of a bond measure passed in November 2000, a number of brand new or completely reconstructed branches have been completed and opened. The yet-to-be-named brand new Southeast Branch is also planned, bringing the bond library project to its completion.^[169]

The San Jose system (along with the University system) were jointly named as "Library of the Year" by the Library Journal in 2004.^[170]

Transportation

Like other American cities built mostly after World War II, San Jose is highly automobile dependent, with 76 percent of residents driving alone to work and 12 percent carpooling in 2017.^[171] The city set an ambitious goals to shift motorized trips to walking, bicycling, and public transit in 2009 with the adoption of its Envision San Jose 2040 General Plan, but has so far failed to make progress towards these goals. In 2018 the city extended these goals to 2050 with its San Jose Climate Smart plan,^[172] when driving alone to work is expected to drop to just 12 percent and transit is to leap to 35 percent of commute trips and walking and bicycling (combined) also to 35 percent of commute trips.

Public transit

Rail service to and from San Jose is provided by Amtrak (the Sacramento–San-Jose Capitol Corridor and the Seattle–Los-Angeles Coast Starlight), Caltrain (commuter rail service between San Francisco and Gilroy), ACE (commuter rail service to Pleasanton and Stockton), and the local VTA light rail system connecting downtown to Mountain View, Milpitas, Campbell, and Almaden Valley, operated by the Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (VTA). Historic streetcars from History Park operate on the light rail lines in downtown during holidays.

Long-term plans call for BART to be expanded to Santa Clara through Milpitas and San Jose from the current terminal in Fremont. Originally, the extension was to be built all at once, but due to the recession, sales tax revenue has dramatically decreased. Because of this, the extension will be built in two phases. Phase 1 will extend service to a temporary terminal in north-eastern San Jose in 2019 at Berryessa station. Construction has been approved and funded and began in Summer 2012 and will connect with the Warm Springs extension to southern Fremont. In addition, San Jose will be a major stop on the future California High Speed Rail route between Los Angeles and San Francisco.^[173] Diridon Station (formerly Cahill Depot, 65 Cahill Street) is the meeting point of all regional commuter rail service in the area. It was built in 1935 by the Southern Pacific Railroad, and was refurbished in 1994.

Air

San Jose is served by Norman Y. Mineta San Jose International Airport {{airport codes|SJC|KSJC|SJC}}, {{convert|2|mi|km|spell=in}} northwest of downtown, and by Reid-Hillview Airport of Santa Clara County {{airport codes||KRHV|RHV}} a general aviation airport located in the eastern part of San Jose. San Jose residents also use San Francisco International Airport {{Airport codes|SFO|KSFO|SFO}}, a major international hub located {{convert|35|mi|km}} to the northwest, and Oakland International Airport {{Airport codes|OAK|KOAK|OAK}}, another major international airport located {{convert|35|mi|km}} to the north. The airport is also near the intersections of three major freeways, U.S. Route 101, Interstate 880, and State Route 87.

Highways

The San Jose area has a large freeway system, including three Interstate freeways and one U.S. Route. It is, however, the largest city in the country not served by a primary Interstate; most of the Interstate Highway Network was planned by the early 1950s well before San Jose's rapid growth decades later.

U.S. 101 runs south to the California Central Coast and Los Angeles, and then runs north up near the eastern shore of the San Francisco Peninsula to San Francisco. I-280 also heads to San Francisco, but goes along just to the west of the cities of San Francisco Peninsula. I-880 heads north to Oakland, running parallel to the southeastern shore of San Francisco Bay. I-680 parallels I-880 to Fremont, but then cuts northeast to the eastern cities of the San Francisco Bay Area.

Several state highways also serve San Jose: SR 17, SR 85, SR 87 and SR 237. Additionally, San Jose is served by a system of county-wide expressways, which includes the Almaden Expressway, Capitol Expressway, San Tomas Expressway, and Lawrence Expressway.

Several regional transportation projects have been undertaken in recent years to deal with congestion on San Jose freeways. This includes expansion of State Route 87 including more lanes near the downtown San Jose area.

The interchange for I-280 connecting with I-680 and U.S. 101, a rush-hour spot where the three freeways meet, has been known to have high-density traffic similar to Los Angeles County interchanges. It was constructed years before its completion. The two bridges, with no on-ramps or off-ramps stood over U.S. 101 at a 110-foot tall during the 70's, before opening in 1981. In 2010, the interchange was named the Joe Colla Interchange.^[176]

Bicycling

Central San Jose has seen a gradual expansion of bike lanes over the past decade, which now comprise a network of car-traffic-separated and buffered bike lanes. San Jose Bike Party is a volunteer-run monthly social cycling event that attracts up to 1,000 participants during summer months to "build community through bicycling". Unfortunately, fewer than one percent of city residents ride bicycles to work^[177] as their primary mode of transportation, a statistic unchanged in the past ten years. Typically, between 3 and 5 residents are struck and killed by car drivers while bicycling on San Jose streets each year.^[178]

Trail network

San Jose is crossed by several major regional off-street paved trails, most notably the Guadalupe River Trail, Los Gatos Creek Trail, and Coyote Creek Trail. These trails extend from near downtown San Jose for dozens of miles to the north and south, and are connected with each other via bicycle routes of varying quality. The city is planning to construct new trail extensions in coming years including the Three Creeks Trail and San Tomas Aquino Creek Trail.

Notable people

Sister cities

San Jose has one of the oldest Sister City programs in the nation. In 1957, when the city established a relationship with Okayama, Japan, it was only the third Sister City relationship in the nation, which had begun the prior year. The Office of Economic Development coordinates the San Jose Sister City Program which is part of Sister Cities International. {{As of|2014}}, there are eight sister cities:^[179]^[180]

See also

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=105|title=Government|publisher=San Jose, California|accessdate=March 15, 2015}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_06.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=June 28, 2017}}
3. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb//pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html|title=Elevations and Distances|publisher=US Geological Survey|date=April 29, 2005|accessdate=February 10, 2015}}
4. ^{{cite web |url = https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupAction!input.action |title = ZIP Code(tm) Lookup |publisher = United States Postal Service |accessdate = November 23, 2014}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=San Jose City Manager Norberto Duenas Has Interim Tag Removed|url=http://www.sanjoseinside.com/2015/05/05/san-jose-city-manager-norberto-duenas-has-interim-tag-removed/|website=San Jose Inside|publisher=Metro Newspapers|accessdate=May 5, 2015}}
6. ^In isolation, San is pronounced {{IPA-es|san}}.
7. ^¹{{cite web |url = http://factfinder2.census.gov |title=American FactFinder|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau}}
8. ^[https://www.census.gov/acs/www/data_documentation/summary_file/ 2012 American Community Survey] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701094816/http://www.census.gov/acs/www/data_documentation/summary_file/|date=July 1, 2014}}
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/richest-counties-in-the-united-states.html|title=Richest Counties In The United States|publisher=}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/2010/03/04/america-richest-counties-lifestyle-real-estate-wealthy-suburbs.html|title=America's 25 Richest Counties|first=Francesca|last=Levy|date=March 4, 2010|publisher=}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2014/08/10/santa-clara-county-has-highest-median-household-income-in-nation-but-wealth-gap-widens/|title=Santa Clara County has highest median household income in nation, but wealth gap widens |work=The Mercury News|publisher=}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2015/files/CBSA-EST2015-alldata.csv|title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area Totals Dataset: Population and Estimated Components of Change: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015|format=CSV|work=2015 Population Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau, Population Division|date=March 2016|accessdate=April 1, 2016|df=mdy-all}}{{dead link|date=September 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/metro/totals/2015/files/CSA-EST2015-alldata.csv|title=Combined Statistical Area Totals Dataset: Population and Estimated Components of Change: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015|format=CSV|work=2015 Population Estimates|publisher=United States Census Bureau, Population Division|date=March 2016|accessdate=April 1, 2016|df=mdy-all}}{{dead link|date=September 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2015/CO-EST2015-01.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160606042446/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/counties/totals/2015/CO-EST2015-01.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=June 6, 2016 |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015 |work=2015 Population Estimates |publisher=United States Census Bureau, Population Division |date=March 2016 |accessdate=April 1, 2016 |df= }}
15. ^{{cite web |title = The World According to GaWC |url = http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2016t.html |accessdate = April 8, 2018}}
16. ^Hsu, T. (September 20, 2012). "America's richest cities: Census say San Jose, San Francisco". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
17. ^Glink, I. (February 22, 2013). [https://finance.yahoo.com/news/america-s-richest-cities-in-2013-211502789.html "America's Richest Cities in 2013."]. Yahoo Finance. Retrieved August 16, 2013
18. ^Bass, F., Homan, T. (October 18, 2011). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-19/beltway-earnings-make-u-s-capital-richer-than-silicon-valley.html "Beltway Earnings Make US Capital Richer Than Silicon Valley"]. Bloomberg. Retrieved August 16, 2013.
19. ^Zeveloff, J. (February 14, 2013). "The 10 Most Expensive Cities in the United States" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507105818/http://www.dailyfinance.com/2013/02/14/most-expensive-us-cities-cost-of-living/#!slide=5639175 |date=May 7, 2016 }}. Daily Finance. Retrieved August 16, 2013
20. ^Silicon Valley Business Journal – San Jose Area has World's Third-Highest GDP Per Capita, Brookings Says
21. ^{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/11/30/greediest-cities-billionaires-forbeslife-cx_ee_1203greed.html | work=Forbes | title=America's Greediest Cities | date=3 December 2007 | deadurl=no | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729210441/https://www.forbes.com/2007/11/30/greediest-cities-billionaires-forbeslife-cx_ee_1203greed.html | archivedate=July 29, 2017 | df=mdy-all }}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/san-jose-median-home-price-1-million-2016-8|title=The first US city where average homes cost over $1 million|publisher=}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.demographia.com/dhi.pdf|title=13th Annual Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey: 2017|publisher=}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/San-Jose-is-the-most-unaffordable-city-in-U-S-10878162.php|title=San Jose is the most 'unaffordable' major housing market in U.S., survey says|publisher=}}
25. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/23/architecture/2017-most-expensive-cities-hong-kong/index.html|title=The least affordable places to live in 2017|author=Kate Springer|website=CNN}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/the-most-expensive-cities-to-live-in-around-the-world-in-2017-2017-1/#6-melbourne-australia-melbourne-had-a-median-multiple-of-95-5|title=The 10 most expensive cities to live in around the world in 2017|publisher=}}
27. ^{{cite web|title=The First City|url=http://www.californiahistory.net/text_only/4_3_1.htm|work=California History Online|date=|accessdate=March 15, 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218051828/http://www.californiahistory.net/text_only/4_3_1.htm |archivedate=February 18, 2008}}
28. ^{{cite web|title=California Admission Day—September 9, 1850|url=http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=23856|publisher=California State Parks|year=2007|accessdate=March 15, 2008}}
29. ^[https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2017/09/26/san-jose-silicon-valley-economy-growth-jobs.html Silicon Valley Business Journal – San Jose has the Fastest-Growing Economy in California]
30. ^For origin, arrival and displacement based on "linguistic evidence" in 500 CE per Levy, 1978:486, also Bean, 1994:xxi (cites Levy 1978). For Shell Mound dating, F.M. Stanger 1968:4.
31. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/santaclara/history.htm |title=Early History |publisher=National Register of Historic Places |accessdate=June 5, 2007}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sanjosehistory.org/pre-history/|title=Pre-History|date=November 4, 2013|publisher=}}
33. ^For events of 1795–1796, Milliken, 1995:129–134 ("Mass Migration in Winter of 1794–95"). For runaways, Milliken, 1995:97 (cites Fages, 1971).
34. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.californiahistory.net/4_PAGES/missions_junipero.htm |title=Junípero Serra |year=2000 |work=California History Online |publisher=California Historical Society |accessdate=June 20, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20040812151444/http://www.californiahistory.net/4_PAGES/missions_junipero.htm |archivedate = August 12, 2004}}
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36. ^{{cite book |title=Clyde Arbuckle's History of San Jose |year=1986 |author=Clyde Arbuckle |publisher=Smith McKay Printing |isbn=978-9996625220}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sanjosehistory.org/spanish-period/|title=Spanish Period|date=November 5, 2013|publisher=}}
38. ^History San Jose – Pueblo Papers
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sanjosehistory.org/mexican-period/|title=Mexican Period|date=November 7, 2013|publisher=}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sanjosehistory.org/early-american-period/|title=1846-1869|date=November 7, 2013|publisher=}}
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42. ^Clyde Arbuckle's history of San Jose (Smith & McKay, 1985), p. 27: "Therefore, unless posterity can determine the order in which the Governor signed these bills, there will always be a question as to whether San Jose, already preceded by Sacramento, was California's second, third, or fourth incorporated city."
43. ^George R. Stewart, The California Trail: An Epic with Many Heroes (University of Nebraska Press, 1962), p. 28.
44. ^Ken McKowen & Dahlynn McKowen, Best of California's Missions, Mansions, and Museums (Wilderness Press, 2006), pp. 77-99.
45. ^[https://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=3615 First State Capitol Building], Historical Marker Database.
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122. ^{{cite web |title=KQW Radio, San Jose |url=http://www.bayarearadio.org/audio/kqw/kqw_30th-anniv_nov-10-1945.shtml |publisher=Bay Area Radio Museum |author=Marty Cheek |accessdate=June 18, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203083252/http://www.bayarearadio.org/audio/kqw/kqw_30th-anniv_nov-10-1945.shtml |archive-date=February 3, 2007 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
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124. ^{{cite web|title=Staff Review Agenda|url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/pdf/recent/111507.pdf |publisher=City of San Jose |date=November 15, 2007 |accessdate=May 5, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528012158/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/planning/pdf/recent/111507.pdf |archivedate=May 28, 2008}}
125. ^{{cite web|title=Development Services |url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/development/developmentcenter/second_floor.asp |publisher=City of San Jose |date=February 6, 2006 |accessdate=May 5, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402153817/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/development/developmentcenter/second_floor.asp |archivedate=April 2, 2008}}
126. ^{{cite web|title=San Jose Downtown Historic District|url=https://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/santaclara/shd.htm|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=May 5, 2008}}
127. ^{{cite web|title=Green Building Policy |url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/ESD/natural-energy-resources/gb-policy.htm |date=April 10, 2007 |accessdate=May 5, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401165425/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/esd/natural-energy-resources/gb-policy.htm |archivedate=April 1, 2008}}
128. ^{{cite news|last=Yoders|first=Jeff|title=San Jose's Richard Meier-designed city hall: To Leed, or Not to Leed|url=http://www.bdcnetwork.com/san-joses-richard-meier-designed-city-hall-leed-or-not-leed|work=Building Design and Construction |date=November 1, 2005 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810123942/http://www.bdcnetwork.com/article/CA6281251.html |archivedate=August 10, 2009 |accessdate=November 9, 2013}}
129. ^{{cite news |title= Photos of homes in San Jose, California, then and now. |url=http://www.bvnasj.org/SanJoseThenNow3.htm |author= Buena Vista Neighborhood Association |date=February 21, 2012 |accessdate= August 16, 2014}}
130. ^{{cite news |title=Julia Morgan-designed mansion on The Alameda in San Jose will soon become office space |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/rose-garden/ci_15907062 |author=Mary Gottschalk / San Jose Mercury News |date=August 26, 2010 |accessdate=June 12, 2015}}
131. ^{{cite journal|title=2006–2007 Proposed Capital Budget |url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/budget/FY0607/ProposedCapital/28.pdf |publisher=City of San Jose |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822225404/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/budget/FY0607/ProposedCapital/28.pdf |archivedate=August 22, 2006}}
132. ^{{cite web|title=Herhold: I'll miss the red eyes of San Jose's plumed serpent|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/scott-herhold/ci_17274049?nclick_check=1 |work=San Jose Mercury News|date=February 2, 2011 |first=Scott |last=Herhold |accessdate=April 15, 2011}}
133. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2002/09/16/daily78.html |title=Fallon statue unveiled |work=Silicon Valley/San Jose Business Journal |date=September 20, 2002 |accessdate=June 18, 2007}}
134. ^{{cite web|author=Jim LaFrenere |url=http://www.chicagotraveler.com/cows_on_parade.htm |title=Chicago cows on parade exhibit |publisher=Chicagotraveler.com |date= |accessdate=July 1, 2010}}
135. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZBJbIP0fMr0C&pg=PA342&dq=San+Jose+Semaphore+Ben+Rubin#v=onepage&q=San%20Jose%20Semaphore%20Ben%20Rubin&f=false|title=Entangled: Technology and the Transformation of Performance |author=Chris Salter|first2=Peter |last2=Sellars|year=2010|page=342|isbn=978-0-262-19588-1|publisher=The MIT Press}} --via Google Books.
136. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/past.html |title=San José Semaphore – 2006 Contest – Past Contest – How the code was cracked |publisher=Adobe.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021164919/http://www.adobe.com/aboutadobe/philanthropy/sjsemaphore/past.html |archivedate=October 21, 2012 |accessdate=November 10, 2013}}
137. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.earstudio.com/sanjosesemaphore/decoding.pdf |title=Decoding the San Jose Semaphore |date=August 14, 2007 |publisher=Ear Studio |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304134307/http://www.earstudio.com/sanjosesemaphore/decoding.pdf |archivedate=March 4, 2012 |accessdate=November 9, 2013}}
138. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cmtsj.org/content/about-cmt-san-jose |title=ABOUT CMT San Jose |publisher=Cmtsj.org |date= |accessdate=July 8, 2013}}
139. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sanjosemuseumofart.org |title=San Jose Museum of Art |publisher=San Jose Museum of Art |date= |accessdate=July 1, 2010}}
140. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.siliconvalley.com/mld/mercurynews/news/columnists/leigh_weimers/10045287.htm?template=contentModules/printstory.jsp |date=October 29, 2004 |title=Who needs the Sharks? HP Pavilion thriving |first=Leigh |last=Weimers |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050309065548/http://www.siliconvalley.com/mld/mercurynews/news/columnists/leigh_weimers/10045287.htm?template=contentModules%2Fprintstory.jsp |archivedate=March 9, 2005 |accessdate=November 9, 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy-all }}
141. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/southbaybaseball/ci_15883617 |title=How the A's ballpark plans stack up |work=San Jose Mercury News |accessdate=August 18, 2013}}
142. ^http://www.cpmlegal.com/media/news/139_2013-06-18_COMPLAINT__WITH%20EXHIBITS_.pdf
143. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sacbee.com/2013/06/19/5509860/mark-purdy-san-jose-takes-big.html|title=San Jose takes big swing at Major League Baseball|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130624222013/http://www.sacbee.com/2013/06/19/5509860/mark-purdy-san-jose-takes-big.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=June 24, 2013 |accessdate=October 17, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}
144. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/athletics/article/U-S-Supreme-Court-rejects-San-Jose-s-bid-to-6550805.php|title=U.S. Supreme Court rejects San Jose's bid to lure Oakland A's |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date= |accessdate=October 5, 2015}}
145. ^{{cite news |url=http://origin.mercurynews.com/tv/ci_9980596 |title=Unseen Heroes: Olympians in 'lockdown' at SJSU on way to Beijing |author=Bruce Newman |work=San Jose Mercury News |date=July 24, 2008 |accessdate=July 29, 2008}}
146. ^{{cite web |title=San Jose State Spartans Team History |url=http://www.sjsuhockey.net/NewHistory.html|publisher=sjsuhockey.net|location= |year=2010 |accessdate=May 4, 2010}}
147. ^{{cite web|url=http://ceres.ca.gov/planning/bol/1999/charter.html |title=List of California Charter Cities |work=The California Planners' Book of Lists |year=1999 |accessdate=June 9, 2007 |publisher=California Governor's Office of Planning and Research |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208132759/http://ceres.ca.gov/planning/bol/1999/charter.html |archivedate=February 8, 2007}}
148. ^¹²{{cite web|url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/Charter.htm |title=San Jose City Charter |publisher=Sanjoseca.gov |date= |accessdate=July 1, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100112063906/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/clerk/Charter.htm |archivedate=January 12, 2010}}
149. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.santaclara.lafco.ca.gov |title=Local Agency Formation Commission |publisher=Santaclara.lafco.ca.gov |date= |accessdate=July 1, 2010}}
150. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sccgov.org/SCC/docs%2FSCC%20Public%20Portal%2Fattachments%2F628168County_Charter.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20071106045551/http://www.sccgov.org/SCC/docs/SCC%20Public%20Portal/attachments/628168County_Charter.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=November 6, 2007 |title=Charter of the County of Santa Clara, Article 101 |publisher=Santa Clara County |accessdate=February 16, 2008 |df= }}
151. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sccgov.org/sites/scc/Pages/Search.aspx?svtyp=Contacts |title=County of Santa Clara Contacts |accessdate=February 16, 2008}}
152. ^¹{{cite web |url = http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_sd_finaldraft_splits.zip |title = Communities of Interest – City |publisher = California Citizens Redistricting Commission |accessdate = October 10, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054153/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_sd_finaldraft_splits.zip |archive-date = October 23, 2015 |dead-url = yes |df = mdy-all}}
153. ^¹{{cite web |url = http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_ad_finaldraft_splits.zip |title = Communities of Interest – City |publisher = California Citizens Redistricting Commission |accessdate = October 10, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054757/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_ad_finaldraft_splits.zip |archive-date = October 23, 2015 |dead-url = yes |df = mdy-all}}
154. ^{{cite web |url = http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_cd_finaldraft_splits.zip |title = Communities of Interest – City |publisher = California Citizens Redistricting Commission |accessdate = September 27, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130930184128/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_cd_finaldraft_splits.zip |archive-date = September 30, 2013 |dead-url = yes |df = mdy-all}}
155. ^{{Cite GovTrack|CA|17|accessdate=March 13, 2013}}
156. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/courts/courtsofappeal/6thDistrict/ |title=Courts of Appeal: Sixth District San Jose |publisher=California State Courts |accessdate=February 16, 2008}}
157. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cand.uscourts.gov/CAND/FAQ.nsf/840afa494a77a59388256d4e007d54ff/de9a30b748bc1e5388256ebc0055acf4?OpenDocument |title=Court Info: San Jose |publisher=United States District Court for the Northern California District |accessdate=February 16, 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211114946/http://www.cand.uscourts.gov/CAND/FAQ.nsf/840afa494a77a59388256d4e007d54ff/de9a30b748bc1e5388256ebc0055acf4?OpenDocument |archivedate=February 11, 2008}}
158. ^{{cite web|title=San Jose crime rate surpasses U.S. average, arrests plummet|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/pensions/ci_24737175/san-jose-crime-rate-surpasses-u-s-average-arrests-plummet}}
159. ^¹{{cite web|title=FBI Uniform Crime Reports|url=http://www.ucrdatatool.gov/Search/Crime/Local/RunCrimeTrendsInOneVarLarge.cfm}}
160. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/crime-courts/ci_24832280/man-shot-death-is-san-joses-first-homicide |title=Gunshots, silence, grisly discovery mark San Jose's first homicide of 2014 |publisher=mercurynews.com |date=January 3, 2014}}
161. ^{{cite web |title = Best Colleges 2010 |website = |publisher = U.S. News and World Report |date = |url = http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/masters-west-top-public |doi = |accessdate = February 19, 2010}}
162. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.westernseminary.edu/admissions/why/campuses/sanjose |title=Western Seminary San Jose Campus |publisher=www.westernseminary.edu |date=|accessdate=November 26, 2013}}
163. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nhu.edu/ |title=National Hispanic University |publisher=National Hispanic University |date=|accessdate=May 19, 2017}}
164. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dsj.org/dsj/schools_results.asp?show=all |title=Schools |publisher=Roman Catholic Diocese of San Jose in California |accessdate=June 18, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927173701/http://www.dsj.org/dsj/schools_results.asp?show=all |archivedate = September 27, 2007}}
165. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.christianschoolsanjose.org |title=Liberty Baptist School- Christian School, San Jose, CA |publisher=Christianschoolsanjose.org |date= |accessdate=January 19, 2014}}
166. ^{{cite web|title=Apostles Lutheran High School|url=http://school.apostles-lutheran.net/high_school}}
167. ^SJ Library MLK History of the King Library (Mentions joint university/city status, collection size and size of construction project.)
168. ^Locations page at SJ Library site (See BL article for its references.)
169. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sjlibrary.org/about/sjpl/bond/index.htm |title=Bond Projects for Branch Libraries page at the SJ Library site |publisher=Sjlibrary.org |date= |accessdate=July 1, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613044713/http://sjlibrary.org/about/sjpl/bond/index.htm |archivedate=June 13, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}
170. ^San Jose 2003–2004 Annual Report {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120514145814/http://www.sanjoseca.gov/cityManager/pdf/AnnualReport03-04.pdf |date=May 14, 2012 }} "In 2004, San José Public Library and San José State University Library were jointly named Library of the Year by the Library Journal."
171. ^{{Cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/|title=Table S0801. Commuting Characteristics By Sex, 2013-2017 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates (San Jose, California), U.S. Census Bureau|last=|first=|date=2017|website=American Fact Finder, U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=December 13, 2018}}
172. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/02/15/san-jose-unveils-new-climate-plan/|title=San Jose Unveils New Climate Plan|last=Deruy|first=Emily|date=February 15, 2018|work=The Mercury News|access-date=December 13, 2018}}
173. ^{{cite news |first= David |last=Goll |authorlink=|title=BART-San Jose planners in it for the long haul|url=http://sanjose.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2009/03/16/story4.html|newspaper=San Jose Business Journal |date=March 13, 2009 |accessdate=March 13, 2009}}
174. ^{{cite web|title = AIBRA – Find a Station|accessdate = May 2, 2015|url = http://www.kfhgroup.com/aibra/Tables/tables.htm}}
175. ^[https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2017/03/16/san-jose-sjc-airport-ranking-flights-sfo.html Silicon Valley Business Journal – SFO what? San Jose's SJC flies to the top of rankings as America's best-run airport]
176. ^{{cite web|url=http://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=200920100ACR102 |title=Assembly Concurrent Resolution No. 102 – Joe Colla Interchange |publisher=California State Legislature |date= August 30, 2010 |accessdate=November 10, 2013}}
177. ^{{Cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml|title=Table S0801, Commuting Characteristics By Sex, 2012-2017 American Community Survey for San Jose, California.|last=|first=|date=December 31, 2018|website=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=}}
178. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/12/08/bay-areas-dangerous-roads-fatal-crashes-up-43-percent-from-2010-to-2016/|title=Bay Area's dangerous roads: Fatal crashes up 43 percent from 2010 to 2016|date=2017-12-08|website=The Mercury News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-01}}
179. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?nid=925 |title=Sister City Program |publisher=The City of San Jose |accessdate=March 19, 2014}}
180. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sanjosesistercities.org/ |title=Pacific Neighbors San Jose Sister Cities Program}}
181. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sanjosedublin.org/ |title=San-Jose–Dublin Sister City Program}}
182. ^{{cite web|title=Sister City, Pune, India – San Jose, California|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM9NYW_Sister_City_Pune_India_San_Jose_CA|accessdate= February 17, 2013}}
183. ^{{cite web|title=San Jose and Pune Celebrate Sister City Relationship With India National Independence Day Flag Raising|url=http://www.marketwire.com/press-release/san-jose-pune-celebrate-sister-city-relationship-with-india-national-independence-day-887744.htm|accessdate= February 17, 2013}}
184. ^{{cite web|title=San Jose Sister Cities|url=http://www.sanjosesistercities.org/sister-cities/pune-india/|accessdate= February 17, 2013}}
185. ^¹{{cite web |url = http://www.sanjoseca.gov/index.aspx?NID=146 |title = City Council |publisher = San Jose, California |accessdate = December 8, 2014}}
186. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc |title=California Cities by Incorporation Date |format=Word |publisher=California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions |accessdate=August 25, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc |archivedate=November 3, 2014 |df=mdy-all}}
187. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://www.dof.ca.gov/research/demographic/reports/estimates/e-1/view.php |title=E-1 Population Estimates for Cities, Counties, and the State |accessdate=April 30, 2014 |publisher=California Department of Finance |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701212657/http://www.dof.ca.gov/research/demographic/reports/estimates/e-1/view.php |archivedate=July 1, 2014 |df=mdy-all}}
188. ^¹{{Cite GNIS|1654952|San Jose|accessdate=January 11, 2015}}

History

Pre-Columbian period