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词条 San Juanico Bridge
释义

  1. History

     Development   Inception    Financing    Contract awarding    Construction   Post-construction 

  2. Features

  3. Economic significance

  4. In popular culture

      Martial Law slang   Film and literature    Urban legends  

  5. Incidents

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}{{Infobox bridge
|bridge_name = San Juanico Bridge
|image = San_juanico_bridge_1.png
|image_size = 250px
|caption = The San Juanico Bridge, view from Samar, towards Leyte
|carries = 2 lanes of {{jct|country=PHL|N|1|AH|26|name2=Maharlika Highway}}; pedestrian sidewalks
|crosses = San Juanico Strait[1]
|locale = Santa Rita, Samar
and Tacloban, Leyte[2]
|maint = Department of Public Works and Highways
|id =
|architect =
|design = Arch-shaped truss bridge
|mainspan = {{convert|192|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|number_spans = 43
|length = {{convert|2164|m|ft|abbr=on}}
|width =
|height =
|load =
|clearance =
|below =
|traffic =
|builder = Construction and Development Corporation of the Philippines
|begin = 1969
|complete = 1973
|cost = US$22 million
({{Philippine peso|140 million}})
|open = 2 July 1973
|closed =
|toll =
|map_cue =
|map_image =
|map_text =
|map_width =
|coordinates = {{coord|11|18|10|N|124|58|19|E|display=title,inline|region:PH_type:landmark_source:nlwiki}}
|lat =
|long =
|official_name =
|other_name = Philippine-Japan Friendship Highway bridge;[1] Marcos Bridge[4]
}}San Juanico Bridge ({{lang-fil|Tulay ng San Juanico}} and {{lang-es|Puente de San Juanico}}) is part of the Pan-Philippine Highway and stretches from Samar to Leyte across the San Juanico Strait in the Philippines.[2] Its longest length is a steel girder viaduct built on reinforced concrete piers, and its main span is of an arch-shaped truss design. Constructed during the Marcos administration using Japanese Official Development Assistance (ODA) loans,[3] it has a total length of {{convert|2.16|km|mi|sp=us}} - the longest bridge spanning a body of seawater in the Philippines.[4][5]

Touted as President Ferdinand Marcos' "birthday gift" to his wife Imelda,[4] it was one of the high-visibility foreign-loan projects initiated by Marcos during the run-up to the 1969 Presidential election campaign.[6] Completed four years later, it was inaugurated on 2 July 1973 - Imelda Marcos' birthday.[4] Upon its completion, economists and public works engineers quickly tagged it as a white elephant which was "constructed several decades too soon",[2] because its average daily traffic (ADT) was too low to justify the cost of its construction.[2] As a result, its construction has been associated with what has been called the Marcoses' "edifice complex".[7][8]

In the decades after the Marcoses administration, economic activity in Samar and Leyte has finally caught up with the bridge's intended function, and it has become an iconic tourist attraction acknowledged as "part of the identity of people in Samar and Leyte."[8]

History

Development

Inception

The "Philippine-Japan Friendship Highway Bridge" was part of a large bundle of high visibility foreign-loan-funded infrastucture launched by Ferdinand Marcos' administration in the during the 1969 Presidential campaign.[6] These foreign-loan-funded showcases, which also included the Cultural Center of the Philippines, allowed Marcos to credit the projects as part of his administration's "performance" - part of the reason he became the first and only President of the Third Philippine republic to win a second term.[6]

At the time the project was conceived, there was not yet much traffic between the islands of Leyte and Samar because they were relatively underdeveloped,[2] As a result, there was not yet a need for such a costly project[2] funded by foreign loans which would charge interest.[3] But the bridge was built there because Imelda Marcos, who had grown up in Leyte, wanted a bridge for her province.[22]

Financing

The Philippine-Japan Friendship Highway project started out in the mid-1960s with a single USD 25 million Japan Export-Import Bank loan meant for the purchase of equipment for road development. But the Marcos administration requested its expansion to incorporate a bridge between Leyte and Samar, and various sea traffic projects such as roll-on/roll-off ferries.[1]

The cost of the construction was US$22 million (about {{Philippine peso|140 million}}),[9] which was acquired through Official Development Assistance loans from Japan's Overseas Technical Cooperation Agency (OTCA), the predecessor of today's Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).[2][1] This was the first Official Development Assistance from Japan to the Philippines through JICA.[10]

Contract awarding

Through the then Ministry of Public Highways, the Philippine government contracted the San Juanico Bridge project to the Construction and Development Corporation of the Philippines (CDCP; now the Philippine National Construction Corporation),[11] a company founded by close Marcos associate Rodolfo Cuenca.[8][12]

Construction

Construction of the bridge commenced during 1969 presidential campaign. It was finally completed four years later, in 1973. It was inaugurated on July 2 - in celebration of Imelda Marcos' birthday.[13]

Its design reflected the aesthetic of other infrastructure projects associated with what has been called the Marcoses' "edifice complex,"[7][8] - described by Architectural historian Gerard Lico as "an obsession and compulsion to build edifices as a hallmark of greatness."[14]

Post-construction

The bridge was slightly damaged by Typhoon Haiyan, locally known as Super Typhoon Yolanda, in November 2013[15] but was quickly repaired and reopened within the month.[16]

Samar Governor Sharee Ann Tan proposed a project to install LED lights in the bridge, with timed lighting effects for select occasions as an effort to boost tourism between Leyte and Samar islands. The {{Philippine peso|80 million}} project dubbed as the San Juanico Bridge Lighting Project was approved by the Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone Authority in January 2018. While delayed, the lighting project is projected to be completed in 2019.[17]

Features

San Juanico Bridge connects the islands of Leyte and Samar by linking the city of Tacloban to the town of Santa Rita, Samar. It passes over the San Juanico Strait.[9] The road infrastructure is the longest bridge in the Philippines spanning across a body of water[13] measuring {{convert|2164|m|ft|abbr=on}} in total length.[18] It has 43 steels spans with the primary span measuring {{convert|192|m|ft|abbr=on}}.[11]

The bridge's abutments are founded on steel H-piles while its piers are rock seated pedestals built using the Prepakt method, having single cylindrical shafts and tapered cantilevered copings.[11]

The bridge is part of the Pan–Philippine Highway (commonly known as the Maharlika Highway), a network of roads, bridges, and sea routes that connect the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao in the country. The highway was proposed in 1965, and constructed under the administration of the late President Ferdinand Marcos to serve as the country’s backbone of transportation.[4]

Economic significance

The bridge is considered by the government as a main tourist destination of the Tacloban.[19] San Juanico bridge is also serves as an important role for both the tourism and economies of the islands of Samar and Leyte by linking them.[13]

In popular culture

Martial Law slang

{{main|Torture methods used by the Marcos dictatorship}}

During martial law in the Philippines under then-president Ferdinand E. Marcos, Military personnel who conducted tortures referred to one particular method of torture as "the San Juanico Bridge."[20] It involved a person being beaten while the victim's head and feet lay on separate beds and the body is suspended as though to form a bridge.[21][22][23]

Film and literature

Filipino actor and stunt performer Dante Varona jumped from the San Juanico Bridge without a harness in the 1981 movie Hari ng Stunt.[24]

The short story "The Bridge" by Yvette Tan is based on one of the urban legends surrounding the San Juanico Bridge.[25][26] The story won an award for fiction from the Philippine Graphic.[25]

Urban legends

There are a number of urban legends associated with the bridge’s construction. The most popular one involved a woman who follows a fortune teller's advice and orders workers to mix children’s blood with the bridge’s foundation. A river fairy curses the woman and causes the woman to grow foul-smelling scales on her legs.[27]

Incidents

  • On September 22, 2002, a barge rammed into a concrete foundation of the bridge causing a ₱25-million damage. Then, on October, A portion of the bridge slid down by at least 10 centimeters after a metal support for its concrete foundation gave way, which was attributed by Engineer Jimmy Chan to "material fatigue.[28]
  • On January 2003, a passenger van, traveling from Borongan, Eastern Samar, fell off killing the driver and one of the four passengers.[29]
  • On June 21, 2013, a driver was killed and a passenger was injured when the cargo truck carrying them fell off.[30] They came from Tacloban headed to Catbalogan when the truck’s brakes malfunctioned and swerved out of control.[31]
  • While doing an aerial survey in December 2013, nearly a month after Typhoon Yolanda hit the Philippines, a Chinese humanitarian team helping in the relief operations reported there were still dead bodies floating around the bridge.[32]

See also

  • Edifice complex
  • List of longest bridges in the world

References

1. ^1 2 {{Cite web |title=ASEAN Dialogues: Former Philippines Premier Virata Looks Back on Decades of Working with Japan |website=www.jica.go.jp |publisher=Japan International Cooperation Agency |language=en |url=https://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/field/2013/140107_01.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630074024/https://www.jica.go.jp/english/news/field/2013/140107_01.html |archive-date=30 June 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Cite web |url=http://pcij.org/stories/7-in-10-oda-projects-fail-to-deliver-touted-benefits |title=7 in 10 ODA projects fail to deliver touted benefits |last=Landingin |first=Roel R. |date=13 February 2008 |publisher=Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012170044/http://pcij.org/stories/7-in-10-oda-projects-fail-to-deliver-touted-benefits |archive-date=12 October 2009 |dead-url=no |df=dmy}}
3. ^1 {{Cite book |title=Fifty years of Japan ODA : a critical review for ODA reform: Reality of Aid Asia-Pacific 2005 report. |date=2005 |location=Manila |publisher=IBON Books |isbn=978-971-0325-52-8 |oclc=68191461 }}
4. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|title=10 Facts You Should Know about San Juanico Bridge in Samar and Leyte |last=Sabornido |first=Lyza |date=17 September 2014 |publisher=FAQ.ph |url=http://faq.ph/10-facts-you-should-know-about-san-juanico-bridge-in-samar-and-leyte/ |access-date=26 May 2016}}
5. ^{{Cite web|last=Guia |first=Jhaypee |date=13 July 2012 |title=Go Across the San Juanico Bridge |publisher=Vigattin Tourism |url=https://www.vigattintourism.com/tourism/articles/Go-Across-the-San-Juanico-Bridge |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131170451/https://www.vigattintourism.com/tourism/articles/Go-Across-the-San-Juanico-Bridge |archive-date=31 January 2014 |dead-url=no |df=dmy}}
6. ^1 2 {{Cite book |title=Some are smarter than others : the history of Marcos' crony capitalism |last=Ricardo. |first=Manapat, |date=1991 |publisher=Aletheia Publications |isbn=9719128704 |location=New York |oclc=28428684}}
7. ^1 {{Cite web|last=Afinidad-Bernardo |first=Deni Rose M. |date=2016 |title=31 Years of Amnesia: Edifice Complex |newspaper=The Philippine Star |url=https://newslab.philstar.com/31-years-of-amnesia/building-spree |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304080521/http://newslab.philstar.com/31-years-of-amnesia/building-spree |archive-date=4 March 2017 |dead-url=no |df=dmy}}
8. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|title=Edifice Complex: Building on the Backs of the Filipino People |publisher=Martial Law Museum |language=en-US |url=https://martiallawmuseum.ph/magaral/edifice-complex-building-on-the-backs-of-the-filipino-people/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501160650/https://martiallawmuseum.ph/magaral/edifice-complex-building-on-the-backs-of-the-filipino-people/ |archive-date=1 May 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy }}
9. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Quirante|first1=Ninfa Iluminada|title=San Juanico Bridge, a symbol of love|url=http://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1005720|accessdate=26 March 2018|agency=Philippine Information Agency|date=13 March 2018}}
10. ^1 {{Cite web |url=https://www.jica.go.jp/philippine/english/office/topics/c8h0vm00008t460t-att/oda60anniversary_01.pdf |title=60 Years of Japan - Philippines Cooperation (Commemorative Magazine) |publisher=Japan International Cooperation Agency Philippines Office |location=Makati, Philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703080502/https://www.jica.go.jp/philippine/english/office/topics/c8h0vm00008t460t-att/oda60anniversary_01.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy}}
11. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=PNCC Projects :San Juanico Bridge|url=http://www.pncc.ph/projects_marcosbridge.htm|publisher=Philippine National Construction Corporation|accessdate=26 March 2018}}headed by Engr. Arvin L. Valderrama
12. ^1 {{Cite web|title=It Takes a Village to Loot a Nation: Cronyism and Corruption|last=|first=|date=|publisher=Martial Law Museum |language=en-US |url=https://martiallawmuseum.ph/magaral/the-philippines-during-the-martial-law/ |access-date=1 May 2018 }}
13. ^1 2 {{cite news|author1=TIEZA|title=San Juanico, Eastern Visayas’ iconic bridge, to be lit up by end of 2018|url=http://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1006186|accessdate=26 March 2018|agency=Philippine Information Agency|date=25 March 2018}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.artesdelasfilipinas.com/archives/45/book-review-edifice-complex-power-myth-and-the-marcos-state-architecture-by-gerard-lico|title=Book Review: Edifice Complex: Power, Myth, and the Marcos State Architecture by Gerard Lico : Philippine Art, Culture and Antiquities|last=Santos|first=Roselle|date=|website=Artes de las Filipinas|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=1 May 2018 }}
15. ^{{cite news|last1=Fensome|first1=Alex|title=Filipinos' nervous wait as toll soars|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/9384437/Filipinos-nervous-wait-as-toll-soars|accessdate=13 November 2013|work=The Dominion Post|publisher=Stuff Limited|date=11 November 2013}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Protection Assesment: Super Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda)|url=http://www.globalprotectioncluster.org/_assets/files/field_protection_clusters/Philippines/files/131111%20Protection%20Assessment%20STY%20Haiyan%20Issue%20No%20%203%20(LR)%20(2).pdf|publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|accessdate=26 March 2018}}
17. ^{{Cite news|last=Meniano |first=Sarwell |date=28 August 2018|title=Detailed technical review delays San Juanico Bridge lighting project |agency=Philippine News Agency |url=http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1046151 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127205904/http://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1046151 |archive-date=27 November 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy}}
18. ^{{cite journal|title=Region VII – Central Visayas Region|journal=DPWH Annual Report|date=2015|page=46|url=http://www.dpwh.gov.ph/dpwh/sites/default/files/2005_REPORT_REV.pdf|accessdate=26 March 2018|publisher=Department of Public Works and Highways|quote=Rehabilitation of San Juanico Bridge (2.164 km.), P1.002 Billion.}}
19. ^{{cite web|title=Tacloban: A Fast Rising Highly Urbanized City A City Profile|url=http://www.nap.psa.gov.ph/ru8/profiles/Municipal_Profile/Tacloban_City_Profile.pdf|publisher=National Statistical Coordination Board : Regional Division VIII|accessdate=26 March 2018}}
20. ^{{Cite news|last=Laber |first=Jeri |date=30 October 1976 |title=Philippines Torture |newspaper=The New York Times |page=23 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/10/30/archives/philippines-torture.html }}
21. ^{{Cite news|last=Pedroso |first=Kate |date=21 September 2014 |title='San Juanico Bridge,' other tortures detailed |newspaper=The Philippine Daily Inquirer |language=en |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/639646/san-juanico-bridge-other-tortures-detailed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921022053/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/639646/san-juanico-bridge-other-tortures-detailed |archive-date=21 September 2014 |dead-url=no |df=dmy}}
22. ^{{Cite news|title=Worse than death: Torture methods during martial law|last=Hapal|first=Don Kevin|date=23 February 2016 |publisher=Rappler |location=Philippines |language=en |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/121365-torture-martial-law-marcos-regime |access-date=1 May 2018 }}
23. ^{{Cite book|last=Robles |first=Raissa |year=2016 |title=Marcos Martial Law: Never Again: A brief history of torture and atrocity under the New Society |location=Quezon City |publisher=Filipinos for A Better Philippines, Inc. |page= |isbn=978-621-95443-1-3 |oclc=952277519}}
24. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.leytesamardailynews.com/they-are-not-stuntmen-like-dante-varona/|title=They are not stuntmen like Dante Varona|last=|first=|date=7 August 2014|website=Leyte Samar Daily News|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=1 May 2018}}
25. ^1 {{Cite news|last=Albano |first=Lou |date=8 October 2009 |title=Q&A with Palanca Awardee Yvette Tan |publisher=FHM Philippines (Summit Media) |url=https://www.fhm.com.ph/people/profiles/qampa-with-palanca-awardee-yvette-tan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501224638/https://www.fhm.com.ph/people/profiles/qampa-with-palanca-awardee-yvette-tan |archive-date=1 May 2018 |dead-url=no |df=dmy}}
26. ^{{Cite web|url=https://eatingthesun.blogspot.com/2009/08/yvette-tans-waking-dead.html|title=Yvette Tan's Waking the Dead|last=Casocot|first=Ian Rosales|date=14 August 2009|website=The Spy in the Sandwich|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=1 May 2018}}
27. ^{{Cite web|last=Piccio |first=Belle |date=27 October 2015 |title=Urban Legend: The Bloody Secret of the Longest Bridge in the Philippines |website=Choose Philippines |language=en |url=http://www.choosephilippines.com/do/history-and-culture/3667/urban-legend-san-juanico-bridge-bloody-secret |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029224903/http://www.choosephilippines.com/do/history-and-culture/3667/urban-legend-san-juanico-bridge-bloody-secret |archive-date=29 October 2015 |dead-url=no |df=dmy}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2002/10/31/182040/metal-support-san-juanico146s-pier-gives-way|title=Metal support in San Juanico’s pier gives way|publisher=Philstar|accessdate=September 17, 2018}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2003/01/08/190731/van-falls-san-juanico-bridge-2-dead|title=Van falls off San Juanico Bridge; 2 dead|publisher=Philstar|accessdate=September 18, 2018}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/430713/driver-killed-as-truck-falls-off-san-juanico-bridge|title=Driver killed as truck falls off San Juanico Bridge|publisher=inquirer.NET|accessdate=September 18, 2018}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/nation/regions/06/21/13/driver-killed-truck-falls-san-juanico-bridge|title=Driver killed as truck falls off San Juanico Bridge|publisher=ABS-CBN News|accessdate=September 18, 2018}}
32. ^{{Cite news|author=Zofia L|title=120 Bodies Found Under San Juanico Bridge|date=December 4, 2013|newspaper=Kicker Daily News|url=https://kickerdaily.com/posts/2013/12/120-bodies-found-under-san-juanico-bridge/|accessdate=September 20, 2018}}

External links

  • {{Commons-inline|Category:San Juanico Bridge|San Juanico Bridge}}

6 : Truss bridges|Bridges in the Philippines|Bridges completed in 1973|Buildings and structures in Tacloban|Buildings and structures in Samar (province)|Japan–Philippines relations
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