| 词条 | Kalanos |
| 释义 |
| official_name = Kalanos | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | other_names = Calanus | birth_name = Sphínēs | birth_date = {{circa|398 BCE}} | birth_place = Taxila | death_date = 323 BCE | death_place = Susa | death_cause = Self-immolation | residence = | nationality = | era = | region = | religion = Hindu | school_tradition = | main_interests = | books = | notable_ideas = | institutions = | influences = Dandamis | influenced = Alexander the Great | awards = | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = }}Kalanos, also spelled Calanus ({{circa|398}} – 323 BCE) was a gymnosophist (literally "naked philosopher"), a philosopher from Taxila[1] who accompanied Alexander the Great to Persis and later committed suicide by self-immolation.[2] It was from Kalanos that Alexander came to know of Dandamis, the leader of their group, whom Alexander later went to meet in the forest.[3] Early lifePlutarch indicates his real name was Sphínēs and that he was from Taxila, but since he greeted people with the word "Kalē!" - perhaps kallāṇa (mitta) "Greetings (friend)" - the Greeks called him Kalanos.[1][4][6][5][6][7] Kalanos lived at Taxila and led an austere life.[8]Early Western scholarship suggested Kalanos was a Jain, but modern scholarship rejects this notion as Jain ascetics are forbidden from using fire and deliberate self-harm due to their convictions about ahimsa and because Taxila and Gandhara were centers of Buddhism and had no Jain presence at all.[1] Meeting AlexanderPlutarch records that when first invited to meet Alexander, Kalanos "roughly commanded him to strip himself and hear what he said naked, otherwise he would not speak a word to him, though he came from Jupiter himself."[9] Kalanos refused the rich gifts offered by Alexander saying that man's desire cannot be satisfied by such gifts.[7] They believed that, even if Alexander killed them, "they would be delivered from the body of flesh now afflicted with age and would be translated to a better and purer life."[7] Alexander's representative Onesicritus[10] had a discussion with several sages and Alexander was attracted by the criticism on Greek Philosophy by Kalanos.[8] Alexander persuaded Kalanos to accompany him to Persis[4] and stay with him as one of his teachers. Alexander even hinted use of force to take him to his country, to which Kalanos replied philosophically, that "what shall I be worth to you, Alexander, for exhibiting to the Greeks if I am compelled to do what I do not wish to do?"[18] Kalanos lived as a teacher to Alexander and represented "eastern honesty and freedom".[11] Death and prophecyHe was seventy-three years of age at time of his death.[20] When the Persian weather and travel had weakened him, he informed Alexander that he would prefer to die rather than live as an invalid. He decided to take his life by self-immolation.[21] Although Alexander tried to dissuade him from this course of action, upon Kalanos' insistence the job of building a pyre was entrusted to Ptolemy.[12] Kalanos is mentioned also by Alexander's admirals, Nearchus and Chares of Mytilene.[13] The city where this immolation took place was Susa in the year 323 BC.[6] Kalanos distributed all the costly gifts he got from the king to the people and wore just a garland of flowers and chanted Vedic hymns.[14][15][16] He presented his horse to one of his Greek pupils named Lysimachus.[17] To the astonishment of those who watched, he did not flinch as he burnt.[7][18][19] Although Alexander was not personally present at time of his immolation, his last words to Alexander were We shall meet in Babylon.[20][21][22] He is said to have prophesied the death of Alexander in Babylon, even though at the time of death of Kalanos, Alexander did not have any plans to go to Babylon.[23][24] LegacyA letter written by Kalanos to Alexander is preserved by Philo.[25] A painting {{circa|1672}} by Jean Baptiste de Champaigne depicts "Alexander the Great receiving the news of the death by immolation of the gymnosophist Calanus" is displayed at Chateau de Versailles et de Trianon, Versailles.[26] See also
References1. ^1 2 {{cite journal|last1=Halkias|first1=Georgios|title=The Self-immolation of Kalanos and other Luminous Encounters Among Greeks and Indian Buddhists in the Hellenistic World|journal=Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies|date=2015|volume=8|pages=163–186|url=http://jocbs.org/index.php/jocbs/article/view/111/128|accessdate=30 May 2015}} {{authority control}}2. ^{{cite book |last=Bar-Kochva |first=Bezalel |title=The image of the Jews in Greek literature : the Hellenistic Period |year=2010 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=9780520253360|pages=60–63 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tVbzRfhBwCEC}} 3. ^{{cite book |last1=Stoneman |first1=Richard |title=The Legends of Alexander the Great |year=2012 |pages=43–47 |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=W8gMKhTO5ZAC}} 4. ^1 {{cite book |last=M'Crindle |first=J.W. |title=The invasion of India by Alexander the Great |year=2004 |publisher=Kessinger Pub. |location=Whitefish, Montana |isbn=9780766189201 |pages=46, 315, 388–9, 346 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncDFRgtSysIC}} 5. ^{{cite book |title=Enemies of the Roman order: treason, unrest, and alienation in the empire By Ramsay MacMullen |year=1992 |page=317 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4YOAAAAQAAJ}} 6. ^1 {{cite book |title=Yādnāmah-ʾi Panjumīn Kungrih-ʾi Bayn al-Milalī-i Bāstānshināsī va Hunar-i Īrān |year=1972 |publisher=Ministry of Culture and Arts, Iran. Vizārat-i Farhang va Hunar |page=224 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s8ufAAAAMAAJ}} 7. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |title=Indian civilization and culture |year=1998 |publisher=M.D. Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788175330832 |page=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KItocaxbibUC}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite book |last=Sastri |first=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta |title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |year=1988 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=9788120804654 |pages=105–106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC}} 9. ^{{cite book |last=Plutarch |title=The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdH27ZmvD5cC |year=1998 |publisher=The Modern Library (Random House Inc) |location=New York |isbn=9781853267949 |page=847}} 10. ^{{cite book |last=Williams Jackson |first=A.V. |title=History of India Vol. IX |year=2009 |publisher=Cosimo Inc. |location=New York |isbn=9781605205328 |pages=65–70 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lllGG9RtILQC}} 11. ^1 {{cite book |last=Niehoff |first=Maren R. |title=Philo on Jewish identity and culture |year=2001 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |location=Tübingen |isbn=9783161476112 |pages=153–154 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cOjCkfLCt3sC}} 12. ^1 {{cite book |title=Alexander the Great |year=1973 |publisher=Robin Lax Fox |page=416 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGApAQAAMAAJ}} 13. ^{{cite book |title=The Sháhnáma of Firdausí By Arthur George Warner, Edmond Warner |year=2001 |page=61 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CixkKv_ywoMC}} 14. ^{{cite book|title=The calcutta review|date=1867|pages=400|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=qp4IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA400&dq=calanus+vedic+hymn&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWlZOHhL_SAhVQ82MKHZkFA_MQ6AEILzAE#v=onepage&q=calanus%20vedic%20hymn&f=false|accessdate=5 March 2017}} 15. ^{{cite book|title=The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia ..., Volume 1 By Edward Balfour|date=1885|page=434|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=mFcIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA434&dq=kalanos+vedic+hymn&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjFhcv4gr_SAhWBNJQKHakiB2sQ6AEIKjAD#v=onepage&q=kalanos%20vedic%20hymn&f=false|accessdate=5 March 2017}} 16. ^{{cite book |last=Hunter |first=W.W. |title=The Indian empire : its people, history, and products (1886) |year=2005 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788120615816 |page=169 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yUhvfR1S_UEC}} 17. ^{{cite book |last=Sagar |first=Krishna Chandra |title=Foreign influence on ancient India |year=1992 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788172110284 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC}} 18. ^{{cite book |title=Defending the West: a critique of Edward Said's Orientalism Front Cover by Ibn Warraq |year=2007 |publisher=Prometheus Books |page=108 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JoJtAAAAMAAJ}} 19. ^{{cite book |title=The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy edited by Keimpe Algra |year=1999 |page=243 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9lRD6feR3hEC}} 20. ^1 {{cite book |last=Elledge |first=C. D. |title=Life after death in early Judaism the evidence of Josephus |year=2006 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |location=Tübingen |isbn=9783161488757 |pages=121–124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WWGfdR9T3poC}} 21. ^{{cite book |last=Borruso |first=Silvano |title=History of Philosophy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wiA0NIf14ZAC |year=2007 |publisher=Paulines Publications Africa |location= |isbn=9789966082008 |page=50}} 22. ^{{cite book |title=National Geographic, Volume 133 |year=1968 |pages=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=V71kT4nULM-mrAf8p5y9Bw&id=M8YvAAAAYAAJ}} 23. ^{{cite book |title=National Geographic , Volume 133 |year=1968 |pages=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=V71kT4nULM-mrAf8p5y9Bw&id=M8YvAAAAYAAJ}} 24. ^{{cite book |title=The philosophical books of Cicero |year=1989 |publisher=Duckworth |page=186 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1MEAQAAIAAJ}} 25. ^{{cite book |last=Sullivan |first=Denis F. |title=Siegecraft : two tenth-century instructional manuals by "Heron of Byzantium"|year=2000 |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=9780884022701|pages=168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KnzvzqAJ04C}} 26. ^{{cite book |title=Exploring cultural history : essays in honour of Peter Burke |year=2010 |publisher=Ashgate |location=Farnham, Surrey, England |isbn=9780754667506 |page=259 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WRsHPuWR5oC |author1=Melissa Calaresu |author2=Filippo de Vivo |author3=Joan-Pau Rubiés }} 11 : 390s BC births|323 BC deaths|4th-century BC philosophers|Ancient Indian philosophers|Hindu sages|Indian spiritual teachers|Indo-Greek religions and philosophy|Philosophers and tutors of Alexander the Great|Prophets|Suicides by self-immolation|4th-century BC monks |
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