| 词条 | Kamarupa of Bhaskaravarman |
| 释义 |
Kamarupa of Bhaskaravarman is the period in which Kamarupa was ruled by Bhaskaravarman ({{abbr|r.|reigned}} 600–650) of the Varman dynasty. Bhaskaravarman was perhaps the most illustrious of the monarchs of ancient Kamarupa. His name has been immortalised by the accounts of the Chinese scholar, Xuanzang, and biographers of his court. During his time, Kamarupa was one of the most advanced kingdoms in India.{{sfn|Barua|1933|pp=90,91}} HistorySir Edward Albert Gait, relying on Vincent Smith and Pandit Padmanath Vidya Vinod, holds that Bhaskaravarman came into possession of Karnasuvarna after the death of Harsha. This supposition is evidently incorrect.{{sfn|Barua|1933|p=66}} Shashanka held sway over the central and lower Bengal, and also perhaps parts of Magadha and Orissa. It appears, that being overthrown by Bhaskaravarman in Karnasuvarna, he retired to the south and continued to rule there, as evidenced by the Ganjam inscription of Madhavavarman, a Samanta under him.[1] This inscription is dated to AD 619, and from this fact Pandit Vidya Vinod and some other scholars have wrongly assumed that Sasanka continued to rule at Karnasuvarna till AD 619. According to historian Nagendranath Basu, after the alliance between Harsha and Bhaskaravarman, Shashanka lost Karnasuvarna and was obliged to retire to the hilly country in the south.[2] He also holds, that probably Harsha allowed Bhaskaravarman to rule over Gauda and Karnasuvarna, and established Madhavagupta, son of Mahasenagupta, in Magadha as a vassal ruler. This was probably the fact. R.D Banerji also thinks that Shashanka was overthrown by the combined efforts of Bhaskaravarman and Harsha.[3] In his work, the History of Orissa, R. D. Banerji wrote:{{sfn|Barua|1933|p=67}}{{cquote|Whatever be the real origin of Sasanka, there is no doubt about the fact that eventually he was driven out of Karnasuvarna. It is quite possible that this event had taken place before the date of the Ganjam plate and at that time he had lost his possessions in Bengal and was the master of Orissa only. }} The theory of Sir Edward Gait and Vincent Smith, that Bhaskaravarman acquired Karnasuvarna after the death of Harsha, maybe therefore quite incorrect. It is reasonable to suppose that Shashanka was driven out of Karnasuvarna in about AD 610.{{sfn|Barua|1933|p=67}} The coronation of Harsha took place in about AD 612, after Shashanka had been overthrown, and Bhaskaravarman had come into possession of Karnasuvarna. A writer in the Indian Historical Quarterly[4] points out, that Harsha's sway never reached Bengal, and that Shashanka's kingdom was passed on to Bhaskaravarman, as otherwise he could not have controlled the sea-route to China and promised a safe passage to Xuanzang.[5] It appears clear from Bāṇabhaṭṭa's Harshacharita, that after the alliance with Bhaskaravarman, Harsha felt at ease concerning the conquest of Gauda, and dispatched his cousin Bhandi to invade Gauda (perhaps in collaboration with Bhaskaravarman). While he himself set out to search for his sister Rajyasri, who had escaped to the jungles of Vindhya. Karnasuvarna was actually conquered by Bhaskaravarman, as stated in the Nidhanpur inscription. Another well known scholar, Ramaprasad Chanda, writing in a Bengali magazine, rejects Vidya Vinod's theory that Bhaskaravarman occupied Karnasuvarna only temporarily, and holds that during the seventh century Gauda was included within the kingdom of Kamarupa.[6] Samuel Beal, in his introduction to the biography, states, "Bhaskaravarman the king of Kamarupa and probably former kings of that kingdom had the sea-route to China under their special protection".[7] Perhaps Beal would have been more correct if he had stated that Bhaskaravarman and his successors had control over the Tamralipti region, and the sea-route for at least 100 years after the death of Bhaskaravarman.{{sfn|Barua|1933|p=68}} DescriptionXuanzang notes that Kamarupa was low and moist, and that the crops were regular. Cocoa-nuts and jackfruits grew abundantly and were appreciated by the people. The climate was genial.{{sfn|Barua|1933|p=85}} The description provided is of the main regions of Kamarupa, and not of the extensive dominions of Bhaskaravarman, towards the west. Evidently, Xuanzang came into the present district of Kamarupa, and the capital of that time was probably the old-city of Pragjyotishpura, or the present-day Guwahati. Xuanzang, with the king and his retinue, must have therefore proceeded down the Brahmaputra and reached the Ganges by a stream which connected the two rivers, and then traveled upstream along the Ganges and subsequently reached Rajmahal. They passed through Karnasuvarna (central Bengal) in this journey.{{sfn|Barua|1933|p=86}} Bhaskaravarman would not have selected this route if Karnasuvarna was not under his control, at that time. According to the account given in the Si-yu-ki, the circumference of Kamarupa was about {{Metric converter|1700|mi|km|abbr=}}. As Edward Albert Gait has pointed out, this circumference must have included the whole of the Assam valley, Surma valley, parts of North Bengal, and parts of Mymensingh. The question whether Sylhet was included within the kingdom at that time, is a matter of doubt. The Nidhanpur copper-plate was found in Panchakhanda, within the district of Sylhet. Gait argues from this, that Sylhet was within the dominions of Bhaskaravarman.{{sfn|Barua|1933|p=88}} ReligionBhaskaravarman was a Hindu by religion, spreading "the light of Arya Dharma", though he had great reverence for learned Buddhist priests and professors of his time, and was distinctly inclined towards Buddhism. The text of his messages to Śīlabhadra leave no doubt on this point.{{sfn|Barua|1933|p=91}} The general populace worshiped the Devas, and did not believe in Buddhism. The Deva-temples were some hundreds in number, and the various systems had some myriads of professed adherents. Xuanzang notes that the few Buddhists in the country performed their acts of devotion in secret.{{sfn|Barua|1933|p=85}} CultureAccording to Xuanzang, the people of Kamarupa were honest, albeit with a violent disposition, but were persevering students. He mentioned that the people were are short in height and of yellow complexion. Their speech differed from that of mid-India, i.e. Magadha and Mithila.{{sfn|Barua|1933|p=93}} The Nidhanpur grant was issued from Karnasuvarna, and the text of the inscription must therefore have been composed by a pandit of that part of the country who was named Vasuvarna. This probably explains the occurrence of expressions and passages in this inscription, which we do not find in subsequent Kamarupa inscriptions, but which used to be inscribed in plates issued by the Gupta kings of Magadha and Pundravardhana, and the subsequent Pala rulers of Gauda and Magadha. There are also names of offices mentioned in this inscription which do not occur in subsequent Kamarupa inscriptions. The "officer issuing hundred commands who has obtained the pancha mahh sabda" is not mentioned in subsequent inscriptions.{{sfn|Barua|1933|p=94}} It seems that after his conquest of Karnasuvarna and Gauda, finding himself in the exalted position of an emperor, Bhaskaravarman introduced this high office, probably in imitation of the Gupta emperors. The expression "prapta pancha maha sabda", probably means the holder of five offices, each of which is styled 'Maha' or great, such as Mahasamanta, Maha-sainya-pati, Maha-sandhivi grahik, and so forth.{{sfn|Barua|1933|p=94}} The person named in this inscription, who was to mark out the boundaries of the lands comprised in the grant, was Srikshi Kunda, the headman of Chandrapuri. The recipients named in the plate, who were all Nagar Brahmans, included seven persons with the surname 'Kunda'. Srikshi Kunda was therefore himself a Nagar Brahman. The 'Nyaya-Karanika' was evidently a judge, and it appears that this office existed till the medieval regime. The 'Bhandaragaradhikara' was the officer-in-charge of the royal treasury. This office also, though not mentioned in subsequent inscriptions, existed till the time of the medieval kings. The revenue collector was called 'Utkhetayita' and the engraver of the inscription on the copperplate is called 'Sekyakara'. A person by the name of 'Kaliya' was the engraver of this inscription, and it is a common Kamrupi name even in the present.{{sfn|Barua|1933|p=95}} Art and industryBy that time, arts and industries had advanced to a remarkable extent. From the Harshacharita of Bāṇabhaṭṭa, a list of the presents which Bhaskaravarman sent to Harsha through his trusted envoy Hangshavega, can be found. These presents included an ingenuously constructed royal umbrella of exquisite workmanship studded with valuable gems, puthis written on Sachi-bark, dyed cane-mats, Agar-essence, musk in silk-bags, liquid molasses in earthen-pots, utensils, paintings, a pair of Brahmini ducks in a cage made of cane and overlaid with gold, and a considerable quantity of silk-fabrics, some of which were so even and polished that they resembled Bhojpatra (probably Muga and pat fabrics).{{sfn|Barua|1933|p=96}} This list alone is sufficient to show that the arts and industries of Kamarupa, at such a distant period, reached a very high-state of perfection. The Chinese accounts say that Bhaskaravarman could muster a fleet of 30,000 ships and an army of 20,000 elephants clad in mail. This may have been an overestimate, but even after making due allowances for exaggeration, we can conclude that Bhaskaravarman was a very powerful monarch, and that during his time boat-building was a flourishing industry in Kamarupa and that iron, which must have been then available in abundance from the Khasi Hills, was largely manufactured into accouterments of war.{{sfn|Barua|1933|p=96}} See also
References1. ^{{cite book |title=Epigraphia Indica Vol VI |page=144 }} 2. ^{{cite book |title=Bangalar Jatiya Itihaas Vol I |page=65 }} 3. ^{{cite book |title=Bangalar Jatiya Itihas Vil I |page=87 }} 4. ^{{cite book |title=Finger Posts Of Bengal History |last=Sarka |first=Bejoynath |publisher=Indian Historical Quarterly Vol VI |page=442 }} 5. ^{{cite book |title=Life of Hiuen Tsiang |page=188 }} 6. ^{{cite book |title=Baisakh Prabashi 1339 |page=62 }} 7. ^{{cite book |title=Introduction to the life of Hieun Tsiang |last=Beal |first=Samuel |page=16 }} Further reading{{refbegin}}
5 : Kamarupa (former kingdom)|History of Assam|Varman dynasty|History of India|History of Bengal |
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