“Santa Barbara, California”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In addition to being a popular tourist and resort destination, the city economy includes a large service sector, education, technology, health care, finance, agriculture, manufacturing, and local government. In 2004, the service sector accounted for fully 35% of local employment.^[14] Education in particular is well represented, with four institutions of higher learning on the south coast (the University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara City College, Westmont College, and Antioch University). The Santa Barbara Airport serves the city, Santa Barbara Aviation provides jet charter aircraft and train service is provided by Amtrak the Pacific Surfliner which runs from San Diego to San Luis Obispo). U.S. Highway 101 connects the Santa Barbara area with Los Angeles to the southeast and San Francisco to the northwest. Behind the city, in and beyond the Santa Ynez Mountains, is the Los Padres National Forest, which contains several remote wilderness areas. Channel Islands National Park and Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary are located approximately {{Convert|20|mi}} offshore.

History

Evidence of human habitation of the area begins at least 13,000 years ago. Evidence for a Paleoindian presence includes a fluted Clovis-like point found in the 1980s along the western Santa Barbara County coast, as well as the remains of Arlington Springs Man, found on Santa Rosa Island in the 1960s. An estimated 8,000 to 10,000 Chumash lived on the south coast of Santa Barbara County at the time of the first European explorations.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}

Five Chumash villages flourished in the area. The present-day area of Santa Barbara City College was the village of Mispu; the site of the Los Baños pool (along west beach, was the village of Syukhtun, chief Yanonalit's large village located between Bath and Chapala streets; Amolomol was at the mouth of Mission Creek; and Swetete, above the bird refuge.^[15]

Spanish period

Portuguese explorer João Cabrilho (Spanish: Cabrillo), sailing for the Kingdom of Spain, sailed through what is now called the Santa Barbara Channel in 1542, anchoring briefly in the area. In 1602, Spanish maritime explorer Sebastián Vizcaíno gave the name "Santa Barbara" to the channel and also to one of the Channel Islands.^[16]

A land expedition led by Gaspar de Portolà visited around 1769, and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespi, who accompanied the expedition, named a large native town "Laguna de la Concepcion". Cabrillo's earlier name, however, is the one that has survived.

The first permanent European residents were Spanish missionaries and soldiers under Felipe de Neve, who came in 1782 to build the Presidio. They were sent both to fortify the region against expansion by other powers such as England and Russia, and to convert the natives to Christianity. Many of the Spaniards brought their families with them, and those formed the nucleus of the small town – at first just a cluster of adobes – that surrounded the Presidio of Santa Barbara. The Santa Barbara Mission was established on the Feast of Saint Barbara, December 4, 1786. It was the tenth of the California Missions to be founded by the Spanish Franciscans. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150206112826/http://www.santabarbaramission.org/history] It was dedicated by Padre Fermín Lasuén, who succeeded Padre Junipero Serra as the second president and founder of the California Franciscan Mission Chain. The Mission fathers began the slow work of converting the native Chumash to Christianity, building a village for them on the Mission grounds. The Chumash laborers built a connection between the canyon creek and the Santa Barbara Mission water system through the use of a dam and an aqueduct.^[17] During the following decades, many of the natives died of diseases such as smallpox, against which they had no natural immunity.^[18]

The most dramatic event of the Spanish period was the powerful 1812 earthquake, and tsunami, with an estimated magnitude of 7.1, which destroyed the Mission as well as the rest of the town; water reached as high as present-day Anapamu street, and carried a ship half a mile up Refugio Canyon.^[19]^[20] The Mission was rebuilt by 1820 after the earthquake.^[21] Following the earthquake, the Mission fathers chose to rebuild in a grander manner, and it is this construction that survives to the present day, the best-preserved of the California Missions, and still functioning as an active church by the Franciscans. After the Mexican government secularized the missions in the 1830s, the baptismal, marriage, and burial records of other missions were transferred to Santa Barbara, and now found in the Santa Barbara Mission Archive-Library. C-SPAN has produced a program on the mission and the mission archive-library.^[22]

The Spanish period ended in 1822 with the end of the Mexican War of Independence, which terminated 300 years of colonial rule. The flag of Mexico went up the flagpole at the Presidio, but only for 24 years.

Santa Barbara street names reflect this time period as well. The names de le Guerra and Carrillo come from citizens of the town of this time. They were instrumental in building up the town, so they were honored by having streets after them.^[23]

Mexican and Rancho period

After the forced secularization of the Missions in 1833, successive Mexican Governors distributed the large land tracts formerly held by the Franciscan Order to various families in order to reward service or build alliances. These land grants to local notable families mark the beginning of the "Rancho Period" in California and Santa Barbara history. The Fernando Tico was one of the first settlers who received land grants for the local area. Fernando led the Native Americans against the Argentinian pirate in the 1800s. The population remained sparse, with enormous cattle operations run by wealthy families. It was during this period that Richard Henry Dana, Jr. first visited Santa Barbara and wrote about the culture and people of Santa Barbara in his book Two Years Before the Mast.

Santa Barbara fell bloodlessly to a battalion of American soldiers under John C. Frémont on December 27, 1846, during the Mexican–American War, and after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 it became part of the expanding United States.

Middle and late 19th century

Change came quickly after Santa Barbara's acquisition by the United States. The population doubled between 1850 and 1860. In 1851, land surveyor Salisbury Haley designed the street grid, famously botching the block measurements, misaligning the streets, thereby creating doglegs at certain intersections.^[24] Wood construction replaced adobe as American settlers moved in; during the Gold Rush years and following, the town became a haven for bandits and gamblers, and a dangerous and lawless place. Charismatic gambler and highwayman Jack Powers had virtual control of the town in the early 1850s, until driven out by a posse organized in San Luis Obispo. English gradually supplanted Spanish as the language of daily life, becoming the language of official record in 1870.^[25] The first newspaper, the Santa Barbara Gazette, was founded in 1855.^[26]

While the Civil War had little effect on Santa Barbara, the disastrous drought of 1863 ended the Rancho Period, as most of the cattle died and ranchos were broken up and sold. Mortimer Cook, a wealthy entrepreneur, arrived in 1871 and opened the city's first bank. Cook later served two terms as mayor.^[27] Cook founded the first National Gold Bank of Santa Barbara in 1873. The building of Stearns Wharf in 1872 enhanced Santa Barbara's commercial and tourist accessibility; previously goods and visitors had to transfer from steamboats to smaller craft to row ashore. During the 1870s, writer Charles Nordhoff promoted the town as a health resort and destination for well-to-do travelers from other parts of the U.S.; many of them came, and many stayed. The luxurious Arlington Hotel dated from this period. In 1887 the railroad finally went through to Los Angeles, and in 1901 to San Francisco: Santa Barbara was now easily accessible by land and by sea, and subsequent development was brisk.^[28]

Early 20th century to World War II

Just before the turn of the 20th century, oil was discovered at the Summerland Oil Field, and the region along the beach east of Santa Barbara sprouted numerous oil derricks and piers for drilling offshore. This was the first offshore oil development in the world; oil drilling offshore would become a contentious practice in the Santa Barbara area, which continues to the present day.^[30]

Santa Barbara housed the world's largest movie studio during the era of silent film. Flying A Studios, a division of the American Film Manufacturing Company, operated on two city blocks centered at State and Mission between 1910 and 1922, with the industry shutting down locally and moving to Hollywood once it outgrew the area, needing the resources of a larger city. Flying A and the other smaller local studios produced approximately 1,200 films during their tenure in Santa Barbara, of which approximately 100 survive.^[31]^[32]^[33]

During this period, the Loughead Aircraft Company was established on lower State Street, and regularly tested seaplanes off of East Beach. This was the genesis of what would later become Lockheed.

The magnitude 6.3^[34]^[35] earthquake of June 29, 1925, was the first destructive earthquake in California since the 1906 San Francisco quake, destroyed much of downtown Santa Barbara and killed 13 people. The earthquake caused infrastructure to collapse including the Sheffield Dam.^[36] The low death toll is attributed to the early hour (6:44 a.m., before most people were out on the streets, vulnerable to falling masonry). While this quake, like the one in 1812, was centered in the Santa Barbara Channel, it caused no tsunami. It came at an opportune time for rebuilding, since a movement for architectural reform and unification around a Spanish Colonial style was already underway. Under the leadership of Pearl Chase, many of the city's famous buildings rose as part of the rebuilding process, including the Santa Barbara County Courthouse, sometimes praised as the "most beautiful public building in the United States." There is also the unfortunate incident that happened in 1907, which included a horrific train accident that took the lives of 32 people.^[37]

During World War II, Santa Barbara was home to Marine Corps Air Station Santa Barbara, and Naval Reserve Center Santa Barbara at the harbor. Up the coast, west of the city, was the Army's Camp Cooke (the present-day Vandenberg Air Force Base). In the city,

Hoff General Hospital treated servicemen wounded in the Pacific Theatre. On February 23, 1942, not long after the outbreak of war in the Pacific, the Japanese submarine I-17 surfaced offshore and lobbed 16 shells at the Ellwood Oil Field, about {{convert|10|mi|km}} west of Santa Barbara, in the first wartime attack by an enemy power on the U.S. mainland since the War of 1812. Although the shelling was inaccurate and only caused about $500 damage to a catwalk, panic was immediate. Many Santa Barbara residents fled, and land values plummeted to historic lows.

After World War II

After the war many of the servicemen who had seen Santa Barbara returned to stay. The population surged by 10,000 people between the end of the war and 1950. This burst of growth had dramatic consequences for the local economy and infrastructure. Highway 101 was built through town during this period, and newly built Lake Cachuma began supplying water via a tunnel dug through the mountains between 1950 and 1956.^[38]

Local relations with the oil industry gradually soured through the period. Production at Summerland had ended, Elwood was winding down, and to find new fields oil companies carried out seismic exploration of the Channel using explosives, a controversial practice that local fishermen claimed harmed their catch. The culminating disaster, and one of the formative events in the modern environmental movement, was the blowout at Union Oil's Platform A on the Dos Cuadras Field, about eight miles (13 km) southeast of Santa Barbara in the Santa Barbara Channel, on January 28, 1969. Approximately {{convert|100000|oilbbl}} of oil surged out of a huge undersea break, fouling hundreds of square miles of ocean and all the coastline from Ventura to Goleta, as well north facing beaches on the Channel Islands. Two legislative consequences of the spill in the next year were the passages of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA); locally, outraged citizens formed GOO (Get Oil Out).^[39]

Santa Barbara's business community strove to attract development until the surge in the anti-growth movement in the 1970s. Many "clean" industries, especially aerospace firms such as Raytheon and Delco Electronics, moved to town in the 1950s and 1960s, bringing employees from other parts of the U.S. UCSB itself became a major employer.^[39] In 1975, the city passed an ordinance restricting growth to a maximum of 85,000 residents, through zoning. Growth in the adjacent Goleta Valley could be shut down by denying water meters to developers seeking permits. As a result of these changes, growth slowed down, but prices rose sharply.^[40]^[41]

When voters approved connection to State water supplies in 1991, parts of the city, especially outlying areas, resumed growth, but more slowly than during the boom period of the 1950s and 1960s. While the slower growth preserved the quality of life for most residents and prevented the urban sprawl notorious in the Los Angeles basin, housing in the Santa Barbara area was in short supply, and prices soared: in 2006, only six percent of residents could afford a median-value house. As a result, many people who work in Santa Barbara commute from adjacent, more affordable areas, such as Santa Maria, Lompoc, and Ventura. The resultant traffic on incoming arteries, in particular the stretch of Highway 101 between Ventura and Santa Barbara, is another problem being addressed by long-range planners.^[42]

Notable wildfires

Since the middle of the twentieth century, several destructive fires have affected Santa Barbara: the 1964 Coyote Fire, which burned {{convert|67000|acre|km2}} of backcountry along with 106 homes; the smaller, but quickly moving, Sycamore Fire in 1977, which burned 200 homes; the disastrous 1990 Painted Cave Fire, which incinerated over 500 homes in only several hours, during an intense Sundowner wind event; the November 2008 Tea Fire, which destroyed 210 homes in the foothills of Santa Barbara and Montecito; and the 2009 Jesusita Fire that burned {{convert|8733|acre|km2}} and destroyed 160 homes above the San Roque region of Santa Barbara.^[43]^[44] The Thomas fire of 2017 burned from its origins in Santa Paula 60 miles to the East of Santa Barbara City and consumed 281,893 mostly rural/wilderness acres in Santa Barbara and Ventura counties. The fire started December 04, 2017 and was 100% contained by January 12, 2018. 1050 structures were lost in the Thomas Fire, mostly east of Santa Barbara City in Ventura county. The Thomas fire has been largest Santa Barbara County Fire ever recorded to date.

Geography

Santa Barbara is located about {{convert|90|mi|0}} WNW of Los Angeles, along the Pacific coast. This stretch of coast along southern Santa Barbara County is sometimes referred to as "The American Riviera",^[45] presumably because its geography and climate are similar to that of areas along the northern Mediterranean Sea coast (especially in southern France) known as the Riviera. The Santa Ynez Mountains, an east–west trending range, rise dramatically behind the city, with several peaks exceeding {{convert|4000|ft|sigfig=2}}. Covered with chaparral and sandstone outcrops, they make a scenic backdrop to the town. Sometimes, perhaps once every three years, snow falls on the mountains, but it rarely stays for more than a few days. Nearer to town, directly east and adjacent to Mission Santa Barbara, is an east-west ridge known locally as "the Riviera," traversed by a road called "Alameda Padre Serra" (shortened APS, which translates to "Father Serra's pathway").

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of {{convert|42.0|sqmi|1}}, of which {{convert|19.5|sqmi}} of it is land and {{convert|22.5|sqmi}} of it (53.61%) is water. The high official figures for water is due to the extension of the city limit into the ocean, including a strip of city reaching out into the sea and inland again to keep the Santa Barbara Airport (SBA) within the city boundary.

Climate

Santa Barbara experiences a warm-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csb) characteristic of coastal California. Santa Barbara's weather was ranked number 1 in the United States in 2018 by US News and World Report. Because the city lies along the ocean and parallel to the predominant westerly winds, sideshore and light onshore breezes moderate temperatures resulting in warmer winters and cooler summers compared with places farther inland. In the winter, storms reach California, some of which bring heavy rainfall but the rainshadow effect of the coastal mountains can at times moderate or enhance the rainfall depending on local storm wind flows. Local rainfall totals can be enhanced by orographic lift when storms are accompanied by southerly flow pushing moist air over the Santa Ynez mountains, producing greater rainfall than in other coastal areas. Summers in Southern California are mostly rainless due to the presence of a high-pressure area over the eastern Pacific, but summer showers can happen due to tropical hurricane/Monsoonal flows that rarely reach Santa Barbara. In the fall, afternoon or evening downslope winds, locally called "Sundowners", can raise temperatures into the high 90s and drop humidities into the single digits, increasing the chance due to downed powerlines etc. and severity of wildfires in the foothills north of the city. Annual rainfall totals are highly variable and in exceptional years like 1940–1941 and 1997–1998 over {{convert|40|in|m}} of rain have fallen in a year,^[46] but in dry seasons less than {{convert|6|in|mm|-1}} is not unheard of. Snow sometimes covers higher elevations of the Santa Ynez Mountains but is extremely rare in the city itself. The most recent accumulating snow to fall near sea level was in January 1949, when approximately two inches fell in the city.^[47]

Geology and soils

The city of Santa Barbara is situated on a coastal plain between the Santa Ynez Mountains and the sea. This coastal plain consists of a complex array of Holocene and Pleistocene alluvial and colluvial deposits, marine terraces, debris flows, and estuarine deposits.^[49]^[50] Soils are mostly well drained brown fine sandy loam of the Milpitas series.^[51] Rapid geologic uplift is characteristic of the entire region, as evidenced by the coastal bluffs and narrow beaches that are present along most of the coastline.^[52]

Downtown Santa Barbara occupies a floodplain between two major geologic faults, the Mission Ridge Fault Zone to the north and the Mesa Fault to the south. The Mission Ridge Fault Zone runs along the range of hills known locally as the "Riviera", and the Mesa Fault defines the northern boundary of the band of hills called the "Mesa". These two faults converge near the Five Points Shopping Center at Los Positas and State Streets. Neither is well exposed, with their locations being inferred from topography, springs, seeps, and well logs.^[53] The Mesa Fault continues southeast offshore into the Santa Barbara Channel; the portion of the fault offshore is believed to have been responsible for the destructive earthquake of 1925.^[54] The Mission Ridge Fault trends east-west, being named the More Ranch Fault west of Santa Barbara, and forms the northern boundary of the uplands which include Isla Vista, More Mesa, and the Hope Ranch Hills.^[55]

Three major sedimentary bedrock units underlie the coastal plain: the Monterey Formation, the Sisquoc Formation, and the Santa Barbara Formation. The Santa Barbara Formation is one of the main units in the aquifer underlying the city. Its coarse-grained freshwater-bearing portion, much of which is below sea level, is protected from seawater intrusion by the More Ranch Fault, which has shielded it by uplifting less-permeable rocks between it and the sea. The majority of water wells in the Santa Barbara-Goleta area pull from this geologic unit.^[56]

The Santa Ynez Mountains to the north of the city consist of multiple layers of sandstone and conglomerate units dating from the Jurassic Age to the present, uplifted rapidly since the Pliocene, upended, and in some areas completely overturned. Rapid uplift has given these mountains their craggy, scenic character, and numerous landslides and debris flows, which form some of the urban and suburban lowland area, are testament to their geologically active nature.^[57]

Architecture

The first Monterey-style adobe in California was built on State Street of Santa Barbara by the wealthy merchant Alpheus Thompson.^[58] The dominant architectural themes of Santa Barbara are the Spanish Colonial Revival and the related Mission Revival style, encouraged through design guidelines adopted by city leaders after the 1925 earthquake destroyed much of the downtown commercial district. Residential architectural styles in Santa Barbara reflect the era of their construction. Many late 1800s Victorian homes remain downtown and in the "Upper East" neighborhood. California bungalows are common, built in the early decades of the 20th century. Spanish Colonial Revival-style homes built after 1925 are common all over the city, especially in newer upscale residential areas like Montecito and Hope Ranch.

Neighborhoods

Santa Barbara has a range of neighborhoods with distinctive histories, architectures, and cultures. While considerable consensus exists as to the identification of neighborhood names and boundaries, variations exist between observers. For example, real estate agents may use different names than those used by public utilities or municipal service providers, such as police, fire, or water services. The following is a list of neighborhoods with descriptions and comments on each.

Demographics

2010

The 2010 United States Census^[60] reported that Santa Barbara had a population of 88,410. The population density was 2,106.6 people per square mile (813.4/km²). The racial makeup of Santa Barbara was 66,411 (75.1%) White, 1,420 (1.6%) African American, 892 (1.0%) Native American, 3,062 (3.5%) Asian (1.0% Chinese, 0.6% Filipino, 0.5% Japanese, 0.4% Korean, 0.4% Indian, 0.2% Vietnamese, 0.4% other), 116 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 13,032 (14.7%) from other races, and 3,477 (3.9%) from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 33,591 persons (38.0%). Non-Hispanic Whites were 45,852 persons (52.2%)

The Census reported that 86,783 people (98.2% of the population) lived in households, 1,172 (1.3%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 455 (0.5%) were institutionalized.

Of the 35,449 households, 8,768 (24.7%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 13,240 (37.3%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 3,454 (9.7%) had a female householder with no husband present, and 1,539 (4.3%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 2,420 (6.8%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 339 (1.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships; 11,937 households (33.7%) were made up of individuals and 4,340 (12.2%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45. There were 18,233 families (51.4% of all households); the average family size was 3.13.

The population was spread out with 16,468 people (18.6%) under the age of 18, 10,823 people (12.2%) aged 18 to 24, 26,241 people (29.7%) aged 25 to 44, 22,305 people (25.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 12,573 people (14.2%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males.

There were 37,820 housing units at an average density of 901.2 per square mile (347.9/km²), of which 13,784 (38.9%) were owner-occupied, and 21,665 (61.1%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.3%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.1%; 34,056 people (38.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 52,727 people (59.6%) lived in rental housing units.

2000

As of the census^[63] of 2000, 92,325 people*, 35,605 households, and 18,941 families resided in the city. The population density was 4,865.3 people per square mile (1,878.1/km²). There were 37,076 housing units at an average density of 1,953.8 per square mile (754.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 74.0% White, 1.8% African American, 1.1% Native American, 2.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 16.4% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races. People of Hispanic or Latino background, of any race, were 35.0% of the population.

Of the 35,605 households, 24.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.8% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.8% were not families. About 32.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.17.

In the city, the population was distributed as 19.8% under the age of 18, 13.8% from 18 to 24, 32.3% from 25 to 44, 20.4% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $47,498, and for a family was $57,880. Males had a median income of $37,116 versus $31,911 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,466. About 7.7% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.8% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over. If one compares the per capita income to the actual cost of living, the number of people living below the poverty line is considerably higher.

Economy

Aerospace and defense companies form the basis of the city's private employment as Alliant Techsystems, Channel Technologies Group, LogMeIn, FLIR Systems, and Raytheon have major operations in the area. Santa Barbara's tourist attractions have made the hospitality industry into a major player in the regional economy. Motel 6 was started in Santa Barbara in 1962.

Other major employers include Mission Linen Supply, Jordano's, the Santa Barbara Biltmore and San Ysidro Ranch, Westmont College, Mentor, CJ Affiliate, Fess Parker's Doubletree, Belmond El Encanto and QAD.^[65]

Arts and culture

Performing arts

Santa Barbara contains numerous performing art venues, including the 2,000 seat Arlington Theatre, which is the largest indoor performance venue in Santa Barbara and site of the annual Santa Barbara International Film Festival. Other major venues include the Lobero Theatre, a historic building and favorite venue for small concerts; the Granada Theater, the tallest building downtown, originally built by contractor C.B. Urton in 1924, but with the theatre remodeled and reopened in March 2008; and the Santa Barbara Bowl, a 4,562 seat outdoor amphitheatre in a canyon at the base of the Riviera.

The city is considered a haven for classical music lovers with a symphony orchestra, a part-time opera company, and many non-profit classical music groups (such as CAMA). The Music Academy of the West, located in Montecito, hosts an annual music festival in the summer, drawing renowned students and professionals.

Tourist attractions

Santa Barbara is a year-round tourist destination renowned for its fair weather, downtown beaches, and Spanish architecture. Tourism brings more than one billion dollars per year into the local economy, including $80 million in tax revenue.^[66] Mission Santa Barbara, "The Queen of the Missions," is located on a rise about two miles (3 km) inland from the harbor, and is an active Franciscan mission and place of worship, sightseeing stop, and national historic landmark. Annually over the Memorial Day weekend, there is a chalk-art festival known as I Madonnari, with ephemeral works of art created on the asphalt in front of the mission, and food stalls set up and music.^[67]

The Santa Barbara County Courthouse, a red tiled Spanish-Moorish structure, provides a view of the downtown area from its open air tower. The Presidio of Santa Barbara, a Spanish military installation and chapel built in 1782, was central to the town's early development and colonial roots. In 1855, the Presidio Chapel, being in decay, grew into the Apostolic College of Our Lady of Sorrows, now Our Lady of Sorrows Church.^[68] The present church, consecrated on the 147th anniversary of the founding of the presidio on April 21, 1929, remains one of the most beautiful churches in California.{{Fact|date=February 2019}}

The annual Fiesta (originally called "Old Spanish Days"),is celebrated every year in August. The Fiesta is hosted by the Native Daughters of the Golden West and the Native Sons of the Golden West in a joint committee called the Fiesta Board. Fiesta was originally started as a tourist attraction, like the Rose Bowl, to draw business into the town in the 1920s.^[69]^[70] Flower Girls and Las Señoritas march and participate in both Fiesta Pequeña (the kickoff of Fiesta) and the various parades. Flower Girls is for girls under 13. They throw roses and other flowers into the crowds. Las Señoritas are their older escorts. Many Señoritas join the Native Daughters at the age of 16.

The annual Santa Barbara French Festival takes place Bastille Day weekend in July. This is the largest French Festival in the western United States.{{Fact|date=February 2019}}

New Noise Music Conference and Festival, established in 2009, is a 4-day event with the main party in the Funk Zone, a small art and wine tasting section of the city near the beach, and other small bands to local venues around the city. New Noise brings in over 75 bands and 50 speakers to the festival each year.^[71]

For over 40 years, the Santa Barbara Arts and Crafts Show has been held on Cabrillo Blvd., east of Stearns Wharf and along the beach, attracting thousands of people to see artwork made by artists and crafts people that live in Santa Barbara county. By the rules of the show, all the works displayed must have been made by the artists and craftspeople themselves, who sell their own goods. The show started in the early 1960s, and now has over 200 booths on Sunday. The show is also held on some Saturdays that are national holidays, but not during inclement weather.

The Santa Barbara International Film Festival, another local non-profit, draws over 50,000 attendees during what is usually Santa Barbara's slow season in late January. SBIFF hosts a wide variety of celebrities, premieres, panels and movies from around the world and runs for 10 days.

The annual Summer Solstice Parade draws up to 100,000 people.^[72] It is a colorful themed parade put on by local residents, and follows a route along State Street for approximately one mile, ending at Alameda Park. Its main rule is that no written messages or banners with words are allowed. Floats and costumes vary from the whimsical to the outrageous; parties and street events take place throughout the weekend of the parade, the first weekend after the solstice.

Surfing is a part of Santa Barbara culture. The late Bruce Brown's cult classic, The Endless Summer, put surfing on the map, and he was often seen around town prior to his passing in December 2017. Surfing legend Pat Curren and his son, three time world champion Tom Curren, as well as ten time world champion Kelly Slater, and other popular surfers such as Shaun Tompson, Jack Johnson and Chris Brown-deceased call Santa Barbara home. The Channel Islands block summer surf swells that come from the tropics or further south, the southern hemisphere. For these reasons Santa Barbara is viewed as a winter surf location.

Museums

The Santa Barbara Museum of Art (SBMA), located on State Street, features nationally recognized collections and special exhibitions of international importance. Highlights of the Museum's permanent collection include antiquities; 19th-century French, British, and American art; 20th-century and contemporary European, North American, and Latin American art; Asian art; photography; and works on paper. It has an education program that serves local and surrounding communities through extensive on-site programming and curriculum resources.

Museum of Contemporary Art Santa Barbara (MCASB), located on the top floor of Paseo Nuevo shopping mall, is a non-profit, non-collecting museum dedicated to the exhibition, education, and cultivation of the arts of our time. It offers free admission to its exhibitions and public programming.

Other art venues include the University Art Museum on the University of California at Santa Barbara Campus, various private galleries, and a wide variety of art and photography shows. The Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History is located immediately behind the Santa Barbara Mission in a complex of Mission-style buildings set in a park-like campus. The Museum offers indoor and outdoor exhibits and a state-of-the-art planetarium.

The Santa Barbara Historical Museum is located on De La Guerra Street. The Santa Barbara Maritime Museum is located at 113 Harbor Way (the former Naval Reserve Center Santa Barbara) on the waterfront. The Karpeles Manuscript Library Museum (free admission) houses a collection of historical documents and manuscripts. Two open air museums here are Lotusland and Casa del Herrero, exemplifying the American Country Place era in Santa Barbara. Casa Dolores, center for the popular arts of Mexico, is devoted to the collection, preservation, study, and exhibition of an extensive variety of objects of the popular arts of Mexico.

The [https://reaganranch.yaf.org/exhibits-galleries/the-reagan-ranch-center-gallery/ Reagan Ranch Center] is a three-story museum and gallery operated by Young America's Foundation, next to the Amtrak Station on Lower State Street. Its focus is the history of the Rancho del Cielo and the role it played in Ronald Reagan’s life.^[74]

Sports

Prominent sports in Santa Barbara include the UC Santa Barbara Gauchos. The Gauchos field 20 varsity teams in NCAA Division I, most of which play in the Big West Conference. The most popular teams include the men's soccer team, which averages over 3,800 fans per year,^[75] and the men's basketball team, which averages over 2,300 fans per year.^[76]

Parks and recreation

Santa Barbara has many parks, ranging from small spaces within the urban environment to large, semi-wilderness areas that remain within the city limits. Some notable parks within the city limits are as follows:

In addition to these parks, there are other hiking trails in Santa Barbara. A 6–7 mile hike from Gaviota State Park traverses the mountains with an ocean view.^[77]

Government

In 2015, the city council voted to change from at-large elections to district elections for city council seats.^[78]

All of Santa Barbara County falls into California's 24th congressional district. The district has a slight lean to the Democratic Party, with a PVI of D+4,^[79] making it more politically moderate than California overall. The current Representative is Salud Carbajal.

Education

Colleges and universities

Santa Barbara and the immediately adjacent area is home to several colleges and universities:

Research university

Liberal arts colleges

Community college

Trade schools

Conservatory

Non-research graduate schools

High schools

Secondary and Primary School students go to the Santa Barbara and Hope district schools. There is also a variety of private schools in the area. The following schools are on the south coast of Santa Barbara County, including the cities of Santa Barbara, Goleta, Carpinteria, and contiguous unincorporated areas.

Junior high/middle schools

K-12

Media

Print and television

Radio

Some Los Angeles radio stations can be heard, although somewhat faintly due to the {{convert|85|mi|km|adj=on}} distance. Santa Monica-based NPR radio station KCRW can be heard in Santa Barbara at 106.9 MHz, and San Luis Obispo-based NPR station KCBX at 89.5 FM and 90.9 FM. The California Lutheran University operated NPR station KCLU (102.3 FM, 1340 AM) based in Thousand Oaks in Ventura County also serves Santa Barbara and has reporters covering the city. The only non-commercial radio station based in Santa Barbara is KCSB-FM (91.9 FM) owned by the University of California, Santa Barbara which uses it as part of its educational mission.

Transportation

Santa Barbara is bisected by U.S. Route 101, an automotive transportation corridor that links the city to the rest of the Central Coast region, San Francisco to the north, and Los Angeles to the south. Santa Barbara Municipal Airport offers commercial air service. Santa Barbara Aviation provides locally based private jet charter aircraft. Amtrak offers rail service through the Coast Starlight and Pacific Surfliner trains at the train station on State Street. The Santa Barbara Metropolitan Transit District (MTD) provides local bus service across the city, and Greyhound bus stations are located downtown. Electric shuttles operated by MTD ferry tourists and shoppers up and down lower State Street and to the wharf. Santa Barbara has an extensive network of bike trails and other resources for cyclists, and the League of American Bicyclists recognizes Santa Barbara as a Silver Level city. Ventura Intercity Service Transit Authority (VISTA) bus service offers connections south to Ventura and west to Goleta. The Clean Air Express bus offers connections to Lompoc and Santa Maria. Santa Barbara Airbus offers service to LAX from Santa Barbara and Goleta. In addition, Santa Barbara Car Free promotes visiting and exploring the area without use of a car.

Another popular car-free transportation method in Santa Barbara is bicycling. Often chosen as a winter training location for professional cycling teams and snowbirds alike, Santa Barbara has many great cycling routes and several notable climbs, including Gibraltar Road and Old San Marcos/Painted Cave. A bike path and route also connects the University of California, Santa Barbara to the downtown area, passing through Goleta and Hope Ranch along the way. Bike rentals are a great way for tourists to view Santa Barbara and the surrounding area. In 2009, the Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Goleta metropolitan statistical area (MSA) ranked as the sixth highest in the United States for percentage of commuters who biked to work (4 percent).^[82]

Sister cities

Notable people

See also

Notes

1. ^{{Cite web |url = http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc |title = California Cities by Incorporation Date |format = Word |publisher = California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions |accessdate = August 25, 2014 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc |archivedate = November 3, 2014 |df = mdy-all}}
2. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.santabarbaraca.gov/civicax/filebank/blobdload.aspx?blobid=16412 |title=The City of Santa Barbara Employee Handbook |publisher=City of Santa Barbara |accessdate=March 24, 2015}}
3. ^{{Cite web | url = https://www.santabarbaraca.gov/gov/cityhall/council/meet/cmurillo/default.asp | title = Cathy Murillo, Mayor | publisher = City of Santa Barbara | accessdate = January 15, 2018}}
4. ^¹{{Cite web | url = http://statewidedatabase.org/gis/gis2011/index_2011.html | title = Statewide Database | publisher = UC Regents | accessdate = 2014-10-09}}
5. ^{{Cite GovTrack|CA|24|accessdate=September 29, 2014}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_06.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=Jun 28, 2017}}
7. ^{{Cite GNIS|1661401|Santa Barbara|accessdate=2014-10-09}}
8. ^{{Cite web |url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0669070.html |title=Santa Barbara (city) QuickFacts |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=May 23, 2015}}
9. ^{{Cite web | url = https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupAction!input.action | title = ZIP Code(tm) Lookup | publisher = United States Postal Service | accessdate = November 29, 2014}}
10. ^{{cite news|last=Horowitz |first=Joy |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/travel/guides/north-america/united-states/california/santa-barbara/overview.html |title=New York Times article on Santa Barbara |publisher=Travel.nytimes.com |accessdate=2012-05-20}}
11. ^{{Cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2014/PEPANNRSIP.US12A |title=American FactFinder – Results |publisher=United States Census Bureau |accessdate=May 23, 2015}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.santamariatimes.com/news/local/article_c18874f4-4ae8-11e0-9a80-001cc4c03286.html |title=Santa Maria grows 28.6% |publisher=Santa Maria Times |date=2011-03-09 |accessdate=2012-05-20}}
13. ^United States Census 2010
14. ^Santa Barbara economic statistics, 2005 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413121614/http://oldsite.sbchamber.org/employment/index.html |date=April 13, 2010 }}
15. ^{{Cite web| last = Radic| first = Theo| title = Syukhtun| work = Syukhtun Editions| accessdate = 2013-05-07| year = 2002| url = http://syukhtun.com/}}
16. ^{{cite book |last=Gudde |first=Erwin G. |pages=294 |year=1969 |title=California Place Names |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qud5AAAAMAAJ|location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California Press |accessdate=11 April 2014}}
17. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.independent.com/news/2015/jan/20/history-rattlesnake-canyon/|title=The History of Rattlesnake Canyon|last=Redmon|first=Michael|date=2015-01-20|work=Santa Barbara Independent|access-date=2017-08-07}}
18. ^Baker, Gayle, Santa Barbara HarborTown Histories Publishers, Santa Barbara, CA, 2003, {{ISBN|978-0-9710984-1-1}} (print) 978-0-9879038-1-5 (e-book) p. 12-13
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.usc.edu/dept/tsunamis/2005/news/articles/pdfs/2005_01_09_tsunami_LAT.pdf |title=Los Angeles Times article on 1812 tsunami |accessdate=2012-05-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917105445/http://www.usc.edu/dept/tsunamis/2005/news/articles/pdfs/2005_01_09_tsunami_LAT.pdf |archivedate=September 17, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}
20. ^Tompkins, 1975, p. 13-14
21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.athanasius.com/camission/barbara.htm|title=Mission Santa Barbara|website=Athanasius.com|access-date=2017-08-08}}
22. ^www.c-span.org/video/?404339-1/mission-santa-barbara-library-archives accessed 25 May 2018
23. ^Redmon, Michael (November 21, 2014) "The History Behind Street Names" Santa Barbara Independent
24. ^Tompkins, 1983, p. 113
25. ^Baker, p. 34-35
26. ^Baker, p. 39
27. ^{{cite news|last1=Redmon|first1=Michael|title=Early Banks and Banking in Santa Barbara|url=http://www.independent.com/news/2014/dec/10/early-banks-and-banking-santa-barbara/|work=Santa Barbara Independent|date=December 10, 2014}}
28. ^Baker, pp. 56–59, 66
29. ^{{cite news|last1=Redmon|first1=Michael|title=Theodore Roosevelt visits Santa Barbara|url=http://www.independent.com/news/2014/sep/16/theodore-roosevelt-visits-santa-barbara/|accessdate=5 February 2015|agency=Independent|publisher=Independent|date=September 16, 2014}}
30. ^Baker, p. 63
31. ^Tompkins, 1976, p. 258
32. ^Baker, p. 72
33. ^Birchard, p. 49
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://projects.eri.ucsb.edu/sb_eqs/SBEQCatlog/SBEQdescrips/SBEQs1921-1925.html|title=Catalog of Santa Barbara Earthquakes|publisher=Institute for Crustal Studies, University of California, Santa Barbara|accessdate=September 29, 2014}}
35. ^{{cite web|last=Southern California Earthquake Data Center|title=Significant Earthquakes and Faults, Santa Barbara Earthquake|url=http://www.data.scec.org/significant/santabarbara1925.html|accessdate=September 29, 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103042939/http://www.data.scec.org/significant/santabarbara1925.html|archivedate=January 3, 2015|df=mdy-all}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://projects.eri.ucsb.edu/sb_eqs/1925/1925.html|title=1925 Santa Barbara Earthquake: In Brief|website=projects.eri.ucsb.edu|accessdate=August 1, 2018}}
37. ^{{cite news|last1=Redmon|first1=Michael|title=1907 Train Wreck|url=http://www.independent.com/news/2013/jul/02/1907-train-wreck/ |work=Santa Barbara Independent|date=July 2, 2013}}
38. ^U.S. Bureau of Reclamation: page on the Lake Cachuma project {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609100621/http://www.usbr.gov/dataweb/html/cachuma.html |date=June 9, 2009 }}
39. ^¹Baker, pp. 88–89
40. ^Tompkins, 1975, p. 115
41. ^Baker, pp. 89–91
42. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2006/mar/06/local/me-slowgrow6 |title=Slow Growth Movement | `Slow Growth' Has Come at a Cost in Santa Barbara|newspaper= Los Angeles Times|date=1999-04-13 |accessdate=2012-05-20|first1=Jeffrey L.|last1=Rabin|first2=Daryl|last2=Kelley}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.santabarbaraca.gov/NR/rdonlyres/00BDE41C-79A6-4862-8D02-89E16FCB01CB/0/0611_Get_Ready_Santa_Barbara.pdf|title=City of Santa Barbara: Historical Santa Barbara Area Fires|website=Santabarbaraca.gov |date=June 2011 |accessdate=2012-07-31}}
44. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.sbcfire.com/au/dphist/history.htm |title=History of the Santa Barbara County Fire Department |accessdate=2012-07-31 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720065051/http://www.sbcfire.com/au/dphist/history.htm |archivedate=July 20, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}
45. ^Santa Barbara tourism website, showing "The American Riviera" trademark (accessed February 2014)
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca7902 |title=Santa Barbara (COOP) |publisher=Wrcc.dri.edu |accessdate=2012-05-20}}
47. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.edhat.com/site/tidbit.cfm?nid=11115 |title=Snow in Santa Barbara |publisher=Edhat |accessdate=2015-12-20}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?ca7902|title=SANTA BARBARA, CALIFORNIA - Climate Summary|website=Wrcc.dri.edu|accessdate=August 1, 2018}}
49. ^{{cite book |title=The geology and landscape of Santa Barbara County, California|last= Norris|first= Robert M.|authorlink= |year= 2003|publisher= Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History|location= Santa Barbara, California|isbn= 978-0-936494-35-7|page= 33|url= }}
50. ^{{cite map|author=Dibblee, T.W., and Ehrenspeck, H.E., ed.|title=Geologic map of the Santa Barbara quadrangle, Santa Barbara County, California|trans-title=|map=Santa Barbara quadrangle, Santa Barbara County, California|map-url=|date=|year=1986|url=https://ngmdb.usgs.gov/Prodesc/proddesc_192.htm|scale=1:24,000|series=|version=|cartography=|publisher=Dibblee Geological Foundation|page=|pages=|section=|sections=|inset=|edition=|location=Santa Barbara County, California|language=|format=image|isbn=|id=Dibblee Foundation Map DF-06|ref=|access-date=2017-08-07}}
51. ^{{Cite web|url=http://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/gmap/|title=SoilWeb: An Online Soil Survey Browser {{!}} California Soil Resource Lab|website=casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-08-08}}
52. ^Norris, p. 33
53. ^Norris, p. 101
54. ^Norris, p. 102
55. ^Norris, p. 100-101
56. ^Norris, p. 95, 101
57. ^{{cite web |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3001/downloads/pdf/SIM3001map.pdf |title=Geologic Map of the Santa Barbara Coastal Plain Area, Santa Barbara County, California |last1=Minor |first1=S.A. |displayauthors=etal |date=2009 |publisher=USGS|accessdate=December 20, 2015}}
58. ^{{cite news|last1=Redmon|first1=Michael|title=Alpheus Thompson|url=http://www.independent.com/news/2014/oct/01/alpheus-thompson/ |work=Santa Barbara Independent|date=October 1, 2014}}
59. ^{{cite book |title=Black tide: the Santa Barbara oil spill and its consequences|last= Easton|first= Robert Olney|authorlink= |year= 1972|publisher= Delacorte Press|location= New York, New York|isbn= |pages= 89–90|url= }}
60. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0669070|title=2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA – Santa Barbara city|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=July 12, 2014}}
61. ^¹{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2017.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|accessdate=September 8, 2018}}
62. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html|title=Census of Population and Housing|publisher=Census.gov|accessdate=June 4, 2015}}
63. ^{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=2008-01-31|title=American FactFinder}}
64. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.santabarbaraca.gov/civicax/filebank/blobdload.aspx?BlobID=48858 |page=163 |title=Comprehensive Annual Financial Report: Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2014 |publisher=City of Santa Barbara |accessdate=May 23, 2015}}
65. ^Search Results – Santa Barbara, California – ReferenceUSA Current Businesses
66. ^Baker, p. 91
67. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.com/news/2008/may/20/i-madonnaris-second-life-began-santa-barbara/|title=I Madonnari's Second Life Began in Santa Barbara|website=Independent.com|accessdate=August 1, 2018}}
68. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.our-lady-of-sorrows-santa-barbara.com| title = Our Lady of Sorrows Church| website = Official Website| accessdate = 2014-03-30}}
69. ^Patricia Ann Hardwick. (2010). The Old Spanish Days Fiesta in Santa Barbara, California: Cultural Hybridity, Colonial Mythologies and the Romanticization of a Latino Heritage. Humanities Diliman, 7(2), 60-94.
70. ^Ty Smith, "'A delightful deception: The politics of public memory and the re-creation of Spanish Santa Barbara, 1920-1987." Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara 2014.
71. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.newnoisesb.org/?page_id=55|title=New Noise Music Festival|last=|first=|date=2017|website=|access-date=2017-08-08}}
72. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.solsticeparade.com/history.htm |title=History – Santa Barbara Summer Solstice Celebration |publisher=Solsticeparade.com |accessdate=2012-05-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090514052829/http://solsticeparade.com/history.htm |archivedate=May 14, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}
73. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/travel/la-tr-d-santa-barbara-20150503-story.html|title=The hip Funk Zone adds color to often-stodgy Santa Barbara|work=Los Angeles Times|date= May 2, 2015|first=Rosemary |last=McClure}}
74. ^{{Cite news|url=http://reaganranch.yaf.org/exhibits-galleries/the-reagan-ranch-center-gallery/|title=The Reagan Ranch Center Gallery - Reagan Ranch|work=Reagan Ranch|access-date=2018-06-18|language=en-US}}
75. ^{{cite web|url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/m_soccer_RB/2016/2015attendance.pdf|title=MEN'S SOCCER ATTENDANCE RECORDS|website=Fs.ncaa.org|accessdate=1 August 2018}}
76. ^{{cite report|url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/m_basketball_RB/Reports/attend/2016.pdf|title=2016 NCAA Men's Basketball Attendance|author=|authors=|first=|date=2016|website=Fs.ncaa.org|access-date=1 August 2018}}
77. ^Gaviota Peak Dayhike (September 11, 2012) Santa Barbara Independent
78. ^Orozco, Lance (March 31, 2015) "Santa Barbara City Council Council Takes Final Key Step To End Dispute Over Municipal Elections Process" KCLU Local News
79. ^{{Cite web|url=http://cookpolitical.com/file/2013-04-49.pdf|title=Partisan Voting Index: Districts of the 113th Congress|publisher=Cook Political Report|accessdate=April 19, 2015}}
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81. ^{{cite web|url=http://media.independent.com/pdf/09_MediaKit_loRes.pdf |title=Verified Audit (page 2 in online kit) |website=Media.independent.com|accessdate=2012-05-20}}
82. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/acs-15.pdf|series=American Community Survey Reports|title=Commuting in the United States: 2009|access-date=December 26, 2017|date=September 2011}}
83. ^[https://www.santabarbaraca.gov/gov/brdcomm/nz/sister_cities_board/default.asp Sister cities board - SB, CA]