| 词条 | Santa Barbara Channel |
| 释义 |
The Santa Barbara Channel is a portion of the Pacific Ocean which separates the mainland of California from the northern Channel Islands. It is generally south of the city of Santa Barbara, and west of the city of Ventura. It trends east-west, is approximately {{convert|130|km|nmi}} long and averages about {{convert|45|km|nmi}} across, becoming narrowest at its easternmost extremity where Anacapa Island is about {{convert|30|km|nmi}} from the mainland. During the last ice age, the four northern Channel Islands, including Santa Rosa Island, were conjoined into Santa Rosae, a single island that was only five miles (8 km) off the coast. The Santa Barbara Channel is considered a scenic location, with the islands visible from the mainland on clear days. Excursion boats cross the channel, taking visitors to watch whales and visit the islands. In the perpendicular (east-west) direction, huge cargo ships and tankers occupy a major shipping lane on their way to or from the ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. The Channel is the location of numerous oil fields, some of which have substantial reserves. These include the Ellwood, Summerland, Carpinteria offshore and Dos Cuadras fields. In 1969, the Dos Cuadras was the point of origin of a major oil spill,[1] which came about when oil spurted at high pressure through faults and cracks around a zone which had recently been drilled for the first time. Public outrage over the massive environmental damage inflicted by this spill, which covered hundreds of square miles of the channel and fouled beaches from Ventura to Goleta, was a major spur to the budding environmental movement. Some oil exploration and production activities continue in the area, in spite of vigorous opposition from local organizations, such as Santa Barbara-based Get Oil Out (GOO). The Santa Barbara Channel contains the world's largest natural oil seepage - Coal Oil Point. Goleta Point is a nearby extension into the channel. At one point on the channel is Point Arguello, a headland near the city of Lompoc, and the site of the Honda Point disaster in 1923, in which seven US Navy destroyers run aground, in the largest peacetime loss of US Navy ships. PrehistoryPrior to the Holocene era sea levels were considerably lower, such that the water width separating the islands from the mainland was much less, making biological colonization as well as human transport across the channel easier. In recent times the Native American Chumash peoples navigated these waters with ease in small watercraft, allowing communication and trade between island and mainland villages. C. Michael Hogan reviews some of the theories of colonization of the rare species Torrey Pine, Pinus torreyana to the islands, suggesting that it is likely that Chumash peoples carried the initial cones in their Tomols.[2] The most famous endemic species, though now extinct, was the pygmy mammoth, which is often cited as a case study in insular dwarfism. Risk of ship-whale collisionsAs of at least 2011, a few endangered species of whale (including blue, fin, and humpback) have begun to feed in a new area north of the Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa islands of the Santa Barbara Channel. These whales are at risk to be struck by ships passing through a shipping lane used to move goods south to Los Angeles and Long Beach ports. About 100 collisions have been documented off of the coast of California since 1982, which includes a rate of about 6 per year today, possibly more due to the difficulty of observing the incidents.[3] See also
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/sb_69oilspill/69oilspill_articles2.html |title=A history of the 1969 oil spill event |publisher=Geog.ucsb.edu |date=1969-01-29 |accessdate=2011-07-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107071114/http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/sb_69oilspill/69oilspill_articles2.html |archivedate=2016-11-07 |df= }} 2. ^* C.Michael Hogan (2008) Morro Creek, The Megalithic Portal, ed. by A. Burnham 3. ^{{cite news|last=Barboza|first=Tony|title=Trying to reduce ship-whale collisions in Santa Barbara Channel|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/jul/27/local/la-me-adv-whale-lanes-20110727|accessdate=27 October 2011|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=July 27, 2011}} External links
4 : Landforms of the Channel Islands of California|Bodies of water of Santa Barbara County, California|Santa Barbara, California|Straits of California |
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