| 词条 | Santa Cruz del Quiché |
| 释义 |
|official_name = Santa Cruz del Quiché |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Municipality |motto = |image_skyline = Quiche whitechurch lg.jpg |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = Santa Cruz del Quiché, 2007 |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Guatemala |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Guatemala |pushpin_map1 = El Quiché |pushpin_map_caption1 = Location in El Quiché Department |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = Guatemala |subdivision_type1 = Department |subdivision_name1 = El Quiché |subdivision_type2 = Municipality |subdivision_name2 = Santa Cruz del Quiché |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |government_footnotes =[1] |government_type = Municipal |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Rosendo Jerónimo Salvador Cuterez |leader_party = LIDER |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 311 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = |population_as_of = Census 2002 |population_footnotes = [2] |population_note = |population_total = 62369 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_urban = 20870 |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 =K'iche', Ladino |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 =Eastern Orthodoxy,[3] (then recent historically) Roman Catholicism, Evangelicalism, Maya |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|15|1|48|N|91|9|0|W|region:GT|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 2021|elevation_max_m = 2500|elevation_min_m = 1500|postal_code_type = |postal_code =|area_code =|blank_name = Climate|blank_info = Cwb|blank1_name =|blank1_info =|website = http://www.inforpressca.com/quiche/|footnotes = }} Santa Cruz del Quiché is a city in Guatemala. It serves as the capital of the El Quiché department and the municipal seat of Santa Cruz del Quiché municipality. The city is located at {{coord|15.03|N|91.15|W|}}, at an elevation of 2,021 m (6,631 feet) above sea level. The urban population was about 21,000 people in 2003. It has an airport.==History==Santa Cruz del Quiché was founded by Pedro de Alvarado, a companion and second in-command of conquistador Hernán Cortés, after he burned down the nearby Maya capital city of Q'umarkaj (or Utatlán, in the Nahuatl language). The oldest buildings, including a large cathedral and clock tower in the central plaza, were constructed out of the stones of the Q'umarkaj ruins by the Dominicans. Some think it likely that it was in Santa Cruz where a group of anonymous K'iche' nobles of the Nim Ch'okoj class transcribed the Popol Vuh, the sacred text of the Maya.In Santa Cruz, the former rulers of Q'umarkaj were reduced to the status of peasant.=== Pacific conquest by the Dominican friars==={{Main|Bartolomé de las Casas}}On his second visit to Guatemala, in 1537, friar Bartolome de las Casas, O.P. wanted to employ his new method of conversion based on two principles: 1) to preach the Gospel to all men and treat them as equals, and 2) to assert that conversion must be voluntary and based on knowledge and understanding of the Faith. It was important for Las Casas that this method be tested without meddling from secular colonists, so he chose a territory in the heart of Guatemala where there were no previous colonies and where the natives were considered fierce and war-like. Because of the fact that the land had not been possible to conquer by military means, the governor of Guatemala, Alonso de Maldonado, agreed to sign a contract promising that if the venture was successful he would not establish any new encomiendas in the area. Las Casas's group of friars established a Dominican presence in Rabinal, Sacapulas and Cobán, reaching as far as Chahal. Through the efforts of Las Casas' missionaries the so-called "Land of War" came to be called "Verapaz", "True Peace". Las Casas's strategy was to teach Christian songs to merchant Indian Christians who then ventured into the area. In this way he was successful in converting several native chiefs, among them those of Atitlán and Chichicastenango, and in building several churches in the territory named Alta Verapaz. These congregated a group of Christian Indians in the location of what is now the town of Rabinal.{{sfn|Wagner|Parish|1967|pp=86–93}} In 1538 Las Casas was recalled from his mission by Bishop Francisco Marroquin who wanted him to go to Mexico and then on to Spain in order to seek more Dominicans to assist in the mission.{{sfn|Wagner|Parish|1967|pp=94–95}}=== Monastery and doctrine of Order of Preachers ==={{See also|Indian Reductions}}{{Location map many| Guatemala|AlternativeMap=OrderpreachersGuatemala.png| width = 200|caption=Order of Preachers convents during the Spanish colony en Guatemala and the approximate area of their surrounding doctrines | label=Santiago de Guatemala| position=left|label_size=70 | lat=14.561013| long=-90.725580 | label2=Amatitlán| pos2=right| label2_size=70 | lat2=14.481240| long2=-90.624817 | label3=Verapaz| pos3=left | label3_size=70 | lat3=15.462654| long3=-90.383019 | label4=Sacapulas| pos4=left | label4_size=70 | lat4=15.288050| long4=-91.089535}}After the conquest, the Spanish crown focused on the Catholic indoctrination of the natives. Human settlements founded by royal missionaries in the New World were called "Indian doctrines" or simply "doctrines". Originally, friars had only temporary missions: teach the Catholic faith to the natives, and then transfer the settlements to secular parishes, just like the ones that existed in Spain at the time; the friars were supposed to teach Spanish and Catholicism to the natives. When the natives were ready, they could start living in parishes and contribute with mandatory tithing, just like the people in Spain.{{sfn|van Oss|1986|p=53}}However, this plan never materialized, mainly because the Spanish crown lost control of the regular orders as soon as their friars set course to America. Shielded by their apostolic privileges granted to convert natives into Catholicism, the missionaries only responded to their order local authorities, and never to that of the Spanish government or the secular bishops. The orders local authorities, in turn, only dealt with their own order and not with the Spanish crown. Once a doctrine had been established, the protected their own economic interests, even against those of the King and thus, the doctrines became Indian towns that remains unaltered for the rest of the Spanish colony.The doctrines were founded at the friars discretion, given that they were completely at liberty to settle communities provided the main purpose was to eventually transfer it as a secular parish which would be tithing of the bishop. In reality, what happened was that the doctrines grew uncontrollably and were never transferred to any secular parish; they formed around the place where the friars had their monastery and from there, they would go out to preach to settlements that belong to the doctrine and were called "annexes", "visits" or "visit towns". Therefore, the doctrines had three main characteristics* they were independent from external controls (both ecclesiastical and secular)* were run by a group of friars* had a relatively larger number of annexes{{sfn|van Oss|1986|p=53}}The main characteristic of the doctrines was that they were run by a group of friars, because it made sure that the community system would continue without any issue when one of the members died.{{sfn|van Oss|1986|p=54}}In 1638, the Order of Preachers split their large doctrines — which meant large economic benefits for them — in groups centered around each one of their six monasteries, including the Sacapulas monastery:{{harvnb|Belaubre|2001|p=39}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.derechoshumanos.net/lesahumanidad/informes/guatemala/informeREMHI-Tomo2.htm |author=REHMI report |website=Fundación Acción Pro-Derechos Humanos |title=Proyecto Interdiocesano de Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica |accessdate=23 October 2013 |language=es |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615070956/http://www.derechoshumanos.net/lesahumanidad/informes/guatemala/informeREMHI-Tomo2.htm |archivedate=June 15, 2012 }} 6. ^{{cite journal| author=Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Agudización|title=Agudización de la Violencia y Militarización del Estado (1979-1985) |journal=Guatemala: memoria del silencio |publisher=Programa de Ciencia y Derechos Humanos, Asociación Americana del Avance de la Ciencia |year=1999 |format=online edition|url=http://shr.aaas.org/guatemala/ceh/mds/spanish/cap1/agud.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506054258/http://shr.aaas.org/guatemala/ceh/mds/spanish/cap1/agud.html |archivedate=6 May 2013 |accessdate=20 September 2014|ref=harv}} 7. ^Author's interview with Col. Matta 10/1985 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/48113/|title= Climate: Santa Cruz del Quiché|accessdate= 1 November 2015|website= Climate-Data.org}} 9. ^1 2 {{cite web|author=SEGEPLAN|title=Municipios de Quiché, Guatemala|url=http://www.segeplan.gob.gt/2.0/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=category&id=2:alta-verapaz&Itemid=333|location=Guatemala|website=Secretaría General de Planificación y Programación de la Presidencia de la República|accessdate=30 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702175532/http://www.segeplan.gob.gt/2.0/index.php?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=category&id=15:quiche|archivedate=2 July 2015|language=Spanish|ref=harv}} References{{reflist|2}}Bibliography{{refbegin}}
External links
4 : Municipalities of the Quiché Department|Populated places in the Quiché Department|Populated places established in the 16th century|Santa Cruz del Quiché |
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