| 词条 | Santal people |
| 释义 |
| group = Santal | image = Santhali dance photo.png | image_caption = A traditional Santali dance | pop = 7.4 million | popplace = {{flag|India}}, {{flag|Bangladesh}}, {{flag|Nepal}}, {{flag|Bhutan}} | region2 = Jharkhand | pop2 = 2,752,723 | ref2 = [1] | region3 = West Bengal | pop3 = 2,512,331 | ref3 = [1] | region4 = Odisha | pop4 = 894,764 | ref4 = [1] | region5 = Bihar | pop5 = 406,076 | ref5 = [1] | region6 = {{flag|Bangladesh}} | pop6 = 300,061 (2001) | ref6 = [2] | region7 = Assam | pop7 = 213,139 | ref7 = [3] | region8 = {{flag|Nepal}} | pop8 = 42,698 | ref8 = [4] | languages = Santali, Odia, Bengali, Hindi | religions = Sari Dharam {{•}}Sarnaism {{•}} Hinduism {{•}} Christianity | related = Mundas {{•}} Hos {{•}} Kols {{•}} other Mon-Khmer people }} The Santal, or rarely Santals, are an ethnic group, native to Indian states of Jharkhand, Assam, West Bengal, Bihar and Odisha. Santals are the largest indigenous tribe in Jharkhand in terms of population. There is also a significant Santal minority in neighboring Bangladesh, and a small population in Nepal and Bhutan. The Santals mostly speak Santali, an Austroasiatic language and that is the most widely-spoken of the Munda languages. HistoryAccording to linguist Paul Sidwell (2018), Austro-Asiatic language speakers probably arrived on coast of Odisha from Indochina about 4000–3500 years ago.[5] ReligionOne of the most studied, the Santal religion worships Marang buru or Bonga as the Supreme Deity. The majority of reverence, however, falls on a court of spirits (Bonga), who handle different aspects of the world and who are placated with prayers and offerings in order to ward off evil influences. These spirits operate at the village, household, ancestor, and sub-clan level, along with evil spirits that cause disease and can inhabit village boundaries, mountains, water, tigers, and the forest. A characteristic feature of a Santal village is a sacred grove (known as the Jaher[6] or "Santal Sthal") on the edge of the village where many spirits live and where a series of annual festivals take place.[7] There are also a number of christians in santal tribes A yearly round of rituals connected with the agricultural cycle, along with life-cycle rituals for birth, marriage and burial at death, involve petitions to the spirits and offerings that include the sacrifice of animals, usually birds. Religious leaders are male specialists in medical cures who practice divination and witchcraft (the socio-historic meaning of the term, used here, refers to the ritual practice of magic and is not pejorative). Similar beliefs are common among other tribes of northeast and central India such as the Kharia, Munda, and Oraon.[7] Smaller and more isolated tribes often demonstrate articulated classification systems of the spiritual hierarchy less well documented, described as animism or a generalized worship of spiritual energies connected with locations, activities, and social groups. Religious concepts are intricately entwined with ideas about nature and interaction with local ecological systems. As in Santal religion, religious specialists are drawn from the village or family and serve a wide range of spiritual functions that focus on placating potentially dangerous spirits and coordinating rituals.[7] CultureSohrai is the principal festival of Santal community. Besides that Baha, Karam, Dansai, Sakrat, Mahmore, Rundo, Magsim etc. are important. The Santal traditionally accompany many of their dances during these festivals with two drums: the Tamak‘ and the Tumdak’.[8]Chadar Badar, a form of puppetry known also as Santal puppetry, is a folk show involving wooden puppets placed in a small cage which acts as the stage. Notable people
References{{loc}}1. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=A-11 Individual Scheduled Tribe Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2017-11-18}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/cfcavallaro/Pdf%20files/Cavallaro%20and%20Rahman%202009.pdf|title=The Santals of Bangladesh|last=Cavallaro|first=Francesco|last2=Rahman|first2=Tania|date=|website=ntu.edu.sg|access-date=2017-11-17|publisher=Nayang Technical University}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}} 4. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.tribalzone.net/language/santali.htm|title = Santali: Also spoken in Nepal|accessdate = 2011-04-01}} 5. ^Sidwell, Paul. 2018. [https://www.academia.edu/36689736/Austroasiatic_Studies_state_of_the_art_in_2018 Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018]. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, May 22, 2018. 6. ^{{cite web|title=Jaher Worshiping Place of Santals|url=http://india-portrayed.blogspot.in/2008/08/jaher-worshiping-place-of-santals.html|accessdate=2014-09-27}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/india/57.htm |title=The Green Revolution in India |work=U.S. Library of Congress Country Studies (released in public domain) |accessdate=2007-10-06}} 8. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110107/jsp/jharkhand/story_13400270.jsp | title=Chadar Badar | publisher=Telegraph | date=2015 | accessdate=2015-03-22}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiansuperleague.com/delhi-dynamos-fc/squad/forward-26615-arjun-tudu-playerprofile|title=Arjun Tudu - Forward, Delhi Dynamos FC {{!}} ISL Player Profile|last=www.indiansuperleague.com|website=www.indiansuperleague.com|access-date=2017-01-31}} Bibliography
External links{{Commons category|Santal}}{{NIE Poster|Santals}}
9 : Santhal|Ethnic groups in Bangladesh|Indigenous peoples of South Asia|Ethnic groups in Nepal|Social groups of Bihar|Social groups of Jharkhand|Social groups of Odisha|Social groups of West Bengal|Schools of Indian painting |
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