| 词条 | Kara Del |
| 释义 |
|native_name = Kara Del |common_name = Kara Del |era = Post-classical |status = |status_text = |government_type = Monarchy |capital = Hami |year_start = c. 1389 |year_end = 1513 |event_start = Gunashiri breaks away from Northern Yuan dynasty |date_start = |event1 = Kara Del accepts Ming supremacy |date_event1 = 1404 |event2 = Conquered by Esen of the Northern Yuan dynasty based in Mongolia proper |date_event2 = 1430s |event3 = Coup staged by pro-Mongol faction |date_event3 = 1463 |event4 = Ming restores Gunashiri dynasty |date_event4 = 1467 |event_end = Mansur Khan from the Chagatai Khanate overthrew the Gunashiri dynasty and the region's conversion to Islam |image_flag = |flag_type = |flag_border = no |image_map =Ming Turpan conflict.png |image_map_caption = Location of Kara Del |p1 = Chagatai Khanate |flag_p1 = Flag of Chagatai khanate.svg |p2 = Northern Yuan dynasty |flag_p2 = |s1 = Moghulistan |flag_s1 = |common_languages = Mongolian, Old Uyghur language |religion = |currency = |title_leader = Khan |leader1 = Gunashiri |leader2 = |year_leader1 = |year_leader2 = |stat_year1 = |stat_area1 = |footnotes = |today = {{flag|China}} }}{{History of Xinjiang}} Kara Del or Qara Del was a Mongol kingdom that existed in Hami in present-day Xinjiang. It was founded by the Yuan prince Gunashiri, a descendant of Chagatai Khan, in the late 14th century (c.1389), and ruled by the Chagatayids thereafter until 1463. From 1380, it began to tribute to Ming dynasty. From 1406, it is governed by Ming with Kara Del Guard (Chinese: 哈密卫), however sometimes it still under the influence of Northern Yuan, and the ruler is called the Duke of obedience (Chinese: 忠顺王) as a partise of Jimi system. It was destroyed as a result of the wars between Ming China and Oirat Mongols and dynastic succession struggles in 1513. Kara Del means "Black chest" in the Mongolian language. HistoryAfter the demise of the Northern Yuan emperor Tögüs Temür, Kublai Khan's (r. 1260–1294) descendant, the throne of Mongolia passed into the hands of Jorightu Khan Yesüder, an Arig-Bokid prince, in 1388. With the anarchy after the Mongol Emperor's death, Chagatai Khan's descendant,Gunashiri, who followed the Yuan court's retreat into Mongolia, attempted to break away from the new Khan's rule. By 1390, Gunashiri, himself Buddhist, successfully established himself in Hami where the Uighurs lived.[1] Buddhism survived in Uyghurstan (Turfan and Qocho). during the Ming dynasty.[2] The Kara Del accepted the Ming supremacy to save its existence in 1404, and came under Ming control as Hami Prefecture.[3] The Kara Del ruler Enke-temur was granted the title Zhongshunwang (meaning the obedient prince) by the Ming court.[4] However, they were threatened by Mongolian Emperors, particularly during the reign of Yesüder, from the north. The Oirats from Western Mongolia pressured into the kingdom from 15th century on. Their leader and Yuan taishi, Esen, (future Emperor of the Mongols) forced the Kara Del khan to submit in 1430s. The kingdom was one of two Chagatyid realms conquered by Esen, other one being Moghulistan (c. 1432). He extensively supported the rivalry between successor of Gunashiri and intervened in their dynastic struggles. The Ming Dynasty was trying to place their puppet on the throne to secure their claim at the time. In 1463 the khan was overthrown by a pro-Mongol faction and a serious succession crisis started. From 1467 Ming Emperors reinstalled members of Gunashiri's house but the failure was evident. Hami was conquered by Mansur, the khan from another branch of the Chagatayids in Central Asia, putting an end to the dynasty in 1513. Mansur forcefully converted all people living in Kara Del to Islam.[5] It was reported that between Khitay and Khotan the Sarigh Uyghur tribes who were "impious" resided, and they were targeted for ghazat (holy war) by Mansur Khan following 1516.[6][7] List of rulers of Kara Del{{Refimprove section|date=September 2018}}According to Japanese Wikipedia (ja:グナシリ):
Rivalry between Nugandaširi (努溫答失里) (1460–1472) and Baγ Temür (把塔木儿) (1466–1472)
See also
References1. ^Ed. Reuven Amitai-Preiss, Reuven Amitai, David Morgan-The Mongol empire and its legacy, p.294 {{Historical polities in Xinjiang}}{{Xinjiang topics}}2. ^{{cite book|title=Saintly Brokers: Uyghur Muslims, Trade, and the Making of Qing Central Asia, 1696--1814|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpeQhJ3hcwsC&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2008|publisher=ProQuest|isbn=978-1-109-10126-3|pages=75–}} 3. ^C.P.Atwood-Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, p. 564 4. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=DpeQhJ3hcwsC&pg=PA68#v=onepage&q=1404&f=false Kim 2008], p. 68. 5. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20090601094645/http://www.hami.gov.cn/10037/10037/00016/00013/00004/2004/11719.htm 哈密回王简史－回王家族的初始 - 哈密政府网] 6. ^{{cite book|author=Tōyō Bunko (Japan)|title=Memoirs of the Research Department|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UJzWAAAAMAAJ&q=khizr+ghazat+khitay&dq=khizr+ghazat+khitay&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnlbCK463JAhWK5yYKHWtzA8IQ6AEIJTAB|year=1986|page=3}} 7. ^{{cite book|author1=Tōyō Bunko (Japan)|author2=Tōyō Bunko (Japan).|title=Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko: (the Oriental Library).|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bSg8AQAAIAAJ&q=khizr+ghazat+khitay&dq=khizr+ghazat+khitay&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjnlbCK463JAhWK5yYKHWtzA8IQ6AEIKjAC|year=1983|publisher=Tôyô Bunko.|page=3}} 3 : Mongol states|History of Xinjiang|Khanates |
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