“Sarcelles”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Sarcelles ({{IPA-fr|saʁ.sɛl}}) is a commune in the northern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located {{convert|16.3|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the center of Paris. Sarcelles is a sub-prefecture of the Val-d'Oise department and the seat of the Arrondissement of Sarcelles.

In the south of the commune, during the 1950s and 1960s, HLMs were built in order to accommodate pieds-noirs (French settlers from Algeria) and Jews, who left Algeria due to the Algerian War of Independence. A few Jews from Egypt settled there after the Suez crisis, and Jews from Tunisia and Morocco settled in Sarcelles after unrest and riots against Jews due to the Six-Day War and to the Yom Kippur War.

Transport

It is also served by Sarcelles – Saint-Brice station on the Transilien Paris – Nord suburban rail line. This station, although administratively located on the territory of the neighboring commune of Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt, lies in fact very near the town centre of Sarcelles.

Population

Immigration

Rahsaan Maxwell, author of Ethnic Minority Migrants in Britain and France: Integration Trade-Offs, stated that compared with other French communities, the ethnic minorities in Sarcelles have more influence, so therefore "Sarcelles should not be considered representative of cities across metropolitan France".^[3] Residents believe that there is a "Sarcelles identity," meaning any ethnic group can be a part of the city, and they believe it lowers levels of crime and violence.^[4]

Compared with other parts of France, ethnic minorities in Sarcelles gained political power at a faster rate, with gains made in the 1980s instead of the 1990s and 2000s. Many politicians responded to minority demands sooner as many immigrants, especially Caribbeans and Sephardic Jews, had French citizenship. François Pupponi, the mayor in the 2000s dedicated monuments commemorating the histories of ethnic groups,^[4] authorized funding of organizations supporting specific ethnic groups such as running Arabic and Hindi language classes^[3] and permitted the use of public facilities for religious events.^[5] Pupponi argued that this style is the best method of giving many ethnic groups one sense of community.^[3] Critics argued that funding groups catering to specific ethnic groups promotes segregation.^[4]

Caribbeans

By the 1970s, Afro-Caribbeans became more interested in changing politics. By the 1980s, Guy Guyoubli, a local activist, organised an almost all-Caribbean protest list. Maxwell wrote that this demonstrated that Caribbeans had serious intentions of participating in the political system, even though there were no representatives elected from the lists.^[7] At the time, ethnic minorities across Metropolitan France were increasingly trying to influence the political system.^[7] The city's first ever two Caribbean councillors were elected in 1989. Around 1989, Raymond Lamontagne, the mayor, opened Metropolitan France's first ever Caribbean-oriented, council-funded community centre.^[4]

Maghrebian Muslims

In the 1950s and 1960s, Maghrebians began to arrive in Sarcelles. Political organisation came in subsequent decades. Originally, the Muslims worshipped in converted makeshift areas, but, later, purpose-built mosques appeared. In the 1990s, Maghrebians were first elected to the commune council. Maxwell wrote that Maghrebians began obtaining "key positions" only in the vicinity of 2012 due to "low turnout and weak community organisations".^[8]

Assyrian and Chaldean

A memorial to Assyro-Chaldean victims of the 1915 Assyrian genocide was dedicated in 2005.^[3] Part of the film The Last Assyrians features the Assyrian and Chaldean community.

Sepharadic Jews

Sarcelles gained a large population of Sephardic Jews as a consequence of the post-World War II Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries. {{As of|2012}}, many of the Jewish residents have French citizenship.^[4]

During the peak immigration of Sephardic Jews, they subscribed to a belief in assimilation and secularism and they had the North African belief of what Michel Wieviorka and Philippe Bataille, authors of The Lure of Anti-Semitism: Hatred of Jews in Present-Day France, describe as "a structuring role" that "does not cover all aspects of social life".^[9] Beginning in the 1980s, religion became more public and important, and Wieviorka and Bataille stated that the previous North African practice is "becoming mixed up with the neo-Orthodox practices of the 'young people' for whom religion controls everything."^[9]

Crime

In 2012, Maxwell stated that "petty crime" and vandalism had become consistent issues and that "violent confrontations" between black migrants, Maghrebians and Jews was "a recurring theme".^[4] He added that, by 2012, the commune had "developed a reputation as one of the more dangerous Paris suburbs."^[4] Maxwell wrote that local residents told him that the reputation was overblown.^[4]

Maxwell wrote that, during the 2005 France Riots, a report concluded that the damage to buildings in Sarcelles was "relatively moderate" and that a later report concluded that, compared with most cities, Sarcelles had fewer days of severe riots.^[4] He also stated that local residents characterised the damage as "not as bad as elsewhere and not as bad as one might have expected given Sarcelles's economic and ethnic profile."^[4]

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Education

The commune has 19 public écoles maternelles (preschools/nurseries),^[13] 21 public écoles primaires (primary schools),^[14] six public collèges (junior high schools), two public lycées (senior high schools/sixth-form colleges), and two other educational institutions.^[15]

The Bibliothèque intercommunale Anna Langfus is located in Sarcelles.^[16] This library has over 60,000 items and is divided between an adults' section and a children's section.^[17] In addition the Espace Musique Mel Bonis is in Sarcelles.^[18]

Notable people

See also

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/2015/03/04/sarcelles-ville-ghetto-ou-cite-modele-234349.html|title=Sarcelles, ville ghetto ou cité modèle ?|publisher=France Télévisions|date=2015-03-04|access-date=2016-09-14}} "A 15 kilomètres de Paris, Sarcelles ses 40 000 habitants et ses 40 communautés différentes,[...]"
2. ^Wieviorka and Bataille, p. 166-167. "The ChaldoAssyrian Community What saved Sarcelles and rid it of the reputation associated with 'Sarcel-litis was undoubtedly due to its Jewish population which, unaware of the drawbacks of concrete urbanisation, emphasised the positive[....]"
3. ^¹²³Maxwell, Ethnic Minority Migrants in Britain and France: Integration Trade-Offs, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Nd4gAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171 171].
4. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹Maxwell, Ethnic Minority Migrants in Britain and France: Integration Trade-Offs, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Nd4gAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170 170].
5. ^Maxwell, Ethnic Minority Migrants in Britain and France: Integration Trade-Offs, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Nd4gAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170 170]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=Nd4gAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171 171].
6. ^Maxwell, Rahsaan Daniel. Tensions and Tradeoffs: Ethnic Minority Migrant Integration in Britain and France. ProQuest, 2008. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=UjK4X6Kn6MUC&pg=PA197 197]. {{ISBN|0549874585}}, 9780549874584.
7. ^¹Maxwell, Ethnic Minority Migrants in Britain and France: Integration Trade-Offs, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Nd4gAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA172 172].
8. ^Maxwell, Ethnic Minority Migrants in Britain and France: Integration Trade-Offs, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Nd4gAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA179 179].
9. ^¹Wieviorka and Bataille, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EljRLlwxgFAC&pg=PA165 165].
10. ^Sarcelles - France, Netanya municipality website.
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.netanya.muni.il/eng/?CategoryID=1779|title=Netanya - Twin Cities|accessdate=2013-08-01|work=Netanya Municipality|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201094809/http://www.netanya.muni.il/Eng/?CategoryID=1779|archivedate=2013-02-01|deadurl=yes|df=}}
12. ^Karabakh's Martakert and Sarcelles sign cooperation agreement
13. ^"Les écoles maternelles." Sarcelles. Retrieved on May 22, 2017.
14. ^"Les écoles primaires." Sarcelles. Retrieved on May 22, 2017.
15. ^"Jeunesse (11-25) Équipements scolaires superieurs." Sarcelles. Retrieved on May 22, 2017.
16. ^"Bibliothèque intercommunale Anna Langfus à Sarcelles." Val de France. Retrieved on 3 June 2014. "Bibliothèque intercommunale Anna Langfus37 Boulevard Bergson 95200 Sarcelles"
17. ^"Bibliothèque Anna Langfus." Val de France. Retrieved on 3 June 2014. "Bibliothèque Intercommunale Anna Langfus 37 boulevard Henri Bergson (2ème étage) 95200 Sarcelles"
18. ^"Espace Musique Mel Bonis." Val de France Intercommunal Libraries. Retrieved on June 3, 2014. "Espace musique Mel Bonis à Sarcelles 1, Place de Navarre, Les Flanades 95200 Sarcelles"
19. ^Jonathan Assous, footballdatabase.eu