| 词条 | Sarcosine |
| 释义 |
| Verifiedfields = changed | Watchedfields = changed | verifiedrevid = 464387230 | ImageFile = Sarcosine.png | ImageFile_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}} | ImageSize = 100 | ImageName = Skeletal formula of sarcosine | IUPACName = 2-(Methylamino)acetic acid[1] |Section1={{Chembox Identifiers | CASNo = 107-97-1 | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}} | PubChem = 1088 | ChemSpiderID = 1057 | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}} | UNII = Z711V88R5F | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}} | EINECS = 203-538-6 | KEGG = C00213 | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}} | MeSHName = Sarcosine | ChEBI = 15611 | ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | ChEMBL = 304383 | ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}} | Beilstein = 1699442 | Gmelin = 2018 | 3DMet = B01190 | SMILES = CNCC(O)=O | StdInChI = 1S/C3H7NO2/c1-4-2-3(5)6/h4H,2H2,1H3,(H,5,6) | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} | StdInChIKey = FSYKKLYZXJSNPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}} }} |Section2={{Chembox Properties | C=3 | H=7 | N=1 | O=2 | Appearance = White crystalline powder | Odor = Odourless | Solubility = 89.09 g L−1 (at 20 °C) | Density = 1.093 g/mL | MeltingPtC = 208 to 212 | BoilingPtC = 195.1 | LogP = 0.599 | pKa = 2.36 | pKb = 11.64 | LambdaMax = 260 nm | Absorbance = 0.05 }} |Section3={{Chembox Thermochemistry | DeltaHf = −513.50–−512.98 kJ mol−1 | DeltaHc = −1667.84–−1667.54 kJ mol−1 | HeatCapacity = 128.9 J K−1 mol−1 }} |Section4={{Chembox Related | OtherFunction_label = alkanoic acids | OtherFunction = {{unbulleted list|Dimethylglycine|Glycocyamine|Creatine|N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid|beta-Methylamino-L-alanine|Guanidinopropionic acid}} | OtherCompounds = Dimethylacetamide }} }} Sarcosine, also known as N-methylglycine, is an intermediate and byproduct in glycine synthesis and degradation. Sarcosine is metabolized to glycine by the enzyme sarcosine dehydrogenase, while glycine-N-methyl transferase generates sarcosine from glycine. Sarcosine is an amino acid derivative that is naturally found in muscles and other body tissues. In the laboratory, it may be synthesized from chloroacetic acid and methylamine. Sarcosine is found naturally as an intermediate in the metabolism of choline to glycine. Sarcosine is sweet to the taste and dissolves in water. It is used in manufacturing biodegradable surfactants and toothpastes as well as in other applications. Sarcosine is ubiquitous in biological materials and is present in such foods as egg yolks, turkey, ham, vegetables, legumes, etc. Sarcosine, like the related compounds dimethylglycine (DMG) and trimethylglycine (TMG), is formed via the metabolism of nutrients such as choline and methionine, which both contain methyl groups used in a wide range of biochemical reactions. Sarcosine is rapidly degraded to glycine, which, in addition to its importance as a constituent of protein, plays a significant role in various physiological processes as a prime metabolic source of components of living cells such as glutathione, creatine, purines and serine. The concentration of sarcosine in blood serum of normal human subjects is 1.4 ± 0.6 micromolar.[2] Clinical significance{{medref|section|date=August 2015}}ToxicitySarcosine is excitotoxic at 3 nmol. This is equivalent to a 5mg/kg dosage or 400mg for an 80kg male. [3] Motor impairment and respiratory issues have been observed in rats at 10mg/kg. This equates to 800mg for an 80kg person. [4] No known toxicity effects exist below these levels for healthy individuals. SchizophreniaSarcosine has been investigated in relation to schizophrenia. Early evidence suggests that intake of 2 g/day sarcosine as add-on therapy to certain antipsychotics (not clozapine[5]) in schizophrenia gives significant additional reductions in both positive and negative symptomatology as well as the neurocognitive and general psychopathological symptoms that are common to the illness. Sarcosine had been tolerated well.[6] It is also under investigation for the possible prevention of schizophrenic illness during the prodromal stage of the disease. It acts as a type 1 glycine transporter inhibitor and a glycine agonist. It increases glycine concentrations in the brain thus causing increased NMDA receptor activation and a reduction in symptoms. As such, it might be an interesting treatment option and a possible new direction in the treatment of the mental illness in the future. A 2011 meta-analysis found adjunctive sarcosine to have a medium effect size for negative and total symptoms.[7] DepressionMajor depressive disorder is a complex disease and most currently available antidepressants aiming at monoamine neurotransmission exhibit limited efficacy and cognitive effects. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), one subtype of glutamate receptors, plays an important role in learning and memory. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) enhancing agents, such as sarcosine (N-methylglycine), have been used as adjunctive therapy of schizophrenia. Preliminary clinic trials indicated that intake of sarcosine improved not only psychotic but also depressive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia.[8] Sarcosine is significantly more effective in treating Major Depression (substantially improved scores on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impression, and Global Assessment of Function) than Citalopram over a 6-week period. Sarcosine was well tolerated without significant side effects.[9] Possible marker for prostate cancerSarcosine was reported to activate prostate cancer cells and to indicate the malignancy of prostate cancer cells when measured in urine.[10] Sarcosine was identified as a differential metabolite that was greatly increased during prostate cancer progression to metastasis and could be detected in urine.[11] Sarcosine levels seemed to control the invasiveness of the cancer.[10] This conclusion has been disputed.[12][13][14] HistorySarcosine was first isolated and named by the German chemist Justus von Liebig in 1847. Jacob Volhard first synthesized it in 1862 while working in the lab of Hermann Kolbe. Prior to the synthesis of sarcosine, it had long been known to be hydrolysis product of creatine, a compound found in meat extract. Under this assumption, by preparing the compound with methylamine and monochloroacetic acid, Volhard proved that sarcosine was N-methylglycine.[15]See also
References1. ^{{PubChem|1088|Sarcosine}} {{-}}{{Neurotransmitters}}{{Glycine receptor modulators}}{{Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators}}{{Non-proteinogenic amino acids}}{{Authority control}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}2. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Allen RH, Stabler SP, Lindenbaum J | title = Serum betaine, N,N-dimethylglycine and N-methylglycine levels in patients with cobalamin and folate deficiency and related inborn errors of metabolism | journal = Metabolism | volume = 42 | issue = 11 | pages = 1448–60 | date = November 1993 | pmid = 7694037 | doi = 10.1016/0026-0495(93)90198-W }} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168010206001830?via=ihub|title=ScienceDirect|website=www.sciencedirect.com|access-date=2019-03-30}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390808002025?via%3Dihub|title=ScienceDirect|website=www.sciencedirect.com|access-date=2019-03-31}} 5. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Lane HY, Huang CL, Wu PL, Liu YC, Chang YC, Lin PY, Chen PW, Tsai G | title = Glycine transporter I inhibitor, N-methylglycine (sarcosine), added to clozapine for the treatment of schizophrenia | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 60 | issue = 6 | pages = 645–9 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16780811 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.005 }} 6. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Tsai G, Lane HY, Yang P, Chong MY, Lange N | title = Glycine transporter I inhibitor, N-methylglycine (sarcosine), added to antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 55 | issue = 5 | pages = 452–6 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 15023571 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.09.012 }} 7. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Singh SP, Singh V | title = Meta-analysis of the efficacy of adjunctive NMDA receptor modulators in chronic schizophrenia | journal = CNS Drugs | volume = 25 | issue = 10 | pages = 859–85 | date = October 2011 | pmid = 21936588 | doi = 10.2165/11586650-000000000-00000 }} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00977353|title=N-methylglycine (Sarcosine) Treatment for Depression - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov|author=|date=|website=clinicaltrials.gov|accessdate=6 April 2018}} 9. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Huang CC, Wei IH, Huang CL, Chen KT, Tsai MH, Tsai P, Tun R, Huang KH, Chang YC, Lane HY, Tsai GE | title = Inhibition of glycine transporter-I as a novel mechanism for the treatment of depression | journal = Biological Psychiatry | volume = 74 | issue = 10 | pages = 734–41 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 23562005 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.02.020 }} 10. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM | title = Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression | journal = Nature | volume = 457 | issue = 7231 | pages = 910–4 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19212411 | pmc = 2724746 | doi = 10.1038/nature07762 | bibcode = 2009Natur.457..910S | url = https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/62661/1/nature07762.pdf }} 11. ^A Urine Test for Prostate Cancer?, Jennifer Couzin, Science NOW, 11 February 2009 12. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Jentzmik F, Stephan C, Miller K, Schrader M, Erbersdobler A, Kristiansen G, Lein M, Jung K | title = Sarcosine in urine after digital rectal examination fails as a marker in prostate cancer detection and identification of aggressive tumours | journal = European Urology | volume = 58 | issue = 1 | pages = 12–8; discussion 20–1 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20117878 | doi = 10.1016/j.eururo.2010.01.035 }} 13. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Struys EA, Heijboer AC, van Moorselaar J, Jakobs C, Blankenstein MA | title = Serum sarcosine is not a marker for prostate cancer | journal = Annals of Clinical Biochemistry | volume = 47 | issue = Pt 3 | pages = 282 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20233752 | doi = 10.1258/acb.2010.009270 }} 14. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Pavlou M, Diamandis EP | title = The search for new prostate cancer biomarkers continues | journal = Clinical Chemistry | volume = 55 | issue = 7 | pages = 1277–9 | date = July 2009 | pmid = 19478024 | doi = 10.1373/clinchem.2009.126870 }} 15. ^{{cite book |last1=Rocke |first1=Alan J. |year=1993 |chapter=The Theory of Chemical Structure and the Structure of Chemical Theory |chapterurl=http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft5g500723&chunk.id=d0e7179&toc.depth=1&toc.id=d0e7179&brand=eschol |pages=239–64 |title=The Quiet Revolution: Hermann Kolbe and the Science of Organic Chemistry |location=Berkeley |publisher=University of California |isbn=978-0-520-08110-9}} 4 : Amino acids|Glycine reuptake inhibitors|Glycine receptor agonists|Non-proteinogenic amino acids |
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