| 词条 | Sarojini Naidu |
| 释义 |
| order = 1st | office = Governor of United Provinces | term_start = 15 August 1948 | term_end = 2 March 1949 | predecessor = Position established | successor = Hormasji Peroshaw Mody | office2 = President of the Indian National Congress | predecessor2 = Mahatma Gandhi | successor2 = S. Srinivasa Iyengar | name = Sarojini Naidu | image = Sarojini Naidu in Bombay 1946.jpg | caption = | birth_name = Sarojini Chattopadhyay | birth_date = {{birth date|1879|2|13|df=y}} | birth_place = Hyderabad, Hyderabad State, British India (now in Telangana, India) | death_date = {{death date and age|1949|3|2|1879|2|13|df=yes}} | death_place = Lucknow, United Provinces, India | nationality = Indian | alma_mater = University of Madras King's College London Girton College, Cambridge | occupation = Political activist, poet-writer | party = Indian National Congress | spouse = Govindarajulu Naidu (1898–1949) | children = 5; including Padmaja | relatives = Harindranath Chattopadhyay, Virendranath Chattopadhyay, Suhasini Chattopadhyay, Leela Naidu | module = {{Infobox writer | embed = yes | language = English | genre = | notableworks = In the Bazaars of Hyderabad }} }}Sarojini Naidu ({{nee}} Chattopadhyay; 13 February 1879 – 2 March 1949) was an Indian independence activist and poet. She was born in a Bengali Hindu family at Hyderabad and was educated in Chennai, London and Cambridge. She married Dr. Govindarajulu Naidu and settled down in Hyderabad. She took part in the Indian Nationalist Movement, became a follower of Mahatma Gandhi and fought for the attainment of Swaraj or independence. She became the President of Indian National Congress and later she was appointed to be the Governor of the United Provinces, now Uttar Pradesh. Known as the 'Nightingale of India',[1] she was also a noted poet. Her poetry includes children's poems, nature poems, patriotic poems and poems of love and death. She also wrote poetry in praise of Muslim figures like Imam Hussain, in a time where Muslim-Hindu tensions ran high in pre-independence era. Issues regarding the split of India into a Muslim country and a Hindu country have already begun, and as she had gotten an inter-caste and inter-regional marriage in a time where this was uncommon, her goal was to bring all of India together regardless of religion. [2] Early life and familySarojini Naidu was born to Aghorenath Chattopadhyay, a Bengali Brahmin who was the principal of the Nizam's College in Hyderabad. Sarojini was born in a Bengali Hindu family in Hyderabad. Her parental home was at Brahmangaon in Bikrampur (in present-day Bangladesh).[3] Her father, Aghorenath Chattopadhyay, with a doctorate of Science from Edinburgh University, settled in Hyderabad, where he administered Hyderabad college, which later became Nizam College in Hyderabad. Her mother, Barada Sundari Devi Chattopadhyay, was a poet and used to write poetry in Bengali. She was the eldest of the eight siblings. Her brother Virendranath Chattopadhyaya was a revolutionary, and another brother Harindranath was a poet, a dramatist, and an actor. Their family was well-regarded in Hyderabad, not only for leading the Nizam College of Hyderabad, but also as Hyderabad's most famous artists in a time of British rule. Being an artist in the era of British rule in India was considered a risky career, yet with their progressive values, they pursued them anyway. [4] Sarojini Naidu, having passed her matriculation examination from the University of Madras, took a four-year break from her studies. In 1895, H.E.H. the Nizam's Charitable Trust founded by the 6th Nizam, Mir Mahbub Ali Khan who gave her the chance to study in England, first at King's College London and later at Girton College, Cambridge. Sarojini met Paidipati Govindarajulu Naidu, a physician, and at the age of 19, after finishing her studies, she married him. At that time, Inter-caste marriages were not as common as they are today, but both their families approved their marriage. In addition, at that time, inter-regional marriage was also uncommon and looked down upon. As Sarojini was from Bengal, while Paidipati Naidu was from Andhra Pradesh, this was an inter-regional marriage of North and South India, with two opposing cultures. [4] The couple had five children. Their daughter Paidipati Padmaja also joined the independence movement and was part of the Quit India Movement. She was appointed the Governor of the State of Uttar Pradesh soon after Indian independence.[5] Political career{{cleanup rewrite|date=February 2018|reason=Political career should be in chronological order, writing career is mixed in with political career}}Naidu joined the Indian national movements in the wake of partition of Bengal in 1905. She came in contact with Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Rabindranath Tagore, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Annie Besant, C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, Mahatma Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}} Sarojini Naidu began writing at the age of twelve. Her Persian play, Maher Muneer, impressed the Nawab of Hyderabad. In 1905, her first collection of poems, named The Golden Threshold was published.[6] The volume bore an introduction by Arthur Symons. Her poems were admired by prominent Indian politicians like Gopal Krishna Gokhale. The Feather of The Dawn which contained poems written in 1927 by Naidu was edited and published posthumously in 1961 by her daughter Padmaja Naidu.[7]In 1915–18, she travelled to different regions in India delivering lectures on social welfare, women's empowerment and nationalism. She also helped to establish the Women's Indian Association (WIA) in 1917.[8] She was sent to London along with Annie Besant, President of home rule league and Women's Indian Association, to present the case for the women's vote to the Joint Select Committee. In April 1947 she was present at the Asian Relations Conference in Delhi where the Tibetan Government Representative, Sampho Theiji, said, "In a similar way we are very glad to meet representatives from all the Asian countries in this Conference and we wish to express our sincere gratitude to the great Indian leaders, Mahatma Gandhi, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and Mrs. Sarojini Naidu, and to all the distinguished representatives who have gathered in this Conference."[9] Naidu entitled Muhammad Ali Jinnah "the Ambassador of Hindu Muslim Unity" after the Lucknow Pact(1916). Congress Party presidentIn 1925, Naidu presided over the annual session of Indian National Congress at Cawnpore (now Kanpur).{{citation needed |date=July 2016}}[10] In 1929, she presided over East African Indian Congress in South Africa. She was awarded the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal by the British government for her work during the plague epidemic in India.[11] In 1931, she participated in the second round-table conference with Gandhiji and Madan Mohan Malaviya.[4] She was jailed, along with Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, Madan Mohan Malaviya, and others for participating in the Salt March, when 1st Round Table Conference took place in London. She played a leading role in the Civil Disobedience Movement and was jailed along with Gandhi and other leaders. In 1942, she was arrested during period of the "Quit India Movement" Death and legacyNaidu died of cardiac arrest at 3:30 p.m. (IST) on 2 March 1949 at the Government House in Lucknow. Upon her return from New Delhi on 15 February, she was advised rest by her doctors, and all official engagements were cancelled. Her health deteriorated substantially and bloodletting was performed on the night of 1 March after she complained of severe headache. She died after collapsing following a fit of cough. Naidu was said to have asked the nurse attending to her to sing to her at about 10:40 p.m. (IST) which put her to sleep.[12] The last rites were performed at the Gomati River.[13] Naidu is commemorated in the names of several institutions, including the Sarojini Naidu College for Women, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Sarojini Devi Eye Hospital and Sarojini Naidu School of Arts and Communication, University of Hyderabad. Aldous Huxley wrote "It has been our good fortune, while in Bombay, to meet Mrs. Sarojini Naidu, the newly elected President of the All-India Congress and a woman who combines in the most remarkable way great intellectual power with charm, sweetness with courageous energy, a wide culture with originality, and earnestness with humour. If all Indian politicians are like Mrs. Naidu, then the country is fortunate indeed."[14]Her 135th birth anniversary (2014) was marked by a Google Doodle on Google India's homepage.[15] In 2018, she was among 150 "Leading Women" featured by the University of London to mark the 150 years since women gained access to higher education in the UK in 1868. According to YourStory, Sarojini Naidu "inspired a whole generation of women to participate in the Freedom Movement." She has been recognized by the Indian government numerous years not only as a great diplomat, great Freedom fighter, but also a great poet and great woman leader. She had also refuted Katherine Mayo's book "Mother India" in the United States, making her not only a widely known figure in India, but also all around the world in the United States and the United Kingdom. In 2018, the National Geographic Society recognized Sarojini Naidu in an exhibit about history's significant female figures. At the end of her life, she still remained friends with Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of the Indian Muslim League. Muhammad Ali Jinnah was the founder of Pakistan, and despite the tense relations between India and Pakistan, they remained in close contact. Sadly, she died just 2 years after India achieved independence. In 2014, for her 135th birthday, some Indian schools celebrated her legacy with a performance of the Indian national anthem. [16] Golden Threshold{{Main|Golden Threshold}}The Golden Threshold is an off-campus annexe of University of Hyderabad. The building was the residence of Naidu's father Aghornath Chattopadhyay, the first Principal of Hyderabad College. It was named after Naidu's very first collection of poetry. Golden Threshold now houses Sarojini Naidu School of Arts & Communication of University of Hyderabad.[17] During the Chattopadhyay family's residence, it was the centre of many reformist ideas in Hyderabad, in areas ranging from marriage, education, women's. empowerment, literature and nationalism. Specifically, the reformist ideas included more power for women in a time where politics in India, especially regional politics, was dominated by men. It also included ideas for involvement for women in the arts field. There were also many restrictions on marriage during this time period that persist to this day, such as inter-regional and inter-caste marriages. These ideas were progressive for the era, but brought change in India in slow ways over time. [18] Works{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooksby=yes|viaf= 20485679}}
See also{{portal|Poetry|Biography}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/children/nightingale-of-india/article19093162.ece|title=NIGHTINGALE of India|accessdate=17 June 2017|publisher=The Hindu|author=Seline Augestine}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://thewirehindi.com/20108/sarojini-naidu-imam-hussain-dussehra-muharram/|title=सरोजिनी नायडू के इमाम हुसैन को राजनीति ने शिया मुसलमान बना दिया|last=सलीम|first=साकिब|website=thewirehindi.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-07-07}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Naidu,_Sarojini|title=Naidu, Sarojini|accessdate=5 August 2015|publisher=Banglapedia : National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh|author=Lilyma Ahmed}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=Biography of Sarojini Naidu |url=http://www.poemhunter.com/sarojini-naidu/biography/ |website=PoemHunter.Com |accessdate=25 March 2012}} 5. ^{{cite news|title=Padmaja Naidu Dies at 75; ExWest Bengal Governor|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/03/archives/padmaja-naidu-dies-at-75-exwest-bengal-governor.html|accessdate=19 February 2018|agency=Associated Press|publisher=The New York Times|date=3 May 1975}} 6. ^{{cite book|editor1=Sarkar, Amar Nath |editor2=Prasad, Bithika|title=Critical response to Indian poetry in English|year=2008|publisher=Sarup & Sons|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7625-825-8|pages=11|url=https://books.google.com/?id=4NcHdrqUJpYC&pg=PA11&dq=%22The+Broken+Wings%22+was+published+1905+naidu#v=onepage&q=%22The%20Broken%20Wings%22%20was%20published%201905%20naidu&f=false}} 7. ^{{cite book|title=India in Britain: South Asian Networks and Connections, 1858–1950|isbn=978-0-230-39271-7|page=213|url=https://books.google.com/?id=dgYGlJI9vrUC&lpg=PA213&dq=The%20Feather%20of%20The%20Dawn%20Padmaja&pg=PR4#v=onepage&q&f=false|accessdate=13 February 2016|author1=Nasta|first1=Susheila|date=2012-11-16}} 8. ^{{cite book|last=Pasricha|first=Ashu|title=The political thought of Annie Besant|year=2009|publisher=Concept Pub. Co.|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-8069-585-8|pages=24|url=https://books.google.com/?id=p-j4fWQxpGIC&pg=PA24&lpg=PA24&dq=naidu+Women%27s+Indian+Association+%28WIA%29#v=onepage&q=naidu%20Women%27s%20Indian%20Association%20%28WIA%29&f=false}} 9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/legalmaterialsontibet/home/asian-relations-conference|title=Asian Relations Conference, 1947 – Legal Materials on Tibet|last=|first=|date=|website=sites.google.com|access-date=2017-08-18|quote="In a similar way we are very glad to meet representatives from all the Asian countries in this Conference and we wish to express our sincere gratitude to the great Indian leaders, Mahatma Gandhi, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and Mrs. Sarojini Naidu, and to all the distinguished representatives who have gathered in this Conference. As for the future, all the Asian countries will feel as brothers towards each other, a feeling based on spiritual relationship, so that in this way we might hope that there will be everlasting peace and unity in Asia."}} 10. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-UjZlNCh-qwC&pg=PA190&dq=naidu+at+indian+national+congress#v=onepage&q=naidu%20at%20indian%20national%20congress&f=false|title=Making India: Colonialism, National Culture, and the Afterlife of Indian English Authority|last=Paranjape|first=Makarand|last2=|first2=|date=2013|publisher=Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York japan and Amaryllis, an imprint of Manjul Publishing House Pvt., Ltd., New Delhi|isbn=978-94-007-4660-2|location=New Delhi|pages=190|language=en}} 11. ^{{cite web|last=Jain|first=Reena|title=Sarojini Naidu|url=http://www.streeshakti.com/bookS.aspx?author=10|publisher=Stree Shakti|accessdate=25 March 2012}} 12. ^{{cite news|title=Mrs. Sarojini Naidu Passes Away|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dQBFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YrcMAAAAIBAJ&pg=3904%2C5941395|accessdate=8 February 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=3 March 1949|page=1}} 13. ^{{cite news|title=Last Rites of Sarojini Naidu at Lucknow|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=dgBFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YrcMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1910%2C6038939|accessdate=8 February 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=4 March 1949|page=1}} 14. ^Huxley, Aldous (1926). Jesting Pilate: Travels Through India, Burma, Malaya, Japan, China, and America. Paragon House, New York. p. 22. 15. ^{{cite web|title=Google Doodle celebrates Sarojini Naidu's 135th Birthday|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/google-doodle-celebrates-sarojini-naidus-135th-birthday/|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=12 February 2014}} 16. ^[https://london.ac.uk/about-us/leading-women-1868-2018/ "Leading Women 1868–2018"], University of London. 17. ^{{cite web|title=Sarojini Naidu School of Arts & Communication|url=http://www.uohyd.ac.in/index.php/academics/2011-10-27-18-38-04/sarojini-naidu-school-of-arts-a-communication|accessdate=12 February 2014}} 18. ^{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Kaushal Kishore |authorlink=|title=Feminism, Censorship and Other Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QSvfYx4zGB4C&pg=PA56|accessdate=13 February 2014|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-373-4|pages=56–57|chapter=Sarojini Naidu: A Preface to Her Poetry}} 19. ^Knippling, Alpana Sharma, "Chapter 3: Twentieth-Century Indian Literature in English", in Natarajan, Nalini, and Emanuel Sampath Nelson, editors, [https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&dq=Urdu+poets&num=100&output=html&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India] (Google books link), Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, {{ISBN|978-0-313-28778-7}}, retrieved 10 December 2008 20. ^1 2 Vinayak Krishna Gokak, [https://books.google.com/books?id=WLE8GVsAfEMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false The Golden Treasury Of Indo-Anglian Poetry (1828–1965), p 313, New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi (1970, first edition; 2006 reprint)], {{ISBN|81-260-1196-3}}, retrieved August 6, 2010 21. ^Sisir Kumar Das, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false "A History of Indian Literature 1911–1956: Struggle for Freedom: Triumph and Tragedy"], p 523, New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi (1995), {{ISBN|81-7201-798-7}}; retrieved 10 August 2010 22. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl2216/stories/20050812001308300.htm |title=Jinnah in India's history |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 August 2001 |accessdate=25 March 2012}} 23. ^Lal, P., Modern Indian Poetry in English: An Anthology & a Credo, p 362, Calcutta: Writers Workshop, second edition, 1971 (however, on page 597 an "editor's note" states contents "on the following pages are a supplement to the first edition" and is dated "1972") 24. ^{{cite web|title=Indian Weavers|url=http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/indian-weavers/|publisher=Poem Hunter|accessdate=25 March 2012}} Further reading
External links{{Wikiquote}}{{wikisource author}}{{commons category|Sarojini Naidu}}
29 : 1879 births|1949 deaths|20th-century Bengali poets|People from Hyderabad, India|Alumni of King's College London|Alumni of Girton College, Cambridge|Indian independence activists from Andhra Pradesh|Indian tax resisters|English-language poets from India|Presidents of the Indian National Congress|Brahmos|Indian women poets|Women state governors of India|People from Bikrampur|Women in Uttar Pradesh politics|Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana|Women in Telangana politics|Women Indian independence activists|19th-century Indian women politicians|19th-century Indian politicians|20th-century Indian women politicians|20th-century Indian politicians|19th-century Indian women writers|19th-century Indian writers|20th-century Indian women writers|20th-century Indian poets|19th-century Indian poets|Women writers from Telangana|Bengali female poets |
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