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词条 Kenneth Dart
释义

  1. Biography

  2. Controversial investments

  3. References

Kenneth B. Dart (born 1955) is an American businessman and billionaire.[1] His wealth was estimated in 2013 at $6.6 billion.[2] He is an heir of William F. Dart, who founded the Dart Container Corporation (originally the Dart Manufacturing Company) in Michigan in 1937.[3]

Biography

Dart graduated from the University of Michigan with a degree in mechanical engineering in 1976. He joined the family business and became president of the Dart Container Corporation in 1986.[4] His brother Robert succeeded him in this role in 2001, when Kenneth moved to the board of directors.

In the mid-1990s Dart and his brother, Robert, both renounced their American citizenship. Kenneth took Caymanian, Belizean and, later, Irish, citizenship. Robert holds Belizean and Irish citizenship, and resides in London.[1][5] Kenneth Dart acquired citizenship of, and a compound in, the Cayman Islands, a tax haven.[6] He owns a number of Cayman-based enterprises, including Dart Enterprises, Dart Realty, and Cayman Shores Development.[7] His Caymanian enterprises are estimated to own about 20–25% of the real estate in the Cayman Islands.[8]

In 1994, Dart became a citizen of Belize. At that time Dart offered his residence in Sarasota, Florida, to the government of Belize as a consulate with himself as its consul. This would have allowed him to live in the United States full-time as a foreign diplomat avoiding any actions by the Internal Revenue Service; the State Department rejected the arrangement.[9] The Reed Amendment of 1996, a tightening of U.S. tax laws concerning expatriates, was partially spurred by the Dart brothers' renunciation of their citizenship to avoid paying taxes.[10]

Controversial investments

Dart owns Dart Management, "one of the best known of the so-called vulture funds."[11] The strategy of vulture funds is to buy government debts at sharply reduced prices when weak governments are in crisis, and eventually force these governments to pay the full amount of the debt. Dart employed this strategy in 1994 by acquiring Brazilian debt instruments and eventually generating a profit of about $600 million.[12]

In the Greek financial crisis Dart was a winner by forcing the Greek government to pay €436 million in 2012, 90% of which went to his fund.[11][12][13]

In the ongoing attempts to resolve the Argentinian financial crisis of 2001, Dart and Paul Singer rejected Argentina's restructuring offer in contrast to most other investors and brought their claim to the US court system.[14] In response to Dart's holdout strategy, the then Argentinian ambassador in the US, Jorge Argüello, rebuked Dart's activities,[15] while in the Argentinian press Dart was named "Enemy Number One of Argentina".[16]

In 2012, a New York State judge ruled in favor of the holdout creditors ordering Argentina to pay $1.3 billion and Argentina's appeal of the ruling at the US Supreme Court was rejected in 2014.[17] The rulings forced Argentina to miss bond payments in July 2014, which caused the country to be declared in selective default by Standard & Poor's and in restrictive default by Fitch Ratings, meaning that Argentina failed to meet some of their obligations while meeting others.[18]

References

1. ^1 [https://www.bloomberg.com/bw/stories/1995-07-09/the-darts-fear-loathing-and-foam-cups Profile], bloomberg.com; accessed September 6, 2015.
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mlive.com/business/index.ssf/2013/10/report_lists_michigans_wealthi.html|author=Melissa Anders|title=Report lists Michigan's wealthiest person, but doesn't tell the full story|publisher=mlive|date=2013-10-31|accessdate=2014-02-22}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dartcontainer.com/web/products.nsf/pages/company.html|title=Dart - About Us|accessdate=2014-02-25|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130120081712/http://www.dartcontainer.com/web/products.nsf/pages/company.html|archivedate=2013-01-20|df=}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kendart.com |title=Ken Dart profile |access-date=February 22, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208180529/http://www.kendart.com/ |archivedate=2014-02-08 |df= }}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/1995-07-09/the-darts-fear-loathing-and-foam-cups|author=Elizabeth Lesly|title=The Darts: Fear, Loathing, And Foam Cups|publisher=Bloomberg Businessweek| date=July 9, 1995|access-date=February 22, 2014}}
6. ^Rajiv Biswas, International Tax Competition: A Developing Country Perspective (Commonwealth Secretariat, 2002, {{ISBN|0-85092-688-2}}, 2002), p. 38
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kennethdart.com/dartcayman|author=Dart News|title=Dart Cayman|access-date=February 22, 2014}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.caymannewsservice.com/viewpoint/2012/05/17/doing-business-vultures|author=Wendy Ledger|title=Doing business with vultures|publisher=Cayman News Service|date=May 17, 2012|access-date=February 22, 2014}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/15/business/fi-perfin15|author=Kathy M. Kristof|title=The U.S. cracks down on rich tax evaders|work=Los Angeles Times|date=June 15, 2008|access-date=February 22, 2014}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.reed.senate.gov/news/release/reed-offers-amendment-to-prevent-ex-citizen-tax-dodgers-from-reentering-the-us|author=Jack Reed, Senator|title=Reed Offers Amendment to prevent Ex-Citizen Tax Dodgers from Reentering the U.S.|date=June 12, 2013|access-date=March 1, 2014}}
11. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/16/business/global/bet-on-greek-bonds-paid-off-for-vulture-fund.html|author=Landon Thomas, Jr.|title=Bet on Greek Bonds Paid Off for 'Vulture Fund'|work=The New York Times|date=2012-05-15|accessdate=2014-02-26}}
12. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/vulture-funds-circle-as-greece-fears-grow-7758127.html|author=Nathalie Savaricas|title='Vulture funds' circle as Greek fears grow|work=The Independent|date=2012-05-17|accessdate=2014-02-22}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/may/17/greece-vulture-funds |author=Nick Dearden|title=Greece:here come the vulture funds|work=The Guardian|date=2012-05-17|accessdate=2014-02-26}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/229/51203-billionaire-hedge-funds-snub-90-returns.html|author=Drew Benson|title=Billionaire Hedge Funds Snub 90% Returns|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=January 23, 2012|accessdate=July 4, 2014}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://embassyofargentina.us/embassyofargentina.us/en/editorials/main.htm |author=Ambassador Jorge Argüello |title=The vulture funds about to flap their wings for the last time. |publisher=Embassy of Argentina in Washington, D.C. |accessdate=2014-03-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Nke0Tymi?url=http://embassyofargentina.us/embassyofargentina.us/en/editorials/main.htm |archivedate=March 1, 2014 |df= }}
16. ^{{cite news|url=http://edant.clarin.com/suplementos/zona/2005/04/24/z-03415.htm| author=Gustavo Sierra|title=Kenneth Dart, el enemigo numero uno de Argentina|trans-title=Kenneth Dart: "Enemy Number One" of Argentina|language=Spanish|publisher=Clarín|date=2005-04-24|accessdate=2014-04-09}}
17. ^[https://au.finance.yahoo.com/news/argentina-makes-debt-case-us-063530886.html Argentina makes debt case in U.S. newspapers], yahoo.com, June 23, 2014.
18. ^[https://news.yahoo.com/argentina-ruled-selective-default-bonds-p-203657630.html Argentina rules to be in selective default], yahoo.com; accessed September 6, 2015.
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12 : 1955 births|Living people|Belizean billionaires|Belizean people of American descent|Caymanian billionaires|Caymanian people of American descent|Irish billionaires|Irish people of American descent|University of Michigan alumni|People who lost United States citizenship|Place of birth missing (living people)|Date of birth missing (living people)
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