“Khashshum”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The city was a vassal to Ebla, it was mentioned in the Tablets of Ebla as Hazuwan, and was governed by its own king.^[3] it came under the influence of Mari for a short period of time in the 24th century BC,^[4] before Irkab-Damu of Ebla regained influence over the area,^[5] the city survived the Akkadians conquests in 2240 BC and flourished as a trade center in the first half of the 2nd millennia BC.^[6]

In the beginning of 18th century BC, Khashshum allied with Yamhad against Yahdun-Lim of Mari,^[7] it later helped Yamhad against a kingdom in Zalmakum (a marshy region between the Euphrates and lower Balikh),^[8] but then shifted alliance to Shamshi-Adad I of Assyria after he annexed Mari and sent him a 1000 troops to attack Sumu-Epuh of Yamhad.^[9]^[10] later, Yarim-Lim I of Yamhad brought Khashshum under his hegemony, the city remained subjugated to Yamhad until the Hittite conquest.^[11]

Hittite Conquest

In the course of his war against Yamhad, Hattusili I of the Hittites, having destroyed Alalakh and Urshu, headed toward Khashshum in his sixth year (around 1644 BC, middle chronology), Yarim-Lim III of Yamhad sent his army under the leadership of General Zukrassi the heavy-armed troops leader accompanied by General Zaludis the commander of the Manda troops, they united with the army of Hashshum,^[12] then the battle of Atalur mountain ensued (Atalur is located north of Aleppo not very far from the Amanus, it can be identified with the Kurd-Dagh Mountains),^[13]^[14] Hattusili destroyed his enemies and moved on to burn and loot Khashshum. The citizens rallied their forces three times against the Hittites,^[15] but Hattusili sacked the city and seized the statuses of the god Teshub, his wife Hebat and a pair of silver bulls that were the bulls of Teshub,^[16] and carried them to Hattusa,^[17] where they were kept in the temple of Arinna.^[18]

The king of Khashshum was captured and humiliated, he was harnessed to one of the wagons used to transport the loots of his city and taken to the Hittite capital.^[19] a century later, Hittite king Telipinu (fl. c.1500 BC) mentions Khashshum as his chief enemy and his destruction of the city.^[2]^[20]^[21]

See also

References

Citations

1. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-kUAQAAIAAJ&q=khashshum&dq=khashshum&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ttcyU4T6Bsib0AXjoYGYAw&ved=0CGQQ6AEwBw|title= The early history of Israel, Volume 2|author= Roland de Vaux| page=65}}
2. ^¹{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E1aF0hq1GR8C&pg=PA295#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia|author= Trevor Bryce| page=295}}
3. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNJiAAAAMAAJ&q=Hazuwan+king&dq=Hazuwan+king&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WOkyU8rxA8mw0QWkwIHgBw&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAQ|title= Lingua di Ebla e la linguistica semitica|author= Pelio Fronzaroli| page=237}}
4. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_EtJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT202#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy|author= Mario Liverani| page=202}}
5. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=kNoyU8e4EaHW0QXm7IGwDg&hl=en&id=5GptAAAAMAAJ&dq=ebla+Hazuwan&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Hazuwan%2FHashum|title= Syria, 3000 to 300 B.C.: a handbook of political history|author= Horst Klengel| page=28}}
6. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=fucyU-P3KMqb0QWP7IDoCQ&hl=en&id=ZfttAAAAMAAJ&dq=ebla+Hazuwan&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Hazuwan%2FHashum|title= Euphrates River Valley Settlement: The Carchemish Sector in the Third Millennium Bc|author= E. J. Peltenburg| page=157}}
7. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aaDtAAAAMAAJ&q=hassum+yamhad&dq=hassum+yamhad&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hFczU52kLaKt0QXPrYDgBA&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAg|title= A Political History of Eshnunna, Mari and Assyria During the Early Old Babylonian Period: From the End of Ur III to the Death of Šamši-Adad|author= Yuhong Wu| page=131}}
8. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sNOKQgAACAAJ&dq|title= Anatolian Studies: Journal of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. Special number in honour and in memory of John Garstang, 5th May, 1876 - 12th September, 1956, Volume 6|author= Sidney Smith| page=38}}
9. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ieg3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= The Cambridge Ancient History Northern Mesopotamia and Syria|author= J. R. Kupper| page=19}}
10. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8GgNzv1LfsC&pg=PA44#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= The Military Establishments at Mari|author= Jack M. Sasson| page=44}}
11. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1A0OgvXfHlQC&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= Ugarit in Retrospect: Fifty Years of Ugarit and Ugaritic|author= Gordon Douglas Young| page=7}}
12. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFpK6aXEWN8C&pg=PA106&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe Ca. 1200 B.C.|author= Robert Drews |author-link=Robert Drews|page=106}}
13. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xovifEBCsAgC&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= The Construction of the Assyrian Empire|author= Shigeo Yamada|page=105}}
14. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=Hd4yU6rvD-ek0QWH84GoAQ&hl=en&id=9ZgTAQAAIAAJ&dq=astour+Hassu&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Hassu|title= Hellenosemitica: an ethnic and cultural study in west Semitic impact on Mycenaean Greece|author= Michael C. Astour|page=388}}
15. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_oi1CLayh8C&pg=PA43#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= Hittite Warrior|author= Trevor Bryce| page=43}}
16. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x-kUAQAAIAAJ&q=khashshum&dq=khashshum&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ttcyU4T6Bsib0AXjoYGYAw&ved=0CGQQ6AEwBw|title= The early history of Israel, Volume 2|author= Roland de Vaux| page=66}}
17. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ieg3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= The Cambridge Ancient History Northern Mesopotamia and Syria|author= J. R. Kupper| page=38}}
18. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=biyDDd0uKGMC&pg=PT287#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= Warfare in the Ancient Near East to 1600 BC|author= William J. Hamblin| page=287}}
19. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Agg5-lpVI2MC&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= The Kingdom of the Hittites|author= Trevor Bryce| page=83}}
20. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RtMSrGe8MY0C&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false|title= Hittite Studies in Honor of Harry A. Hoffner Jr|author1=Harry A. Hoffner |author2=Gary M. Beckman |author3=Richard Henry Beal |author4=John Gregory McMahon | page=10}}
21. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YdhAAAAMAAJ&q=Hassuwa&dq=Hassuwa&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GtgyU8HDL4ix0QXY_IHoAw&ved=0CH0Q6AEwCQ|title= Kizzuwatna and the problem of Hittite geography|author= Albrecht Götze| page=72}}