| 词条 | Khayamiya | |||
| 释义 |
Khayamiya (Egyptian Arabic خيّامية Khayyāmiyah) is a type of decorative appliqué textile historically used to decorate tents across the Middle East. They are now primarily made in Cairo, Egypt, along a covered market known as the Street of the Tentmakers (Share'a el Khayamiya, or Souq El-Khaymiya). This street is located immediately south of Bab Zuweila, and has been in continuous use since the Mamluk era. DescriptionKhayamiya are elaborately patterned and colourful appliques applied to the interior of tents, serving a dual function of shelter and ornament. They resemble quilts, and possess the three layers typical of quilts - a heavy 'back', a background 'top', and elaborate applique over the 'top'. Functionally, they can be compared to curtains, though their recent roles have diversified to cater for touristic purposes. These now include cushion covers, fashion, bags, bedspreads, and other applications. DesignKhayamiya feature hand-stitched cotton appliqué over a heavy cotton back. This back is intended to be protective and durable against a hot, dry, and dusty climate. The hand-stitching is performed quickly by skilled tentmakers while seated cross-legged, using needles and thread. Small pieces of fabric are cut to size as they are required using large scissors. Khayamiya are usually completed by a single tentmaker regardless of the size of the piece. These can range from basic cushion covers to intricate whole-wall hangings several metres across. Large projects can subsequently take several months to complete. The tentmakers are very protective of their creative innovations, as successful new designs are often copied by their competitive neighbours. Popular design motifs include geometric and curvilinear arabesque patterns derived from Islamic ornaments, and scenes inspired by Pharaonic art, especially papyrus and lotus motifs. Egyptian folkloric subjects such as Goha, Nubian musicians, and the whirling dervishes are popular touristic souvenirs, as are stylised depictions of fish and birds. Calligraphic patterns, based upon texts from the Qur’an, are often shaped into objects and animals. Khedival panels made in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century typically feature larger blocks of appliqué and wider stitching, though touristic and contemporary khayamiya feature finer and more elaborate handwork. TerminologyThe correct spelling is in Arabic, but English approximations of this term are diverse, including Khiamiah, Khiyamiya, Khiamiyya, Khyamiyya, Kheyyemiah, Kheyameya, and Khayyāmia. The Arabic word Khayma (خيمة), meaning 'tent', is also linked to the Persian خیام Khayyām (which also means 'Tentmaker'). Popular alternative descriptions in English include the 'work of the Tentmakers of Cairo', 'Tentmaker applique' or simply 'Egyptian applique'. Medhat Adel Emam has discussed the origin of the term as it applies to distinctly Egyptian Arabic with Turkish influences.[1] Very large decorated 'pavilions' in Khayamiya are known as suradeq.[2] Historic KhayamiyaHistoric specimens of khayamiya are rare. They were originally made to be placed outside in dry heat and dust, and were regarded as replaceable - hence not highly valued for collection or preservation. Khedival examples are held in the collection of several museums, including the British Museum.[3] There are also references to Khayamiya in photographic records and European orientalist paintings from the nineteenth century and earlier. Literary references to their use, including illustrations, can be seen in medieval manuscripts.[4] There is archaeological evidence to suggest that textiles comparable to khayamiya have been created and used in Egypt since the Pharaonic era.[5] Despite their historic legacy, the 'tentmaker' occupation is now endangered.[6][7] This is largely due to competition from imported mass-printed fabrics bearing similar decorative patterns. These printed sheets are now widely used across Egypt as temporary screens for special events, notably during Ramadan, festivals, weddings, and funerals, in place of the original handmade Khayamiya. The majority of Khayamiya created in recent years are marketed to tourists visiting Egypt. In the 2000s, the first international exhibitions of Egyptian khayamiya were held in Australia, the UK, France, and the USA.[8] These were curated by Jenny Bowker, an Australian quiltmaker and teacher.[9] Khayamiya in Contemporary ArtThe Egyptian artist Moataz Nasr features Khayamiya-inspired aspects in his contemporary mixed-media artwork.[10] Susan Hefuna's installation "I Love Egypt!" (featured in the 18th Biennale of Sydney in 2012) also applies Khayamiya within the context of contemporary installation art.[11] From 2009, the Egyptian artist Hani el-Masri collaborated with the Tentmakers to produce a 5m x 8m interpretation of the One Thousand and One Nights.[12] The Algerian artist Rachid Koraïchi has also collaborated with the Tentmakers of Cairo to create large calligraphic banners, such as his Invisible Masters series. As Koraïchi stated in 2011: "When we talk about an Islamic craft tradition, we're not talking about the art of the 19th century that took place in an artist's studio and on canvas. Here we're talking about things that come out of everyday life... It's not a world in which the artist lives apart." The culture of the artisan - still present, but steadily disappearing in the streets of Koraichi's native Algeria and surrounding Maghreb countries - offers an insight into how art can be drawn directly from a day-to-day world, yet heightened by the dedication of craft. "If you look at the foundations of western art," Koraichi continued, "it was based on a whole tradition of craft that went into churches; the goblets made by metalworkers and the marbling. It's exactly the same with mosques, in that they were built by those who could work with stone and weaving. These are sources that we can clearly see but the question we have is how to take those disappearing traditions and make them present again in the living moment."[13] Map to the Street of the Tentmakers[https://maps.google.com.au/maps/ms?hl=en&ie=UTF8&fb=1&gl=au&hq=tentmakers+khan&hnear=cairo&ei=94UYS97PMtCgkQWBvZXUAw&ved=0CCAQtgMwAw&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=105870418736742869504.000479df6b67877749eb0 This link ] will direct you to a Google Map detailing the location of the Street of the Tentmakers, relative to the popular tourist landmarks of the Khan el-Khalili. The Tentmaker's Street is not known for the hard-sell hassles associated with touristic shopping in the Khan el-Khalili.[14] StylesThere are four main forms of Khayamiya - Khedival, Touristic, Street, and Contemporary.
Contemporary khaymiya can be divided into the following sub-genres:
GallerySee also
References1. ^ Ahmed Ramadan, 2010 2. ^http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198606/tentmakers.of.cairo.htm 3. ^[https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/search_the_collection_database/search_results.aspx?orig=%2Fresearch%2Fsearch_the_collection_database.aspx&searchText=+appliqu%C3%A9+Cairo&x=0&y=0&fromDate=&fromadbc=ad&toDate=&toadbc=ad British Museum collection link] 4. ^{{Cite news|url=http://islamic-arts.org/2012/movable-palaces/|title=Movable Palaces « Islamic Arts and Architecture|last=Stone|first=Caroline|date=2012-01-18|work=Islamic Arts and Architecture|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en-US}} 5. ^ John Feeney 1986 6. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/tradition-vsmodernism-street-tentmakers|title=Tradition vs.modernism in the street of the tentmakers - Egypt Independent|date=2010-08-21|work=Egypt Independent|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en-US}} 7. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/streets-cairo-tent-making-and-endangered-crafts-around-khayamiya|title=Streets of Cairo: Tent-making and endangered crafts around Khayamiya - Egypt Independent|date=2011-08-13|work=Egypt Independent|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en-US}} 8. ^ 'Stitch like an Egyptian', exhibition for the American Quilt Society in Grand Rapids, Michigan, 2012 9. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.jennybowker.com/tentmakers/|title=Jenny Bowker - quiltmaker and textile artist - Tentmakers|website=www.jennybowker.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-26}} 10. ^http://arttattler.com/archivemoataznasr.html 11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://universes.art/nafas/articles/2011/susan_hefuna/|title=Susan Hefuna - "I Love Egypt!"|website=universes.art|language=en-EN|access-date=2018-10-26}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.hanielmasri.com/tapestry/web-content/index.html|title=Egyptian Tapestry ǀ Hani El-Masri|website=www.hanielmasri.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-26}} 13. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/art/rachid-koraichi-a-mystical-winner-of-the-jameel-prize-1.571073#ixzz2CQ630V2i|title=Rachid Koraichi: a mystical winner of the Jameel Prize|work=The National|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/sep/14/souks-middle-east-readers-tips|title=Readers' tips to souks|last=|first=|date=2010-09-14|website=The Guardian|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-10-26}} Sources and external links
4 : Egyptian culture|Textile arts of Africa|Folk art|Cairo |
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