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词条 Saxifragales
释义

  1. Families

  2. History

  3. Phylogeny

  4. References

  5. External links

{{automatic taxobox
| image = Corylopsis pauciflora0.jpg
| image_caption = Corylopsis pauciflora
| display_parents = 2
| taxon = Saxifragales
| authority = Dumortier
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision ={{hidden begin|toggle=left}}

As of the APG III system:

  • Altingiaceae
  • Aphanopetalaceae
  • Cercidiphyllaceae
  • Crassulaceae
  • Daphniphyllaceae
  • Grossulariaceae
  • Haloragaceae
  • Hamamelidaceae
  • Iteaceae (including Pterostemonaceae)
  • Paeoniaceae
  • Penthoraceae
  • Peridiscaceae (including Medusandraceae)
  • Saxifragaceae
  • Tetracarpaeaceae
{{hidden end}}
| synonyms = Cercidiphyllales, Crassulales, Daphniphyllales, Grossulariales, Haloragales, Hamamelidales, Iteales, Paeoniales, Sedales
}}

The Saxifragales are an order of flowering plants.[1] Their closest relatives are a large eudicot group known as the rosids by the definition of rosids given in the APG II classification system.[2] Some authors define the rosids more widely, including Saxifragales as their most basal group.[3] Saxifragales is one of the eight groups that compose the core eudicots. The others are Gunnerales, Dilleniaceae, Rosids, Santalales, Berberidopsidales, Caryophyllales, and Asterids.[4]

Saxifragales have an extensive fossil record.[5][6][7][8][9][10] The extant members are apparently remnants of a formerly diverse and widespread order.[11]

The Saxifragales order, as it is now understood, is based upon the results of molecular phylogenetic studies of DNA sequences. It is not part of any of the classification systems based on plant morphology. The group is much in need of comparative anatomical study, especially in light of the recent expansion of the family Peridiscaceae to include Medusandra, a genus that before 2009 had usually not been placed in Saxifragales.[12]

The order is divided into suprafamilial groups as shown on the phylogenetic tree below. These groups are informal and are not understood to have any particular taxonomic rank.

Families

Saxifragales contain about 2470 species.[13] These are distributed into 15 families,[11] or into 12 families if Haloragaceae sensu lato is recognized as a family consisting of Haloragaceae sensu stricto, Penthorum, Tetracarpaea, and Aphanopetalum.[13] About 95% of the species are in five families: Crassulaceae (1400), Saxifragaceae (500), Grossulariaceae (150–200), Haloragaceae (150), and Hamamelidaceae (100). Most of the families are monogeneric. The number of genera in each family is:

{{div col|colwidth=300px}}
  • Altingiaceae (3),
  • Aphanopetalaceae (1),
  • Cercidiphyllaceae (1),
  • Crassulaceae (34),
  • Daphniphyllaceae (1),
  • Grossulariaceae (1),
  • Haloragaceae (8),
  • Hamamelidaceae (27),
  • Iteaceae (2),
  • Paeoniaceae (1),
  • Penthoraceae (1),
  • Peridiscaceae (4),
  • Pterostemonaceae (1), and
  • Saxifragaceae (33),
  • Tetracarpaeaceae (1).

List source : [14]

{{div col end}}

Some authors do not recognize Choristylis as a separate genus from Itea.[15] Similarly, some authors sink Liquidambar and Semiliquidambar into Altingia.[16] Thus Altingiaceae and Iteaceae are monogeneric in some classifications.

History

Within the Saxifragales is a suprafamilial group known as the Saxifragaceae alliance. It comprises four families: Pterostemonaceae, Iteaceae, Grossulariaceae, and Saxifragaceae.[13] These have long been known to be related to each other, but the circumscription of Saxifragaceae has changed dramatically. It is now a much smaller family than it had been.[17] Crassulaceae [18] and Tetracarpaeaceae [19] have long been associated with Saxifragaceae. Penthorum has usually been associated with Crassulaceae, but sometimes with Saxifragaceae.[20]

Two members of the core Saxifragales had sometimes been placed near Saxifragaceae, but usually elsewhere. Aphanopetalum was often placed in Cunoniaceae, a family in Oxalidales, even though there were good reasons to put it in Saxifragales.[21] Aphanopetalum is now excluded from Cunoniaceae.[22] Haloragaceae was often thought to be a family in Myrtales,[23] but it is no longer included in that order.[24]

Cercidiphyllaceae had for a long time been associated with Hamamelidaceae and Trochodendraceae and was often thought to be closer to the latter.[25] Cercidiphyllaceae is now known to be a member of the woody clade of Saxifragales, along with Hamamelidaceae, Altingiaceae, and Daphniphyllaceae, but Trochodendraceae is in the basal eudicot order Trochodendrales.[26] Altingiaceae was usually not separated from Hamamelidaceae until phylogenetic studies showed that its inclusion might make Hamamelidaceae paraphyletic. The recognition of Altingiaceae as a separate family received strong statistical support in 2008.[13]

Daphniphyllum was always thought to have an anomalous combination of characters [27][28] and it was placed in several different orders before molecular phylogenetic analysis showed it to belong to Saxifragales.[29]

Paeoniaceae possesses many unique features and its taxonomic position was for a long time controversial.[30] The idea has long persisted that Paeonia belongs in Ranunculales, close to Glaucidium.[31][32] Paeoniaceae has been shown unequivocally to belong in Saxifragales,[13] while Glaucidium is in the family Ranunculaceae.[33]

The family Peridiscaceae underwent radical shifting and recircumscription from 2003 to 2009. Originally, it consisted of two closely related genera, Peridiscus and Whittonia. The APG II system placed the family in Malpighiales, based on a DNA sequence for the rbcL gene from Whittonia. This sequence turned out to be not from Whittonia, but from other plants whose DNA had contaminated the sample.[34] After Peridiscaceae was finally placed in Saxifragales, it was expanded to include Soyauxia in 2007,[35] and expanded again to include Medusandra in 2009.[12]

Phylogeny

The phylogeny shown below is based on the one published by Shuguang Jian and coauthors in 2008.[13] All branches have 100% maximum likelihood bootstrap support except where labeled with bootstrap percentage. Monogeneric families are represented by genus names.

{{clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:120%
|label1=Saxifragales
|1={{clade
|1=Peridiscaceae
|label2= 97 
|2={{clade
|label1= woody clade 
|1={{clade
|1=Paeonia
|2={{clade
|1=Altingiaceae
|label2= 69 
|2={{clade
|label1= 98 
|1=Hamamelidaceae
|label2= 95 
|2={{clade
|1=Cercidiphyllum
|2=Daphniphyllum
                  }}               }}            }}         }}

|label2= core Saxifragales 
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Crassulaceae
|label2= Haloragaceae sensu lato 
|2={{clade
|1=Aphanopetalum
|2={{clade
|1=Tetracarpaea
|2={{clade
|1=Penthorum
|2=Haloragaceae
                     }}                  }}               }}            }}

|label2= Saxifragaceae alliance 
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=Pterostemon
|2=Iteaceae
|2={{clade
|1=Ribes
|2=Saxifragaceae
               }}            }}         }}      }}   }}

}}

References

1. ^{{Cite book |first1=Douglas E. |last1=Soltis |authorlink1 = Douglas E. Soltis |first2=Pamela S. |last2=Soltis |authorlink2=Pamela S. Soltis |first3=Peter K. |last3=Endress |first4=Mark W. |last4=Chase |authorlink4=Mark Wayne Chase | year = 2005 | title = Phylogeny and Evolution of the Angiosperms | publisher = Sinauer | location = Sunderland, MA, USA | isbn = 978-0-87893-817-9 | postscript = {{inconsistent citations}} }}
2. ^{{Cite journal |first=Hengchang |last=Wang |first2=Michael J. |last2=Moore |first3=Pamela S. |last3=Soltis |author3link=Pamela S. Soltis |first4=Charles D. |last4=Bell |first5=Samuel F. |last5=Brockington |first6=Roolse |last6=Alexandre |first7=Charles C. |last7=Davis |first8=Maribeth |last8=Latvis |first9=Steven R. |last9=Manchester |first10=Douglas E. |last10=Soltis |author10link=Douglas E. Soltis | title = Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences | volume = 106 | issue = 10 | pages = 3853–8 | date = 10 March 2009| doi = 10.1073/pnas.0813376106 | pmid = 19223592 | pmc = 2644257 }}
3. ^{{Cite journal |first=J. Gordon |last=Burleigh |first2=Khidir W. |last2=Hilu |first3=Douglas E. |last3=Soltis |authorlink3=Douglas E. Soltis | year = 2009 | title = Inferring phylogenies with incomplete data sets: a 5-gene, 567-taxon analysis of angiosperms | journal = BMC Evolutionary Biology | volume = 9 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2148-9-61 | pmc = 2674047 | pages = 61 | pmid = 19292928 | issue=1}} See File 7
4. ^Peter F. Stevens. 2001 onwards. "Trees". At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below).
5. ^{{cite journal |first=Elizabeth J. |last=Hermsen |first2=María A. |last2=Gandolfo |first3=Kevin C. |last3=Nixon |first4=William L. |last4=Crepet |title=The impact of extinct taxa on understanding the early evolution of angiosperm clades: An example incorporating fossil reproductive structures of Saxifragales |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |volume=260 |issue=2–4 |pages=141–169 |year=2006 |doi= 10.1007/s00606-006-0441-x}}
6. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.90.9.1373 | last1 = Hermsen | first1 = Elizabeth J. | last2 = Gandolfo | first2 = María A. | last3 = Nixon | first3 = Kevin C. | last4 = Crepet | first4 = William L. | year = 2003 | title = Divisestylus genus novus (Affinity Iteaceae), a fossil saxifrage from the Late Cretaceous of New Jersey, USA | url = | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 90 | issue = 9| pages = 1373–1388 | pmid = 21659237 }}
7. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.3.499 | last1 = Pigg | first1 = Kathleen B. | last2 = Ickert-Bond | first2 = Stephanie M. | last3 = Wen | first3 = Jun | year = 2004 | title = Anatomically preserved Liquidambar (Altingiaceae) from the middle Miocene of Yakima Canyon, Washington State, USA, and its biogeographic implications | url = | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 91 | issue = 3| pages = 499–509 | pmid = 21653405 }}
8. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2656670 | last1 = Hernández-Castillo | first1 = Genaro R. | last2 = Cevallos-Ferriz | first2 = Sergio R.S. | year = 1999 | title = Reproductive and vegetative organs with affinities to Haloragaceae from the Upper Cretaceous Huepac Chert Locality of Sonora, Mexico | jstor = 2656670| journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 86 | issue = 12| pages = 1717–1734 | pmid = 10602765 }}
9. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF00936916 | last1 = Crane | first1 = Peter R. | year = 1989 | title = Paleobotanical evidence on the early radiation of nonmagnoliid dicotyledons | url = | journal = Plant Systematics and Evolution | volume = 162 | issue = 1–4| pages = 165–191 }}
10. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF00936917 | last1 = Endress | first1 = Peter K. | year = 1989 | title = Aspects of evolutionary differentiation of the Hamamelidaceae and the Lower Hamamelididae | url = | journal = Plant Systematics and Evolution | volume = 162 | issue = 1–4| pages = 193–211 }}
11. ^1 {{cite book |first=Klaus |last=Kubitzki |chapter=Introduction to Saxifragales |chapterurl= |title={{harvnb|Kubitzki|2007}} |pages=15–18 }}
12. ^1 {{harvnb|Wurdack|Davis|2009}}
13. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{harvnb|Jian|Soltis|Gitzendanner|Moore|2008}}
14. ^Peter F. Stevens. 2001 onwards. "Saxifragales" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below).
15. ^{{cite book |first=Klaus |last=Kubitzki |chapter=Iteaceae |chapterurl= |title={{harvnb|Kubitzki|2007}} |pages=202–4 }}
16. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.12.003 | last1 = Ickert-Bond | first1 = Stephanie M. | last2 = Wen | first2 = Jun | year = 2006 | title = Phylogeny and biogeography of Altingiaceae: Evidence from combined analysis of five non-coding chloroplast regions | url = | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 39 | issue = 2| pages = 512–528 | pmid = 16439163 }}
17. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/3298639 | last1 = Soltis | first1 = Douglas E. |authorlink1=Douglas E. Soltis | last2 = Kuzoff | first2 = Robert K. | last3 = Mort | first3 = Mark E. | last4 = Zanis | first4 = Michael | last5 = Fishbein | first5 = Mark | last6 = Hufford | first6 = Larry | last7 = Koontz | first7 = Jason | last8 = Arroyo | first8 = Mary K. | year = 2001 | title = Elucidating deep-level phylogenetic relationships in Saxifragaceae using sequences for six chloroplastic and nuclear DNA regions | jstor = 3298639| journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume = 88 | issue = 4| pages = 669–693 }}
18. ^{{cite book |first=Joachim |last=Thiede |first2=Urs |last2=Eggli |chapter=Crassulaceae |chapterurl= |title={{harvnb|Kubitzki|2007}} |pages=83–118 }}
19. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2444685 | last1 = Hils | first1 = Matthew H. | last2 = Dickison | first2 = William C. | last3 = Lucansky | first3 = Terry W. | last4 = William Louis | first4 = Stern | year = 1988 | title = Comparative anatomy and systematics of woody Saxifragaceae: Tetracarpaea | jstor = 2444685| journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 75 | issue = 11| pages = 1687–1700 }}
20. ^{{cite book |first=Joachim |last=Thiede |chapter=Penthoraceae |chapterurl= |title={{harvnb|Kubitzki|2007}} |pages=292–6 }}
21. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1994.tb01930.x | last1 = Dickison | first1 = William C. | last2 = Hils | first2 = Matthew H. | last3 = Lucansky | first3 = Terry W. | last4 = William Louis | first4 = Stern | year = 1994 | title = Comparative anatomy and systematics of woody Saxifragaceae: Aphanopetalum | url = | journal = Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 114 | issue = 2| pages = 167–182 }}
22. ^{{cite book |first=Jason C. |last=Bradford |first2=Helen C. |last2=Fortune-Hopkins |first3=Richard W. |last3=Barnes |chapter=Cunoniaceae |editor-first=Klaus |editor-last=Kubitzki |title=Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-tHGAaaf2cC&pg=PA91 |date=2004 |volume=VI |series=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-540-06512-8 |pages=91–111}}
23. ^{{cite book |first=Klaus |last=Kubitzki |chapter=Haloragaceae |chapterurl= |title={{harvnb|Kubitzki|2007}} |pages=184–190 }}
24. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.94.12.2005 | last1 = Moody | first1 = Michael L. | last2 = Les | first2 = Donald H. | year = 2007 | title = Phylogenetic systematics and character evolution in the angiosperm family Haloragaceae | url = | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 94 | issue = 12| pages = 2005–2025 | pmid = 21636395 }}
25. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2399115 | last1 = Endress | first1 = Peter K. | year = 1986 | title = Floral structure, systematics and phylogeny in Trochodendrales | jstor = 2399115| journal = Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden | volume = 73 | issue = 2| pages = 297–324 }}
26. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.ode.2006.08.001 | last1 = Worberg | first1 = Andreas | last2 = Quandt | first2 = Dietmar | last3 = Anna- | first3 = Anna-Magdalena| last4 = Barniske | first4 = Magdalena | last5 = Löhne | first5 = Cornelia | last6 = Hilu | first6 = Khidir W. | last7 = Borsch | first7 = Thomas | year = 2007 | title = Phylogeny of basal eudicots: Insights from non-coding and rapidly evolving DNA | url = | journal = Organisms Diversity and Evolution | volume = 7 | issue = 1| pages = 55–77 }}
27. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Tseng-Chieng | first1 = Huang | year = 1965 | title = Monograph of Daphniphyllum (I) | url = | journal = Taiwania | volume = 11 | issue = | pages = 57–98 }}
28. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Tseng-Chieng | first1 = Huang | year = 1966 | title = Monograph of Daphniphyllum (II) | url = | journal = Taiwania | volume = 12 | issue = | pages = 137–234 }}
29. ^{{cite book |first=Klaus |last=Kubitzki |chapter=Daphniphyllaceae |chapterurl= |title={{harvnb|Kubitzki|2007}} |pages=127–8 }}.
30. ^{{cite book |first=Michio |last=Tamura |chapter=Paeoniaceae |chapterurl= |title={{harvnb|Kubitzki|2007}} |pages=265–9 }}
31. ^{{cite book |first=D.J. |last=Mabberley |title=Mabberley's Plant-book: A Portable Dictionary of Plants, Their Classification and Uses |date=2008 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-82071-4}}
32. ^{{cite book |first=Josef J. |last=Halda |first2=James W. |last2=Waddick |title=The genus Paeonia |publisher=Timber Press |location=Oregon |year=2004 |isbn=9780881926125 }}
33. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.ppees.2009.01.001 | author = Wei Wang |author2=An-Ming Lu |author3=Yi Ren |author4=Mary E. Endress |author5=Zhi-Duan Chen | year = 2009 | title = Phylogeny and Classification of Ranunculales: Evidence from four molecular loci and morphological data | url = | journal = Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics | volume = 11 | issue = 2| pages = 81–110 }}
34. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.3732/ajb.91.2.262 | last1 = Davis | first1 = Charles C. | last2 = Chase | first2 = Mark W. |authorlink2=Mark Wayne Chase | year = 2004 | title = Elatinaceae are sister to Malpighiaceae; Peridiscaceae belong to Saxifragales | url = https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/2666728/Davis_ElatinaceaeSisterMalpighiaceae.pdf?sequence=2| journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 91 | issue = 2| pages = 262–273 | pmid = 21653382 }}
35. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Soltis | first1 = Douglas E. |authorlink1=Douglas E. Soltis | last2 = Clayton | first2 = Joshua W. | last3 = Davis | first3 = Charles C. | last4 = Gitzendanner | first4 = Matthew A. | last5 = Cheek | first5 = Martin | last6 = Savolainen | first6 = Vincent | last7 = Amorim | first7 = André M. | last8 = Soltis | first8 = Pamela S. | authorlink8 = Pamela S. Soltis|year = 2007 | title = Monophyly and relationships of the enigmatic family Peridiscaceae | url = | journal = Taxon | volume = 56 | issue = 1| pages = 65–73 |doi=10.2307/25065736| jstor = 25065736 }}

External links

  • plant order classification at: Saxifragales
  • Trees At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website At: Missoure Botanical Garden Website
  • Saxifragales At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
  • {{cite journal |first=Kenneth J. |last=Wurdack |first2=Charles C. |last2=Davis |doi=10.3732/ajb.0800207| pmid= 21628300 | volume=96 | issue=8 | title=Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life | date=August 2009 | pages=1551–70 | journal=American Journal of Botany |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite journal |first=Shuguang |last=Jian |author2link=Pamela S. Soltis |first2=Pamela S. |last2=Soltis |first3=Matthew A. |last3=Gitzendanner |first4=Michael J. |last4=Moore |first5=Ruiqi |last5=Li |first6=Tory A. |last6=Hendry |first7=Yin-Long |last7=Qiu |first8=Amit |last8=Dhingra |first9=Charles D. |last9=Bell |author10link=Douglas E. Soltis |first10=Douglas E. |last10=Soltis

|doi=10.1080/10635150801888871 | pmid =18275001 | volume=57 | issue=1 | title=Resolving an ancient, rapid radiation in Saxifragales | date=February 2008 | pages=38–57 | journal=Systematic Biology |ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book |editor-first=Klaus |editor-last=Kubitzki |title=Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae |series=The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdSL7jBNX9EC |date=2007 |publisher=Springer |volume=IX |isbn=978-3-540-32219-1 |ref=harv}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q21855}}Kőtörőfüvek

2 : Saxifragales|Angiosperm orders
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