| 词条 | Kholm Pocket | ||||||
| 释义 |
|conflict=Kholm Pocket |partof=the Eastern Front of World War II | image= Kessel von Cholm - Karte.png | image_size = 260 |date=23 January – 5 May 1942 |place=Kholm, Russia |result= German defensive success |combatant1={{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} |combatant2={{flag|Soviet Union|1936}} |commander1=Theodor Scherer |commander2=Nikolai Vatutin |strength1=5,500[1] 10 anti-tank guns 18 mortars |strength2=33rd rifle division 391st rifle division 20 tanks |casualties1=1,500 killed 2,000 wounded |casualties2=20,000 casualties |}}{{Campaignbox_Axis-Soviet War}}{{Campaignbox Leningrad and Baltics 1941-1944}} The Kholm Pocket ({{lang-de|Kessel von Cholm}}; {{lang-ru|Холмский котёл}}) was the name given for the encirclement of German troops by the Red Army around Kholm south of Leningrad, during World War II on the Eastern Front, from 23 January 1942 until 5 May 1942. A much larger pocket was simultaneously surrounded in Demyansk, about {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the northeast. These were the results of German retreat following their defeat during the Battle of Moscow.[1] The air supply of Kholm and Demyansk, while successful, led to an overconfidence in the German High Command in regard to the Luftwaffe's ability to air supply encircled forces which would lead to disastrous consequences at the Battle of Stalingrad in late 1942 and early 1943.[2] OverviewAt the small Kholm pocket, 5,500 German soldiers held it for 105 days. The pocket was supplied by air, but was too small for planes to land; therefore, supplies had to be dropped in and recovered by the German defenders.[1] Among the airdropped supplies were 35 of the first 50 prototype MKb 42(H) rifles.[3] The German units in the pocket were mainly part of:[6]
German forces made three attempts to relieve the pocket, in January, March and May 1942. While the first two failed the third one was successful, with the German forces in the pocket reduced in number to 1,200 by then.[1] In July 1942, the Cholm Shield was awarded to the German defenders of the pocket, upon the suggestion of Generalmajor Theodor Scherer, similar to the Demyansk Shield.[1][4] Scherer was personally awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves by Adolf Hitler for the command of the defense of Kholm.[1][4] Kholm was eventually liberated by the Red Army on 21 February 1944.[1] War crimesMembers of the Reserve-Polizei-Bataillon 65, a police unit from Gelsenkirchen, were questioned after the war by the state prosecutor in Dortmund for their involvement in ethnic cleansing in Eastern Europe. The unit was found to have taken part in a minimum of 5,000 executions and a large number of deportations to concentration camps. Among them was also the hanging of a young girl in Kholm during the siege.[5] GalleryReferences1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Zabecki, p. 695–696 2. ^Bourne, p. 155–156 3. ^{{cite book |last=Rottman |first=Gordon |date= |title=The AK-47: Kalashnikov-series assault rifles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qK9Nn-2xocUC&pg=PA9 |location= |publisher=Osprey Publishing |page=9 |isbn=978-1-84908-835-0 |accessdate= }} 4. ^1 2 Kholm Shield {{de icon}} www.lexikon-der-wehrmacht.de, accessed: 16 December 2011 5. ^Reserve-Polizeibataillon 65 (mot) {{de icon}} www.gelsenzentrum.de, accessed: 16 December 2011 Sources
External links
4 : Conflicts in 1942|Military operations of World War II involving Germany|Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War|Encirclements in World War II |
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