| 词条 | Khost rebellion (1924–1925) |
| 释义 |
| conflict = Khost rebellion | width = | partof = | image = Southern Province, Afghanistan.png | image_size = | alt = | caption = A map of Southern Province, Afghanistan, where most of the fighting took place. | date = March 1924 – 30 January 1925 {{efn|These are the dates provided by Frank Clements[1] and Senzil Nawid, which can not logically be more than 10 months. However, Fayz Muhammad stated in his memoirs that the rebellion lasted 1 year and 2 months, and only gave the start date as "1924" without specifying an end date.[2]}} | place = Southern Province, Emirate of Afghanistan | coordinates = | map_type = | map_relief = | map_size = | map_marksize = | map_caption = | map_label = | territory = | result = Afghan Government victory
| status = | combatants_header = | combatant1 = {{flag|Emirate of Afghanistan}} Allied tribes:
| combatant2 = Rebel tribes
| commander1 = {{plainlist|
}} | commander2 = {{plainlist|
}} | commander3 = | units1 = Royal Army
| units2 = Unknown | units3 = | strength1 = | strength2 = | strength3 = | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | casualties3 = 14,000 killed in total | notes = | campaignbox = }}{{About|the Khost rebellion in 1924|the uprising in 1912|Khost rebellion (1912)|the uprising in 1856|Khost rebellion (1856–1857)}}The Khost rebellion[1], also known as the 1924 Mangal uprising[3] was an uprising in Southern Province, Afghanistan, which lasted from March 1924 to January 1925. It was fought by the Mangal Pashtun tribe, later joined by the Sulaiman Khel and Ali Khel tribes, and was against the westernizing reforms of King Amanullah. After causing the death of over 14,000 Afghans, the revolt was finally quelled in January 1925. BackgroundThere were multiple reasons for the rebellion, including opposition to the Westernizing reforms made by King Amanullah of Afghanistan[4], a new law which restricted passage for the eastern tribes across the Durand Line[5], the abolition of polygamy and child marriage[5], the imposition of property taxes[5], the "insolent, brazen and deceitful" actions of district chiefs, governors, and military officers[5], the bribery of ministers, judges and clerks[5], ignoring the pleas of "the needy"[5], the increase of costums duties[5], a military draft[5], and other regulations which were aimed at "ending strife and violence"[5]. The immediate cause of the revolt was when a magistrate named Mulla Abd Allah's protests regarding a decision by a governor named Amr al-Din on a betrothal were ignored, which led Mulla to make up his mind to instigate a rebellion.[5] UprisingMulla's revolt began in March 1924.[4] With appeals to Pashtun honour, incitements, and promises of paradise for true-believing Muslims, Mulla succeeded at raising all the tribes of the Southern Province against the Afghan government.[5] In April, forces loyal to King Amanullah managed to defeat the Rebels, but could not rout them.[4] The Rebels were then joined by the Alikhel and Sulaimankhel tribes.[4] At the end of July, the Rebel tribes had cut communication lines between Kabul and Gardiz and advanced into the southern end of the Logar valley.[24] Habibullāh Kalakāni, future king of Afghanistan, also fought in the rebellion. At the time, he served with the Royal Army's "Model Battalion" and served with distinction.[6] Nevertheless, he deserted the unit at some unspecified time, and after working in Peshawar moved to Parachinar (on the Afghan border) where he was arrested and sentenced to eleven months imprisonment.[7]Ali Ahmad Khan, who had earlier played a leading role in the negotiations for the controversial Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 which ended the Third Anglo-Afghan War[8] rallied the Khogyani and Shinwari to help quell the rebellion.[9]In Autumn 1924, the Rebellion had reached its height.[10] In August 1924, King Amanullah declared holy war against the Rebels.[4] In October, the Rebels managed to destroy an Afghan military detachment, and it seemed that the rebellion would march on Kabul.[11] Nevertheless, the rebellion was finally quelled on 30 January 1925[12] with the imprisonment and execution of 40 Rebel leaders.[33] Tom Lansford attributes the defeat of the rebels to the Royal Army's superior weapons and training.[13] AftermathOver the course of the Rebellion, which Fayz Muhammad described as being suppressed "only with great difficulty",[3] 14,000 people had perished,[5] and the Afghan government lost £5 million in state revenue.[14] Although unsuccessful, it succeeded in delaying many of the king's reforms until 1928.[4] See also
Notes{{notelist|bodystyle=width:30em}}References1. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=cC_L_pFXURsC|title=Reform and rebellion in Afghanistan, 1919-1929: King Amanullah's failure to modernize a tribal society|last=Poullada|first=Leon B.|date=1973|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=|isbn=9780801407727|location=|pages=123|language=en}} 2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n1673/pdf/andrew_chua.pdf|title=The Promise and Failure of King Amanullah’s Modernisation Program in Afghanistan|last=Chua|first=Andrew|date=|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329064315/http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n1673/pdf/andrew_chua.pdf|archive-date=2018-03-29|dead-url=no|access-date=21 January 2019|df=}} 3. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books/about/Kabul_Under_Siege.html?id=qJpXJXOno9IC|title=Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising|last=Muḥammad|first=Fayz̤|last2=Hazārah|first2=Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib|date=1999|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers|year=|isbn=9781558761551|location=|pages=31|language=en}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bv4hzxpo424C&pg=PA148|title=Conflict in Afghanistan: A historical Encyclopedia|author=Frank Clements|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2003|isbn=978-1-85109-402-8|pages=148|accessdate=1 April 2011}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books/about/Kabul_Under_Siege.html?id=qJpXJXOno9IC|title=Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising|last=Muḥammad|first=Fayz̤|last2=Hazārah|first2=Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib|date=1999|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers|year=|isbn=9781558761551|location=|pages=13 and 14|language=en}} 6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.de/books?id=l6cmuTfzvZEC&printsec=frontcover&hl=de#v=onepage&q&f=false|chapter=State Building and Social Fragmentation in Afghanistan: A Social Perspective|title=The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan|last=Shahrani|first=M. Nazif|editor1=Ali Banuazizi|editor2=Myron Weiner|date=1986|publisher=Syracuse University Press|location=Syracuse, New York|isbn=|page=57|language=en|access-date=2019-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121619/https://books.google.de/books?id=l6cmuTfzvZEC&printsec=frontcover&hl=de#v=onepage&q&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false|archive-date=2019-01-19|dead-url=no|df=}} 7. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books/about/Kabul_Under_Siege.html?id=qJpXJXOno9IC|title=Kabul Under Siege: Fayz Muhammad's Account of the 1929 Uprising|last=Muḥammad|first=Fayz̤|last2=Hazārah|first2=Fayz̤ Muḥammad Kātib|date=1999|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers|year=|isbn=9781558761551|location=|pages=32|language=en}} 8. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=A4_jAAAAMAAJ|title=Kabul under siege: Fayz Muhammad's account of the 1929 Uprising|last=Muḥammad|first=Fayz̤|last2=McChesney|first2=R. D.|date=1999|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers|year=|isbn=9781558761544|location=|pages=50|language=en}} 9. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=A4_jAAAAMAAJ|title=Kabul under siege: Fayz Muhammad's account of the 1929 Uprising|last=Muḥammad|first=Fayz̤|last2=McChesney|first2=R. D.|date=1999|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers|year=|isbn=9781558761544|location=|pages=52|language=en}} 10. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=cC_L_pFXURsC|title=Reform and rebellion in Afghanistan, 1919-1929: King Amanullah's failure to modernize a tribal society|last=Poullada|first=Leon B.|date=1973|publisher=Cornell University Press|year=|isbn=9780801407727|location=|pages=94|language=en}} 11. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=EIwwdLiEf4AC|title=The Afghan Way of War: How and Why They Fight|last=Johnson|first=Robert|date=2011-12-12|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|year=|isbn=9780199798568|location=|pages=190|language=en}} 12. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf|title=The Khost Rebellion. The Reaction of Afghan Clerical and Tribal Forces to Social Change|last=Nawid|first=Senzil|date=|website=http://opar.unior.it|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225143356/http://opar.unior.it/1317/1/Annali_1996_56_(f3)_S.Nawid.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2018|dead-url=|access-date=25 December 2018}} 13. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=XxwIDgAAQBAJ|title=Afghanistan at War: From the 18th-Century Durrani Dynasty to the 21st Century|last=Lansford|first=Tom|date=2017-02-16|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=|isbn=9781598847604|location=|pages=266|language=en}} 14. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=Y2F8QUEgupIC&pg=PT263&lpg=PT263&dq=Khost+rebellion&source=bl&ots=mLarrco0_p&sig=ACfU3U3tQnsPioTcaBqnN5f9aw33RMyA4Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwje6cOnqrHgAhXQhrQKHT81DA84FBDoATACegQIBxAB#v=snippet&q=%C2%A35%20million%20in%20state%20revenue&f=false|title=The Afghan Way of War: How and Why They Fight|last=Johnson|first=Robert|date=2011-12-29|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199912568|language=en}} {{Afghanistan topics}} 7 : 1924 in Afghanistan|Conflicts in 1924|1925 in Afghanistan|Conflicts in 1925|History of Khost Province|Military history of Afghanistan|Rebellions in Afghanistan |
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