| 词条 | Scafell Pike |
| 释义 |
| name = Scafell Pike | photo =Scafell massif.jpg | photo_caption = | elevation_m = 978 | elevation_ref = | prominence_m = 912 | prominence_ref = Ranked 13th in British Isles | parent_peak = Snowdon | map = United Kingdom Lake District | map_caption = | map_size = 200 | label_position = right | listing = Marilyn, Hewitt, Hardy, Wainwright, County Top, Nuttall, Country high point | location = | range = Lake District, Southern Fells | coordinates = {{coord|54|27|15.2|N|3|12|41.5|W|type:mountain_scale:100000|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_ref = | grid_ref_UK = NY215072 | topo = OS Landrangers 89, 90, Explorer OL6 }} Scafell Pike {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|k|ɔː|ˈ|f|ɛ|l}} or {{IPAc-en|s|k|ɑː|ˈ|f|ɛ|l}}[1] is the highest mountain in England, at an elevation of {{convert|978|m|ft|0}} above sea level. It is located in the Lake District National Park, in Cumbria, and is part of the Southern Fells. TopographyScafell Pike is one of a horseshoe of high fells, open to the south, surrounding the head of Eskdale, Cumbria. It stands on the western side of the cirque, with Scafell to the south and Great End to the north. This ridge forms the watershed between Eskdale and Wasdale, which lies to the west.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} The narrowest definition of Scafell Pike begins at the ridge of Mickledore in the south takes in the wide, stony summit area and ends at the next depression, Broad Crag Col, c. 920 m (3,030 ft). A more inclusive view also takes in two further tops: Broad Crag, 934 m (3,064 ft) and Ill Crag, 935 m (3,068 ft), the two being separated by Ill Crag Col. This is the position taken by most guidebooks.[2][3] North of Ill Crag is the more definite depression of Calf Cove at 850 m (2,800 ft), before the ridge climbs again to Great End. Scafell Pike also has outliers on either side of the ridge. Lingmell, to the north west, is invariably regarded as a separate fell,[2][3] while Pen, 760 m (2,500 ft), a shapely summit above the Esk, is normally taken as a satellite of the Pike. Middleboot Knotts is a further top lying on the Wasdale slopes of Broad Crag, which is listed as a Nuttall.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} The rough summit plateau is fringed by crags on all sides with Pikes Crag and Dropping Crag above Wasdale and Rough Crag to the east. Below Rough Crag and Pen is a further tier, named Dow Crag and Central Pillar on Ordnance Survey maps, although known as Esk Buttress among climbers.[4] Esk Buttress and Pikes Crag are well known rock climbing venues.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} Broad Crag Col is the source of Little Narrowcove Beck in the east and of Piers Gill in the west. The latter works its way around Lingmell to Wast Water through a spectacular ravine, one of the most impressive in the Lake District. It is treacherous in winter, as when it freezes over it creates an icy patch, with lethal exposure should you slip. Broad Crag is a small top with its principal face on the west and the smaller Green Crag looking down on Little Narrowcove. From Broad Crag, the ridge turns briefly east across Ill Crag Col and onto the shapely pyramidal summit of Ill Crag. Here, the main crags are on the Eskdale side, Ill Crag having little footing(clarify) in Wasdale.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}} Scafell Pike has a claim to the highest standing water in England, although Foxes Tarn on Scafell is of similar height. The water body in question is Broad Crag Tarn, which (confusingly) is on Scafell Pike proper, rather than Broad Crag. It lies at about 820 m (2,700 ft), a quarter of a mile south of the summit.[5] SummitThe summit was donated to the National Trust in 1919 by Lord Leconfield "in perpetual memory of the men of the Lake District who fell for God and King, for freedom peace and right in the Great War 1914-1918 ...".[6][7] There is a better-known war memorial on Great Gable, commemorating the members of the Fell & Rock Climbing Club.[8][9] Scafell Pike is one of three British peaks climbed as part of the National Three Peaks Challenge, and is the highest ground for over 90 miles. {{GB summits start}}{{GB summits entry|Name=Ill Crag |Gridref=NY223073 |Height=935 m (3,068 ft) |Status=Hewitt, Nuttall}}{{GB summits entry |Name=Broad Crag |Gridref=NY218075 |Height=934 m (3,064 ft) |Status=Hewitt, Nuttall}}{{GB summits entry |Name=Middleboot Knotts |Gridref=NY213080 |Height=703 m (2,306 ft) |Status=Nuttall}}{{GB summits end}} GeologyScafell Pike consists of igneous rock dating from the Ordovician; it is geologically part of the Borrowdale Volcanics. The summit plateau of Scafell Pike, and that of other neighbouring peaks, is covered with shattered rock debris which provides the highest-altitude example of a summit boulder field in England.[12] The boulder field is thought to have been caused in part by weathering, such as frost action. Additional factors are also considered to be important; however, opinion varies as to what these may be. James Clifton Ward suggested that weathering with earthquakes as a secondary agent could be responsible, while John Edward Marr and Reginald Aldworth Daly believed that earthquakes were unnecessary and suggested that frost action with other unspecified agents was more likely.[10] To the north of the summit are a number of high altitude gills which flow into Lingmell Beck. These are good examples in Cumbria for this type of gill and are also biologically important due to their species richness.[11] TourismScafell Pike is a popular destination for walkers. There is open access to Scafell and the surrounding fells, with many walking and rock climbing routes. Paths connect the summit with Lingmell Col to the northwest, Mickledore to the southwest, and Esk Hause to the northeast, and these in turn connect with numerous other paths, giving access to walkers from many directions including Wasdale Head to the west, Seathwaite to the north, Langdale to the east, and Eskdale to the southwest. The shortest route is from Wasdale Head, about 80 metres above sea level, where there is a climber's hotel, the Wasdale Head Inn, made popular in the Victorian period by Owen Glynne Jones and others. According to the National Trust, as of 2014 there were over 100,000 people per year climbing Scafell Pike from Wasdale Head,[12] many as part of the National Three Peaks Challenge. Naming historyThe name Scafell is believed by some to derive from the Old Norse skalli fjall, meaning either the fell with the shieling or the fell with the bald summit, and is first recorded in 1578 in the corrupted form Skallfield.[13] An alternative derivation is from the Old Norse "skagi", meaning a cape, headland, promontory or peninsula - so giving an etymology that aligns with Skaw in Shetland.[14] It originally referred to Scafell, which neighbours Scafell Pike.[15] What are now known as Scafell Pike, Ill Crag, and Broad Crag were collectively called either the Pikes (peaks) or the Pikes of Scawfell (see below regarding spelling); from many angles Scafell seems to be the highest peak, and the others were thus considered subsidiary to it. The name Scawfell Pikes was adopted "by common consent" according to Jonathan Otley, shortly before the publication of the 4th edition of his guidebook in 1830.[16] Up to this point, England's highest mountain (its status as such was not known until the early 1800s) did not have a name of its own; it was labelled Sca-Fell Higher Top by the Ordnance Survey in their initial work in Cumbria in the first decade of the 19th century.[17] The newly developed name reported by Otley first appeared on a published Ordnance Survey map in 1865. Formerly the name was spelled Scawfell, which better reflects local pronunciation.[15][18][19][20] This spelling has declined due to the Ordnance Survey's use of Scafell on their 1865 map and thereafter. Survey pointScafell Pike was used in 1826 as a station in the Principal Triangulation of Britain by the Ordnance Survey when they fixed the relative positions of Britain and Ireland. Angles between Slieve Donard in Northern Ireland and Scafell Pike were taken from Snowdon in North Wales as were angles between Snowdon and Scafell Pike from Slieve Donard. Given the need for clear weather to achieve these very long-range observations (111 miles to Slieve Donard), the Ordnance surveyors spent much of the summer camped on the respective mountain tops. Strangely, Scafell Pike was not used as a station in the earlier part of the Principal Triangulation of Britain, even though Sca-Fell formed one corner of a Principal Triangle.[21] The Ordnance Survey's high precision theodolite was not taken to the summit until 1841.[17][22][23] Views from the summitSummer{{wide image|Annotated Scafel Pike Panorama.jpg|3000px|A panorama from the summit of Scafell Pike, August 2007}} (Swipe left or right)Winter{{wide image|Scafell pike summit panorama.jpg|2000px|Panorama of the arc from Helvellyn to Scafell in the snow of 2010. The south summit of Scafell Pike is in the foreground.}}Visible "Marilyns"As the highest ground in England, Scafell Pike has a very extensive view, ranging from the Mourne Mountains to Snowdonia. On a clear day, the following Marilyns can be seen from the summit.[24] North
East
South
West
See also{{Portal|Cumbria}}
Notes1. ^Daniel Jones, Everyman's English Pronouncing Dictionary (13th ed.), p. 421. 2. ^1 Richards, Mark: Mid-Western Fells: Collins (2004): {{ISBN|0-00-711368-4}} 3. ^1 {{cite book | last = Wainwright | first = A. | authorlink = Alfred Wainwright | year = 1960 | title = The Southern Fells | publisher = Francis Lincoln | location = London | isbn = 0-7112-2230-4}} 4. ^British Mountain Maps: Lake District: Harvey (2006): {{ISBN|1-85137-467-1}} 5. ^Blair, Don: Exploring Lakeland Tarns: Lakeland Manor Press (2003): {{ISBN|0-9543904-1-5}} 6. ^Scafell Pike Summit, Cumbria – World War I Memorials and Monuments on. Waymarking.com. Retrieved on 2014-04-12. 7. ^UK National Inventory of War Memorials : Men of the Lake District. Ukniwm.org.uk. Retrieved on 2014-04-12. 8. ^Westaway, Jonathan. (1970-01-01) [https://www.academia.edu/2628245/Mountains_of_Memory_Landscapes_of_Loss_Scafell_Pike_and_Great_Gable_as_War_Memorials_1919-1924 Mountains of Memory, Landscapes of Loss: Scafell Pike and Great Gable as War Memorials, 1919–1924 | Jonathan Westaway]. Academia.edu. Retrieved on 2014-04-12. 9. ^{{cite news |title=Mammoth mission to repair remarkable World War One memorial on Scafell Pike |work=Whitehaven News |date=15 May 2018}} 10. ^{{cite journal |last=Hay |first=T |year=1942 |title=Physiographical Notes from Lakeland |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=100 |issue=4 |pages=165–173 |doi=10.2307/1788974 |publisher=The Geographical Journal, Vol. 100, No. 4 |jstor=1788974}} 11. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1001922.pdf |title=Scafell Pikes SSSI citation sheet |accessdate=2006-11-10 |format=PDF |work=English Nature}} 12. ^https://www.thebmc.co.uk/media/files/access/Three%20peaks%20presentation%20Oct%202014%20GS%20FINAL%20071014.pdf 13. ^{{cite web|author=Stuart Rae|url=http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/stuart.rae/fells.htm|title=Fells}} 14. ^{{cite book|last1=Zoëga|first1=G T|title=Icelandic-English Dictionary|date=1922|location=Iceland|page=444}} 15. ^1 Dorothy Wordsworth's ascent of Scafell Pike, 1818, http://www.pastpresented.ukart.com/eskdale/wordsworth1.htm 16. ^{{cite book|last1=Otley|first1=Jonathan|title=A concise description of the English lakes, and adjacent mountains: with general directions to tourists; notices of the botany, mineralogy, and geology of the district; observations on meteorolgy; the floating island in Derwent lake; and black-lead mine in Borrowdale.|date=1830|publisher=author|location=Keswick|edition=4th|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008646574|page=64|accessdate=13 Jun 2017}} 17. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Mudge|first1=Lieutenant-Colonel William|last2=Colby|first2=Captain Thomas|title=An Account of the Trigonometrical Survey Carried on by Order of the Master-General of His Majesty's Ordnance in the Years 1800, 1801, 1802, 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, 1807, 1808 and 1809|date=1811|publisher=W Faden|location=Charing Cross, London|url=ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/docs.lib/htdocs/rescue/rarebooks_1600-1800/QB296G81799v3.pdf}} 18. ^{{cite book |title=A Complete Guide to the English Lakes |last=Martineau |first=Harriet|url=https://archive.org/stream/completeguidetoe1855mart#page/n7/mode/2up |date=1855 |location=Windermere |publisher=John Garnett |via=Archive.org}} 19. ^{{cite book|last1=Holland|first1=CF|title=Climbs on the Scawfell Group - A Climbers' Guide.|date=1924|publisher=Fell & Rock Climbing Club|edition=1st}} 20. ^These references on spelling of "Scafell"/"Scawfell" are examples of the more common usage during the 19th century and the early part of the 20th century, as can readily be found in the many contemporary guidebooks and local and national newspapers. A useful contrast is the difference in Baddely's guide (1st edn. 1888 and many later editions) between the guide text ("Scafell", following the maps used in this common guide-book) and all the adverts therein of hotels, tours and views, which were placed by local businesses ("Scawfell"). 21. ^Absence of angles taken from one corner of some triangles was attributed to difficulties of access in the preface of the 1811 report by the Ordnance Survey. 22. ^{{cite book|editor1-last=Seymour|editor1-first=W. A.|editor1-link=W. A. Seymour|title=A History of the Ordnance Survey|date=1980|publisher=Wm Dawson & Sons, Ltd|location=Folkestone, Kent|isbn=0-7129-0979-6|url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/docs/ebooks/history-ordnance-survey.pdf}} 23. ^{{cite news|title=Carlisle Journal |url=http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000363/18411009/009/0002?browse=False|accessdate=12 Jun 2017|date=9 Oct 1841|pages=2|location= Col 8}} 24. ^Computer generated virtual panoramas North South Index References{{Reflist}}External links
10 : Marilyns of England|Hewitts of England|Hardys of England|Fells of the Lake District|Nuttalls|Climbing areas of England|Highest points of English counties|Mountains under 1000 metres|Furths|Borough of Copeland |
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