“Killing of Cecil the lion”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Cecil ({{Circa}} 2002 – 2 July 2015) was a lion who lived primarily in the Hwange National Park in Matabeleland North, Zimbabwe. He was a major attraction of the park and was being studied and tracked by a research team of the University of Oxford as part of a long-term study.

On the night of 1 July 2015, Cecil was wounded with an arrow by Walter Palmer, an American dentist and recreational big-game hunter,^[2]^[1]^[2] then tracked and killed with a bow and arrow the following morning, between 10 and 12 hours later.^[3]^[4] Cecil was 13 years old when killed.^[7] Palmer had a permit and was not charged with any crime; authorities in Zimbabwe have said he is still free to visit the country as a tourist, but not as a hunter.^[8]

The killing resulted in international media attention, caused outrage among animal conservationists, criticism by politicians and celebrities and a strong negative response against Palmer.^[5]^[6] Five months after the killing of Cecil, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service added lions in India and West and Central Africa to the endangered species list, making it more difficult for United States citizens to legally kill lions. According to Wayne Pacelle, then President of the Humane Society, Cecil had "changed the atmospherics on the issue of trophy hunting around the world," adding "I think it gave less wiggle room to regulators."^[11]

Background

Cecil was named for the British businessman, politician and mining magnate Cecil Rhodes, as was the country of Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe.^[7]^[8] Another lion thought to be Cecil's brother was noticed in Hwange National Park in 2008.^[9] During 2009, the two lions encountered and established a pride, which resulted in a fight in which Cecil's brother was killed, and both Cecil and the leader of the pride were seriously wounded;^[9] the leader was subsequently killed by park rangers because of the wounds he had incurred during the fight with Cecil.^[10] Cecil retreated to another part of the park where he eventually established his own pride which had as many as 22 members. During 2013, Cecil was forced out from the area by two young male lions into the eastern border of the park. There, he created a coalition with another male lion named Jericho to establish two prides which consisted of Cecil, Jericho, half a dozen females and up to a dozen cubs sired by Cecil or Jericho.^[11]

Cecil was the best-known animal in the national park^[7] and was identifiable by his black-fringed mane and a GPS tracking collar.^[9]^[12]^[13] The lions in the park, including Cecil, have been studied by scientists from the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit at the University of Oxford as part of a scientific project that has run since 1999,^[14] and his movements had been followed since 2008.^[15] Of the 62 lions tagged during the study period, 34 have died, thereof 24 through sport hunting.^[11] Of adult male lions that were tagged inside the park, 72% were killed through sport hunting on areas near the park.^[11] One of the researchers on the project suggested that Cecil had become so popular because he was accustomed to people, allowing vehicles sometimes as close as {{convert|10|m|ft}}, making it easy for tourists and researchers to photograph and observe him.^[16]

During 2013, 49 hunted lion carcasses were exported from Zimbabwe as trophies;^[7] the 2005–2008 Zimbabwe hunt "off-take" (licensed kills) average was 42 lions per year.^[17]

Death

During June 2015, Dr. Walter J. Palmer, an American dentist and recreational game hunter from Minnesota,^[18] reportedly paid {{currency|50000|US}} to a professional hunter-guide, Theo Bronkhorst, to enable him to kill a lion.^[19] In the late afternoon of 1 July, Bronkhorst and tracker Cornelius Ncube built a hunting blind in Atoinette Farm, a private property owned by Honest Ndlovu.^[20] Between 9 pm and 11 pm,^[4] Palmer shot and wounded Cecil with an arrow. The hunters tracked the wounded lion and killed him with a second arrow the next morning (about 10 to 12 hours later) at a location less than 250 metres from the initial shot. The hunt took place outside Hwange National Park, a protected area, but within the lion's normal range.^[21] Cecil's body was then skinned and his head removed.^[19] When the lion's headless skeleton was found by park investigators, his tracking collar was missing.^[9]

The lion was equipped with a satellite tracking device from which locational data were recorded every 2 hours. Subsequently, location data was pieced together and is depicted in the map herein. This interpretation of events was corroborated by the subsequent investigation by Zimbabwe National Parks and Wildlife management and is consistent with the satellite data.^[21]

Bronkhorst said during July, "We had obtained the permit for bow hunting, we had obtained the permit for the lion from the council."^[22] The two Zimbabweans were arrested by Zimbabwe police.^[23] Palmer had already returned to the United States, where he issued a statement that he had "relied on the expertise of my local professional guides to ensure a legal hunt" and "deeply regret that my pursuit of an activity I love and practice responsibly and legally resulted in the taking of this lion".^[24]

Reactions to the killing

Overseas

Cecil's killing created an outrage among animal conservationists, and prompted responses from politicians^[25] and many other people.^[26] A number of celebrities publicly condemned Cecil's killing.^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31]^[32]^[33] Palmer received a large number of hate messages,^[34] and activists posted his private details online.^[35] The words "Lion Killer" were also spray-painted on the garage door at Palmer's Florida vacation home. In addition, at least seven pickled pigs feet were left at the residence.^[6] Artists from around the world dedicated art to Cecil, including Aaron Blaise, a former artist of Walt Disney Feature Animation.^[36] Musicians composed original works to honor Cecil.^[37]

The killing of Cecil sparked a discussion among conservation organisations about the ethics and business of big-game hunting and a proposal for bills banning imports of lion trophies to the U.S. and European Union.^[38]^[39] These discussions have convinced three of the largest airlines in the U.S., American, Delta and United, to voluntarily ban the transport of hunting trophies.^[40] In response, by the premise that profits from trophy hunts help animal conservation efforts, Pohamba Shifeta, the Namibian environment and tourism minister, said, "This will be the end of conservation in Namibia."^[41]^[42]

Activists have also asked African countries to ban bow hunting, lion baiting, and hunting from hunting blinds.^[43]^[44]^[45] Global media and social media reaction has resulted in close to 1.2 million people signing online petition "Justice for Cecil", which asks Zimbabwe's government to stop issuing hunting permits for endangered animals.^[46]

In Zimbabwe

Cecil's killing went largely unnoticed in the animal's native Zimbabwe.^[49] The country's The Chronicle newspaper wrote: "It is not an overstatement that almost 99.99 percent of Zimbabweans didn’t know about this animal until Monday. Now we have just learnt, thanks to the British media, that we had Africa’s most famous lion all along, an icon!"^[50] The BBC's Farai Sevenzo wrote: "The lion's death has not registered much with the locals".^[51] At the same time, Zimbabwean officials stated that the killing of Cecil had already caused a decrease of tourism revenues. A significant decrease was noted in Hwange, where the lion had lived. Many international tourists, who had planned to see the lion, had cancelled their trips. "This killing is a huge loss to our tourism sector that was contributing immensely to the national wealth", said Emanuel Fundira, the president of the Safari Operators Association of Zimbabwe. "We had a lot of people, in terms of visitors, coming in to the country to enjoy and view Cecil, so really this was a great loss," Fundira said, and that Cecil's presence was "a draw card," and compared his death to "the demise of an icon". The director of the Zimbabwe Tourism Authority, Karikoga Kaseke, said that tourism had been booming, but that Zimbabwe was now perceived as a country which was not interested in protecting and promoting animal rights, and this had also had a negative effect on the tourism sector.^[52]^[53]

Bryan Orford, a professional wildlife guide who worked in Hwange, calculates that with tourists from a single nearby lodge collectively paying {{currency|9800|US}} per day, the revenue generated by having Cecil's photograph taken during five days would have been greater than someone paying a one-off fee of {{currency|45000|US}} to hunt and kill the lion, with no hope of future revenue.^[11]

On 1 August 2015, in response to Cecil's killing, the hunting of lions, leopards and elephants along with all bow-hunting was immediately suspended in areas outside of Hwange National Park by Zimbabwe's environment minister, Oppah Muchinguri, who said, "All such hunts will only be conducted if confirmed and authorized in writing by the Director-general of the Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, and only if accompanied by parks staff whose costs will be met by the landowner".^[54] The moratorium was lifted after 10 days.^[55]

Government officials

Some government officials publicly condemned the killing of Cecil. David Cameron, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, told reporters that the United Kingdom plays "a leading role in preventing illegal wildlife trade", when he was asked about Cecil's death. Grant Shapps, his Minister of State at the Department for International Development, described the incident as "barbaric hunting".^[56]

U.S. Congresswoman Betty McCollum, co-chair of the United States Congressional International Conservation Caucus, suggested an investigation of Palmer and the killing.^[57]

U.S. Senator Bob Menendez introduced the Conserving Ecosystems by Ceasing the Importation of Large (CECIL) Animal Trophies Act, which "extend[s] the import and export protections for a species listed under the Endangered Species Act to those that have been proposed for listing, thereby prohibiting the import of any trophies gleaned from Cecil's killing without explicitly obtaining a permit from the Secretary of the Interior." The bill was cosponsored by Senators Cory Booker, Richard Blumenthal, and Ben Cardin.^[58]

On 30 July 2015, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a non-binding resolution to strengthen the efforts to address illicit wildlife poaching and trafficking. Germany and Gabon were the sponsors of the resolution. Harald Braun, Germany's U.N. Ambassador, associated the resolution with the killing and said: "Like most people in the world we are outraged at what happened to this poor lion."^[59] Gabon's Foreign Minister Emmanuel Issoze-Ngondet said that Cecil's killing was "a matter of deep concern for all countries in Africa".^[60]

Zimbabwe's acting information minister, Prisca Mupfumira, when questioned about Cecil's killing, asked, "What lion?"^[49]

At a press conference on 31 July 2015, Zimbabwe's environment minister, Opa Muchinguri, said the hunter violated Zimbabwean law and needs to be held accountable. "We are appealing to the responsible authorities for his extradition to Zimbabwe".^[61] Muchinguri said in a press release that Palmer's actions had tarnished the image of Zimbabwe and placed further strain on the relationship between Zimbabwe and the U.S. She suggested conservationists and animal lovers provide resources to help decrease poaching and other environmental concerns in Zimbabwe.^[62]

Criminal investigations

On 7 July 2015, law enforcement officers of the Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority commenced an investigation after receiving information that a lion had been killed illegally on a farm near Hwange National Park. The investigation discovered that a lion had been killed illegally on the farm on 1 July 2015.^[62]

On 29 July 2015, Bronkhorst appeared in court at Victoria Falls and pleaded not guilty to a charge of "failing to prevent an unlawful hunt". He was granted bail at {{currency|1000|US}} and was ordered to appear back in court on 5 August.^[19] Bronkhorst stated: "Palmer is a totally innocent party to this whole thing, and he has conducted and bought a hunt from me that was legitimate."^[22] Zimbabwe National Parks said in a statement that quotas are assigned to given areas and that Cecil was shot in an area without a quota for lion kills.^[66] On 5 August 2015, the case was adjourned until 28 September, when Bronkhorst's barrister was next available.^[67] On 11 November 2016, the High Court in the city of Bulawayo threw out the charges against Bronkhorst, agreeing with the defense that it could not have been a crime under the country's wildlife laws if Palmer had a legal permit to hunt.^[68]

While one account said Honest Ndlovu, who occupies the land on which Cecil was killed, was charged on 29 July 2015 with allowing an illegal hunt on his land,^[66] his attorney said two days later that Ndlovu had not been,^[69] with parks officials saying days afterward that he would be charged after first testifying for the state.^[70] On 18 August 2015, prosecutors brought an illegal-hunting charge against Ndlovu.^[71]{{update inline|date=January 2018}}

Palmer left Zimbabwe for the United States after the hunt. He indicated that he would cooperate with authorities in the investigation.^[72] On 30 July 2015, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service was searching for Palmer as part of its investigation. He contacted them voluntarily through a representative on the same day.^[73]^[74]

On 6 September 2015, Palmer said he would return to his dental practice on 9 September, and that he has not been charged with any crime in the United States or Zimbabwe, nor been contacted by authorities.^[75]^[76] On 12 October, Zimbabwe government officials said Palmer's papers were in order and Palmer would not be charged with any crime. They said he was free to return to Zimbabwe as a tourist but not as a hunter.^[77]

Consequences for the pride

When one or more new male lions oust or replace a previous male(s) associated with a pride, they often kill any existing young cubs, a form of infanticide.^[78]^[79] Initially, both the University of Oxford study^[15] and Johnny Rodrigues, head of the Zimbabwe Conservation Task Force, indicated that they believed Cecil's six cubs could be killed by the new dominant male in the pride.^[2] In a later interview, however, Rodrigues said Jericho had assumed control of the pride but had not killed Cecil's cubs, and that he was also keeping the cubs safe from any rivals.^[80]

Reactions to the killing of Xanda

Xanda, a son of Cecil's, was legally shot by trophy hunters in Zimbabwe on 20 July 2017. He was six years old and the father of several young cubs. Despite this being termed a 'legal' act of killing, it provoked reactions, not just amongst advocates of animal rights. The BBC termed it a 'sad' inheritance from Cecil.^[81] University of Oxford's Department of Zoology called for a "no-hunting zone" around Hwange Park, spanning {{convert|5.0|km|mile|abbr=on}}.^[82]^[83]

Subsequent conservation measures

Five months after the killing of Cecil, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service added two species of lions, in India and western and central Africa, to the endangered species list.^[11]^[109] The listings would make it more difficult (though not impossible) for US citizen hunters to kill these protected lions.^[11] According to Wayne Pacelle, president of the Humane Society of the United States and who petitioned for the new listing, Cecil had "changed the atmospherics on the issue of trophy hunting around the world," adding "I think it gave less wiggle room to regulators."^[84] Wayne added that he thought the killing of Cecil was "a defining moment" resulting in the new protections.^[84] Jeff Flocken, regional director of the International Fund for Animal Welfare, said that while the U.S.F.W.S. decision was not the direct result of the death of Cecil, "it would be impossible to ignore the public outcry" and its effect on worldwide opinion.^[85] The New York Times, writing about the new regulations, said "the killing of Cecil .. seemed to galvanize public attention."^[84]

Other countries and companies have also taken action.^[84] In the five months since Cecil's killing, France banned the importation of lion trophies.^[84] The Netherlands did so in 2016.^[86] Britain said it will do so during 2017.^[84] More than 40 airlines have also said they will no longer transport hunting trophies.^[84]

The investigative journalist George Knapp noted Cecil's case on the approach of the incident's one-year anniversary during an annual animal-welfare broadcast concerning issues, the development of law, animal cruelty, and remediation efforts in June 2016. The 2016 broadcast covered various issues, including horses and trophy hunting noting Cecil and the effect the incident was still causing at the date of the show.^[87] Money raised in response to Cecil's death has been used by researchers to reduce conflicts between people and lions by paying for lion protectors and other methods.^[88]

Cecil effect

The "Cecil effect" is a term used by some to express the belief that after the killing of Cecil, there was a reduction in the number of hunters coming to Zimbabwe and a subsequent increase in lion populations in certain areas. Byron du Preez, project leader at the Bubye Valley Conservancy, believes the effect does not exist, saying, "Hunters are not coming because there is a massive recession [in the U.S.]."^[122] Those who believe in the effect say hunters are staying away from Zimbabwe due to fear of negative publicity.^[89] About a month after Cecil was killed, when international uproar was at its peak, Zimbabwean hunting guide Quinn Swales was killed by a lion on a hunt. Some of his fellow guides speculated that he was afraid of shooting the animal out of fear of the possible backlash due to Cecil. According to guide Steve Taylor, "This guy was a really successful guide, and he died by a lion. And I think that's the Cecil Effect. Guides in Zimbabwe are petrified of having the world turn on them."^[89]

Some attribute the effect as being responsible for an unsustainable lion population in the Bubye Valley Conservancy, negatively affected the conservancy's population of antelope, giraffe, cheetah, leopards and wild dogs.^[90] Additionally, 2015 was the driest summer on record, which kept grass low and made game animals easy targets for lions.^[90]

Books and other media

In the children's book Cecil's Pride (2016),^[91] author Craig Hatkoff and his daughters sought to shed light on Cecil's life and how he lived prior to his death. He reached out to those who studied Cecil's pride at Zimbabwe's Hwange National Park and got into contact with Cecil's 'biographer', researcher Brent Stapelkamp. Stapelkamp had studied Cecil for over 9 years and had accumulated photographs that were used as illustrations in the book that capture the complexities of the pride. The book highlights the relationship of Cecil and an unrelated male named Jericho who becomes co-leader with Cecil and then leader after Cecil's death.^[92]

Andrew Loveridge, in his book Lion Hearted (2018), suggests that the hunters allowed Cecil to suffer for more than 10 hours, without hastening his death with a firearm, possibly to allow Palmer to submit the game to a hunting record book as an archery-hunted animal. Loveridge further suggests that Bronkhost, knowing that he had no quota to hunt in the area, attempted to deliberately conceal the hunt by removing Cecil's skinned carcass and disabling his collar.^[4]. However, the High Court threw out all charges against Bronkhorst and ruled there was no illegal act at all.^[93]

See also

Notes

References

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88. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jun/28/cecil-the-lions-legacy-death-brings-new-hope-for-his-grandcubs |title=Cecil the lion's legacy: death brings new hope for his grandcubs |work=The Guardian |first=Damian |last=Carrington |date=28 June 2016 |accessdate=28 June 2016}}
89. ^¹²{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/02/25/cecil-effect-dangerous-for-lions-guides.html |title='Cecil Effect' dangerous for lions, guides |publisher=Fox News Channel |first=Cody |last=Derespina |date=25 February 2016 |accessdate=29 February 2016 | archivedate=25 February 2016|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160225184938/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2016/02/25/cecil-effect-dangerous-for-lions-guides.html | deadurl=no}}
90. ^¹{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/12166651/Cecil-effect-leaves-parks-lion-at-risk-of-cull.html |title='Cecil effect' leaves park's lion at risk of cull | work=The Telegraph |first=Peta |last=Thornycroft |date=20 February 2016 |accessdate=1 March 2016| archivedate= 24 February 2016| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160224093319/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/zimbabwe/12166651/Cecil-effect-leaves-parks-lion-at-risk-of-cull.html | deadurl=no}}
91. ^{{cite book |title=Cecil's Pride |publisher=Scholastic Inc. |author=Craig Hatkoff |year=2016 |isbn=978-1338034455}}
92. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedodo.com/cecil-lion-pride-book-1757071997.html?sf25203531=1 |title=New Children's Book Shows Cecil The Lion's Family Photos |last=Kelleher |first=Solon |website=The Dodo |access-date=30 April 2016}}
93. ^{{cite news |last1=MacDonald Dzirutwe |last2=Mark Heinrich |title=Zimbabwe court drops charges against hunter who helped kill Cecil the lion |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zimbabwe-wildlife-hunter/zimbabwe-court-drops-charges-against-hunter-who-helped-kill-cecil-the-lion-idUSKBN1360ZT |accessdate=25 December 2018 |work=Reuters |date=11 November 2016 |quote=Bronkhorst’s lawyers then applied to the High Court in Zimbabwe’s second city of Bulawayo to set aside the charge, arguing it could not have been an offence under the country’s wildlife laws if Palmer had a permit to hunt. “The court granted us that prayer yesterday - that the charges be quashed.}}