“King effect”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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King effect

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In statistics, economics, and econophysics, the King effect refers to the phenomenon where the top one or two members of a ranked set show up as outliers. These top one or two members are unexpectedly large because they do not conform to the statistical distribution or rank-distribution which the remainder of the set obeys.

Distributions typically followed include the power-law distribution,^[2] that of a stretched exponential,^[1]^[3] or a parabolic fractal.

The King effect has been observed in the distribution of :

French city sizes (where the point representing Paris is the "King", failing to conform to the stretched exponential^[1]), and similarly for other countries with a primate city, such as the United Kingdom (London), and the extreme case of Bangkok (see list of cities in Thailand)
popularity of musicians,^[3] (where Cliff Richard and Elvis Presley are the outliers not fitting on a stretched exponential)
country populations (where only the points representing China and India fail to fit a stretched exponential^[1]).

Note, however, that the King effect is not limited to outliers with a positive evaluation attached to their rank: for rankings on an undesirable attribute, there actually may exist a Pauper effect, with a similar detachment of extremely ranked data points from the reasonably distributed portion of the data set.

References

1. ^¹²³"Stretched exponential distributions in nature and economy: "fat tails" with characteristic scales", J. Laherrère and D. Sornette
2. ^{{cite journal|url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378437107009429 | doi=10.1016/j.physa.2007.08.049 | volume=387 | title=A power law tail in India's wealth distribution: Evidence from survey data | year=2008 | journal=Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications | pages=270–276 | last1 = Jayadev | first1 = Arjun}}
3. ^¹"The individual success of musicians, like that of physicists, follows a stretch exponential", J.A. Davies

2 : Statistical data sets|Economics effects

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