释义 |
- Word order
- Nouns Suffixes Type 1 (size, affection) Type 2 (plurals) Type 3 (accuracy) Type 4 (possession, determiners) Type 5 (syntactic role)
- Verbs Prefixes Suffixes Type 1 (reflexive/reciprocal) Type 2 (volition/necessity) Type 3 (inceptive/inchoative) Type 4 (causative) Type 5 (undefined subject; capability) Type 6 (perfection; uncertainty) Type 7 (aspect) Type 8 (honorific) Type 9 (syntactic) Nominalizers Modals Subordinators Rovers Pronouns and copula
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Conjunctions
- Clauses Relative clauses Purpose clauses
- Comparatives
- Questions
- Numbers
- Notes
- Sources
- References
{{Tt-Klingon}}The grammar of the Klingon language was created by Marc Okrand for the Star Trek franchise. He first described it in his book The Klingon Dictionary. It is a nominative–accusative, primarily suffixing agglutinative language, and has an object–verb–subject word order. The Klingon language has a number of unusual grammatical features, as it was designed to sound and seem alien, but it has an extremely regular morphology. Word order Klingon follows an object–verb–subject word order.[1] Adverbs usually go at the beginning of the sentence[2] and prepositional phrases go before the object.[3] Doʼ DujDaq ghoqwIʼ Sam laʼ Doʼ | Duj | - | Daq | ghoqwIʼ | Sam | laʼ | fortunately | ship | + | locative | spy | find | commander |
Fortunately, the commander found the spy aboard the ship Sentences can be treated as objects, and the word ʼeʼ is placed after the sentence. ʼeʼ is treated as the object of the next sentence.[4] The adverbs, indirect objects and locatives of the latter sentence go after the subject, but before the ʼeʼ [5] bIpIv ʼeʼ vItuʼ
bI | - | pIv | ʼeʼ | vI | - | tuʼ | you-Ø | + | be healthy | that | I-it | + | observe |
I observe that you are healthy I see that you're healthy Nouns Klingon has three noun classes. The first one is living beings with an innate capacity to use language. The second one is body parts (not the body itself) and the third is all other nouns.[6] Klingon has no articles, so the word raS table can mean a table or the table. The difference between the two is inferred from context. The suffixes are ordered based on type number; a type 2 suffix goes before a type 3 suffix, but after a type 1 suffix.[7] vengHommeyqoqchajDaq
veng | - | Hom | - | mey | - | qoq | - | chaj | - | Daq | city | + | (1) diminutive | + | (2) plural | + | (3) dubitative | + | (4) their | + | (5) locative |
in their so-called villages SuffixesThere are five types of noun suffixes. A word cannot have two suffixes of the same type.[8] Type 1 (size, affection) This type has three suffixes: - The augmentative suffix
-ʼaʼ ,
ghom group → ghomʼaʼ crowd - The diminutive suffix
-Hom ,[8]
yuQ planet → yuQHom planetoid - and the endearment suffix
-oy .
vav father → vavoy daddy - If the noun to which the endearment suffix is added ends with a vowel, a glottal stop is inserted between them:[9]
ghu baby → ghuʼoy dear baby
Type 2 (plurals) This type of suffix forms plurals. There are three suffixes, one for each noun class. - {{anchor|-pu7}}The suffix
-puʼ is for beings capable of using language.[6]
qetwIʼ runner → qetwIʼpuʼ runners - The suffix
-Duʼ is for body parts,
ghop hand → ghopDuʼ hands - The suffix
-mey is used for all other nouns.
quS chair → quSmey chairs - When
-mey is used for nouns that would normally take -puʼ or -Duʼ , it carries the connotation of being all over the place.
ghot person → ghotmey people all over the place
A noun does not require a plural suffix if a pronoun or pronominal prefix serves to indicate that it is plural,[10] or if it is being used in conjunction with a number.[11] -
Duypuʼ chaH or Duy chaH
They are emissaries. -
raSmey DIghor or raS DIghor
We broke the tables. Type 3 (accuracy) This type of suffix indicates the speaker's opinion of the applicability of the noun. There are three suffixes: - The suffix
-qoq indicates that the speaker thinks what they are referencing is not actually represented by the noun.
QaH the help → QaHqoq the so-called help - The dubitative suffix
-Hey indicates the speaker is not entirely sure if the object they are referencing is represented by the noun.[12]
choH change → choHHey apparent change - The suffix
-naʼ indicates that the speaker is entirely sure that the object is represented accurately by the noun.[13]
jup friend → jupnaʼ true friend Type 4 (possession, determiners) This type of suffix indicates possession or specifies which object is referred to. It contains twelve suffixes. There are ten possession suffixes, indicating who is the possessor of the object, which may be a person. For first- and second-person possessors, there are different forms depending on whether the "object" is a being capable of using language. Possessives[13] | 1st-person singular | 2nd-person singular | 3rd-person singular | 1st-person plural | 2nd-person plural | 3rd-person plural | Not capable of using language | -wIj | -lIj | -Daj | -maj | -raj | -chaj |
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Capable of using language | -wIʼ | -lIʼ | -maʼ | -raʼ |
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There are also two determiner suffixes:[14] -
-vam this indicates an object that is nearby or that is being discussed -
-vetlh that indicates an object that is not nearby or that had previously been discussed
Examples: - Non-language-user possessives:
nav paper → navwIj my paper - Language-user possessives:
qeSwIʼpuʼ advisors → qeSwIʼpuʼlIʼ your advisors - Determiners:
Soj food → Sojvam this food
Type 5 (syntactic role) This type of suffix serves a syntactic role in the sentence. It contains five suffixes. - The locative suffix
-Daq indicates the action of the sentence is taking place in, at or on the noun.[15] With certain verbs, it indicates motion towards the noun.
juHmaj our home → juHmajDaq in our home - The ablative suffix
-voʼ indicates that the action is taking place away from the noun. Again, with certain verbs, it indicates motion away from the noun.
qoj cliff → qojvoʼ away from the cliff - The causal suffix
-moʼ indicates that the action is occurring because of the noun.
ghuʼ situation → ghuʼmoʼ because of the situation - The dative/benefactive suffix
-vaD indicates the indirect object, and/or the noun for which the action has been done.[15]
jeʼwIʼ buyer → jeʼwIʼvaD to/for the buyer - The topicalizing suffix
-ʼeʼ indicates the topic of the sentence or emphasises the noun in the phrase, and also marks the head noun of a relative clause.[16]
Verbs Klingon verbs mark for aspect but not for tense, which is indicated where necessary by context and by time adverbs. Prefixes mark subject and object. There are ten types of suffix, and as with nouns, a verb can have no more than one suffix of any type. (The tenth type, called rovers, are an exception.) Again as with nouns, the types of suffix must appear in a strict order, indicated by their type number: a type 2 suffix goes before a type 3 suffix, but after a type 1 suffix. A rover suffix can go between any of them.[17] Unlike English, there is no infinitive.[18] The presentation of the verb stem as an infinitive in this article's example sentences is just to show the individual morphemes. Prefixes Klingon verb prefixes mark both the subject and the object. Verb prefixes[18] | Object |
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No object | 1st person singular | 2nd person singular | 3rd person singular | 1st person plural | 2nd person plural | 3rd person plural |
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Subject | 1st person singular | jI- | {{mdash}} | qa- | vI- | {{mdash}} | Sa- | vI- |
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2nd person singular | bI- | cho- | {{mdash}} | Da- | ju- | {{mdash}} | Da- |
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3rd person singular | Ø- | mu- | Du- | Ø- | nu- | lI- | Ø- |
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1st person plural | ma- | {{mdash}} | pI- | wI- | {{mdash}} | re- | DI- |
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2nd person plural | Su- | tu- | {{mdash}} | bo- | che- | {{mdash}} | bo- |
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3rd person plural | Ø- | mu- | nI- | lu- | nu- | lI- | Ø- |
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unspecified* | Ø- | vI- | Da- | Ø- | wI- | bo- | lu- |
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* Expressed with the type-5 verb suffix -luʼ Legend | Meaning | {{mdash}} | Not represented | Ø- | Null prefix | {{clear}}Imperative-mood prefixes[18] | Object |
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No object | 1st person singular | 3rd person singular | 1st person plural | 3rd person plural |
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Subject | 2nd person singular | yI- | HI- | yI- | gho- | tI- |
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2nd person plural | pe- |
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Prefixes must be present even if the nouns or pronouns they reference are declared explicitly.[19] In certain cases with a third person object, a first or second person indirect object can be omitted by using the first and second person object prefixes instead. This is known as the prefix trick.[20] Examples: - No object:
Qong sleep → jIQong I sleep - Subject and object:
nob give → Dunob It gives (to) you - Imperative:
laD read → yIlaD Read it
Suffixes Type 1 (reflexive/reciprocal) This type of suffix forms reflexive verbs. There are two suffixes. - The reflexive suffix
-ʼegh indicates that the individual subject(s) does/do the action to her/him/itself//themselves.[21]
jIlegh I see → jIleghʼegh I see myself maʼang We reveal → maʼangʼegh We reveal ourselves (individually) - The reciprocal suffix
-chuq indicates that the individual subjects do the action to each other.[22] Intransitive verbs cannot take this suffix.
Sulegh You(pl) see → Suleghchuq You(pl) see each other Type 2 (volition/necessity) This type of suffix deals with the subject's volition. There are five suffixes. - The suffix
-nIS indicates that the subject is required to or has the necessity to complete the action.
chojaʼ You tell me → chojaʼnIS You need to tell me - The suffix
-qang indicates that the subject is willing to perform the action.
lungev They sell it → lungevqang They are willing to sell it - The suffix
-rup indicates the subject is prepared to complete the action.
ghuʼ poj He/She analyzes the situation → ghuʼ pojrup He/She is ready to analyze the situation - The suffix
-beH indicates that the subject has been set up to complete the action. -beH is used with devices, whereas -rup is used with beings.[22]
nagh poj It analyzes the rock → nagh pojbeH It is ready to analyze the rock - The suffix
-vIp indicates that the subject is afraid to do the action.[23]
bIQub You think → bIQubvIp You are afraid to think Type 3 (inceptive/inchoative) This type of suffix describes the action of the verb. There are two suffixes. - The suffix
-choH indicates a change of state to that indicated by the verb:
yIt He/she/it walks → yItchoH He/she/it starts walking Doq It is red → DoqchoH It becomes red - The suffix
-qaʼ indicates the action had been stopped, but is now resuming, or that the action is being performed again.[23]
yIQIj Explain it → yIQIjqaʼ Re-explain it Type 4 (causative) There is only one suffix in this category, the causative suffix -moH . This suffix indicates that the subject is causing the object to do something. If the verb to which it is added is transitive, the object becomes the indirect object. Many Klingon words are derived this way. For example, the verb clean (SayʼmoH ) is derived from the verb be clean (Sayʼ ).[24] Intransitive verb: poS lojmIt.
The door is open.
Causative form: lojmIt poSmoH ghot.
lojmIt | | poS | - | moH | | ghot | door | | be open | + | causative | | person |
The person caused the door to be open.
The person opened the door.
Transitive verb: paq Danej.
paq | Da | - | nej | book | you-it | + | look for |
You look for the book.
You look/are looking for the book.
Causative form: paq qanejmoH
paq | qa | - | nej | - | moH | book | I-you | + | look for | + | causative |
I caused you to look for the book.
I made you look for the book.
Type 5 (undefined subject; capability) {{anchor|-lu7}}There are two unrelated suffixes in this group. The suffix -luʼ indicates an undefined subject.[24] The verb prefixes that are normally used for first or second person subject with third person singular object are used to indicate first or second person object. The suffix {{nowrap|-laH }} indicates that the subject is capable of performing the action of the verb.[24]Examples: much bejluʼ much | bej | - | luʼ | presentation | watch | + | indefinite subject |
the presentation is watched, someone watches the presentation [25] much bej He/she watches the presentation vItlhaʼluʼ vI | - | tlhaʼ | - | luʼ | I-it | + | chase | + | indefinite subject |
I am chased, someone chases me vItlhaʼ I chase it vIbomlaH vI | - | bom | - | laH | I-it | + | sing | + | able to |
I can sing it Type 6 (perfection; uncertainty) This type indicates the speaker's opinion of the action of the verb. There are four suffixes. - {{anchor|-chu7}} The suffix
-chuʼ indicates that the speaker considers the action is done in the best possible manner.
pIQoy we hear you → pIQoychuʼ we hear you clearly - The suffix
-bej indicates that the speaker is completely sure the action is occurring.
bInep you lie → bInepbej you definitely lie - The dubitative suffix
-lawʼ indicates that the speaker thinks the action is occurring, but is not sure.[26]
luyaj they understand it → luyajlawʼ they seem to understand it - The suffix
-baʼ indicates that the speaker thinks that it is obvious that the action is occurring.[27]
lupar they dislike it → luparbaʼ they obviously dislike it Type 7 (aspect) This type indicates the verb's aspect. There are four Type 7 suffixes. Note that aspect is different from tense and independent of it. A "completed" event (perfective aspect, -puʼ or -taʼ ) can just as easily be set before, during, or after the time of description (past, present, or future tense), or unspecified for tense. For simplicity, this section says "is completed", not "was, is, or will be completed." (Do not confusive perfective aspect with "perfectly done".) - The perfective suffix
-puʼ indicates that, in the time context of the sentence, the action is completed.
qaS It occurs → qaSpuʼ It has occurred vIghor I break it → vIghorpuʼ I broke it - The suffix
-taʼ also indicates that the action is completed, and further specifies that it was done on purpose.[28]
Qu' tur She carries out the mission → Qu' turtaʼ She has carried out the mission vIghor I break it → vIghortaʼ I broke it (on purpose) - The suffix
-taH indicate that the verb is occurring continuously.
jItlhuH I breathe → jItlhuHtaH I keep breathing - The suffix
-lIʼ indicate that the verb is occurring continuously, but that it has a definite ending point.[29]
vISop I eat it → vISoplIʼ I am eating it (when eating something where there is a definite end point) The perfective aspect can also be indicated by the use of the verb form rIntaH after the main verb. This carries the connotation of irreversibility.[29] ghorluʼ rIntaH It has been broken (and it cannot be mended) Type 8 (honorific) There is only one suffix in this group, the honorific suffix -neS . It is used when addressing any type of superior, be it social, political, or military, and only when being very polite or having high regard for that person. It is never required.[30] -neS : qaqIH I meet you → qaqIHneS I am honoured to meet you Type 9 (syntactic) Eleven suffixes specify syntactic roles in the sentence. Nominalizers Two suffixes form specific types of noun from a verb. - {{anchor|-wi7}} The suffix
-wIʼ is used to form words for persons and things that do something, much as English nouns of the form X-er can mean either "person who does X" (listener, baker) or "thing that does X" (screwdriver, sprinkler).[17]
ʼIj listen → ʼIjwIʼ listener woch be tall → wochwIʼ tall person or tall thing - The suffix
-ghach is used as a nominalizer for verbs ending in suffixes, which otherwise are unable to be nominalized. This suffix is usually used with other suffixes and is rarely found alone with the verb stem.[31][32]
QallaH be able to swim → QallaHghach the ability to swim pIvchoH become healthy → pIvchoHghach becoming healthy Modals These two suffixes inflect the verb in specific grammatical moods. - The interrogative suffix
-ʼaʼ is used to form yes–no questions.[17]
bIqal you are corrupt → bIqalʼaʼ? Are you corrupt? - The optative suffix
-jaj is used to indicate a wish or desire of the speaker.[27]
bIQap You succeed → bIQapjaj May you succeed Subordinators The following seven suffixes are used to form subordinate clauses. A subordinate clause may go after or before the clause it modifies.[33] Time- The suffix
-paʼ indicates that the event described in the main clause occurs chronologically before the event of this clause.
jItlheDpaʼ, HIboQ Before I depart, assist me (jItlheD I depart, HIboQ assist me) - The suffix
-vIS indicates that the main clause is occurring at the same time as this clause. It is always used in conjunction with the type-7 suffix continuous suffix -taH .
lumtaHvIS, pagh taʼ He accomplishes nothing while he procrastinates (lum procrastinate, taʼ accomplish, pagh nothing) - The suffix
-DIʼ indicates that the event of the main clause occurs immediately after the event of this clause is completed.
jImej chocholDIʼ As soon as you approach me, I leave (jImej I leave, chochol you approach me) Cause and effect- The suffix
-chugh is used to form conditionals.[30]
DaSamlaHchugh, DaSuqlaH If you can find it, you can take it (DaSamlaH you can find it, DaSuqlaH you can acquire (take) it) - The suffix
-moʼ indicates the main clause is occurring because of this clause.[27]
bIʼIlmoʼ, qavoq Because you are sincere, I trust you
(bIʼIl you are sincere, qavoq I trust you) (Relative and purpose clauses)- The suffix
-bogh is used in relative clauses. Their usage is covered in the relative clauses section. - The suffix
-meH is used in purpose clauses.[17] Their usage is covered in the purpose clauses section.
Rovers This type of suffix is known as a lengwIʼ in Klingon, which is translated as rover (leng wander + wIʼ ). There are four rovers. These suffixes have no defined position, and can go after the verb stem or after any suffix – even another rover – except after a type-9 suffix or where the result would be meaningless. They modify whatever directly precedes them. - The rover suffix
-beʼ negates what precedes it but in the imperative mood -Qoʼ is used.[34]
wInaD We praise it → wInaDbeʼ We do not praise it boʼollaH You are able to verify it → boʼollaHbeʼ You are not able to verify it - {{anchor|-Qo7}} The rover suffix
-Qoʼ negates what precedes it in the imperative mood. In the indicative mood it indicates refusal by the subject. It can only be used between verb suffixes of Type 8 and Type 9.[35]
yIQIp Be stupid → yIQIpQoʼ don't be stupid vIlon I abandon it → vIlonQoʼ I refuse to abandon it - The rover suffix
-quʼ emphasises what precedes it.[36]
mejqang He is willing to leave → mejqangquʼ He is really willing to leave - The rover suffix
-Haʼ reverses what precedes it; that is, it indicates that the opposite of what precedes it is being done, or that the action is being undone.[35] If used on a verb that cannot be undone and has no meaningful opposite, it means to perform the action wrongly, not in the proper way, somewhat like the English prefix mis- in misspeak, mistype, misspell, etc. Unlike the other rovers, it can be placed only just after the stem; its classification in the rover category is attributed to the insistence of fictional Klingon grammarians.[37]
yIchuʼ Activate it → yIchuʼHaʼ De-activate it boloʼ you (plural) use it → boloʼHaʼ you (pl.) misuse it bIQuch You are happy → bIQuchHaʼ You are unhappy The position of the rover suffixes affects the meaning of the word. Contrast luSoplaH They are able to eat it luSoplaHbeʼ They are not able to eat it luSopbeʼlaH They are able to not eat it (In context, possibly equivalent to They can refuse to eat it)
luSopbeʼlaHbeʼ They are not able to not eat it (In context, possibly equivalent to They cannot refuse to eat it)
Pronouns and copulaKlingon has no verb that corresponds to the verb to be; the concept is expressed using a different grammatical construction. Pronouns can be used as verbs that act as the pronoun plus the verb to be. The pronoun can take verb suffixes, which then modify the pronoun like any other verb. A third-person subject that is not a pronoun must go after the pronoun-verb and carry the type-5 noun suffix -ʼeʼ [38] Pronouns[39] | 1st-person singular | 2nd-person singular | 3rd-person singular | 1st-person plural | 2nd-person plural | 3rd-person plural | Capable of using language | jIH | SoH | ghaH | maH | tlhIH | chaH |
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Not capable of using language | ʼoH | bIH |
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Examples: -
qonwI' tlhIH You are composers -
ghojwIʼ ghaH HaDwIʼʼeʼ A studier is a learner
Adjectives Klingon does not have adjectives as a distinct part of speech. Instead, many intransitive verbs can be used as adjectives, in which case they follow the noun they modify. Contrast (wep coat, and yIQ be wet) wep yIQ the wet coat with yIQ wep. The coat is wet. In this construction, the only verbal suffixes allowed are rover suffixes such as -quʼ and -Haʼ .[40] Type-5 noun suffixes that would normally be attached to the noun are instead attached to the adjectival verb:[41] -
paʼDaq
in the room -
paʼ tInDaq
in the big room (tIn big) Adverbs Adverbs are usually placed at the beginning of the sentence,[2] but time adverbs go before other adverbs.[42] wa'leS ghaytan nujatlh. wa'les | ghaytan | nu | - | jatlh | tomorrow | likely | they-us | + | speak |
They will probably speak to us tomorrow. Adverbs can take the rover suffix -Haʼ to denote the opposite adverbial.[43] -
Doʼ
fortunately -
DoʼHaʼ
unfortunately ConjunctionsKlingon has seven conjunctions, and they are different for nouns and for sentences. The noun conjunctions are je for a logical conjunction, joq for a logical disjunction and ghap for an exclusive disjunction. Noun conjunctions go after the nouns they connect. Sentence conjunctions are ʼej for a logical conjunction, qoj for a logical disjunction and pagh for an exclusive disjunction. ʼach (or ʼa ) but is used to contrast sentences.[11] Clauses Relative clauses In a relative clause, the verb has the type-9 verb suffix -bogh added to it.[44] The order of the words in relative clauses remains the same as in regular clauses, but the head noun may optionally get the type-5 suffix -ʼeʼ added.[45] chuS Saj ngevbogh ghotʼeʼ. chuS | Saj | ngev | - | bogh | ghot | - | -ʼeʼ | to be noisy | pet | sell | + | relative | person | + | focus |
The person who sells the pet is noisy chuS Sajʼeʼ ngevbogh ghot. chuS | Saj | + | -ʼeʼ | ngev | - | bogh | ghot | be noisy | pet | + | focus | sell | relative | person |
The pet which the person sells is noisy Since there is already a type-5 noun suffix marking the head noun, nothing other than the subject or the object can be marked as head noun. Two sentences are formed instead to form the same idea. Relative clauses can have nouns with type 5 suffixes as modifiers, but it can be ambiguous as they can be misinterpreted as being part of the main sentence.[45] Purpose clauses A purpose clause expresses the reason or goal of the action of the main clause. If it is modifying a noun it states the purpose of the noun. A purpose clause always goes before the clause or noun it modifies.[44] This is the cause of some grammatical ambiguity in Klingon, as a -meH modifying a noun at the beginning of a sentence can be misinterpreted as modifying the entire sentence. This can be resolved in writing with punctuation.[45] -
-meH with sentence: jumISmoHmeH, jutoj
ju | - | mIS | - | moH | - | meH, | ju | - | toj | you-us | + | be confused | + | causative | - | purpose | you-us | + | trick |
You tricked us in order to confuse us. -
-meH with nouns: QaQ vIDubmeH qechlIj
QaQ | vI | - | Dub | - | meH | qech | - | lIj | be good | I-it | + | improve | + | purpose | idea | + | your |
Your idea [for I improve it] is good Your idea on how I should improve it is good/Your idea for improving it is good. Comparatives In this section, noun phrases are indicated by the abbreviation NP, and adjectives by A. Klingon comparatives mainly rely on adjectives like lawʼ (to be many), puS (to be few), rap (to be the same), and rur (to resemble, to be like) to contrast the nouns. However, many (but not all) of the comparatives have unusual word orders that don't parse as regular Klingon sentences. - The main Klingon comparative structure is NP1 A
lawʼ NP2 A puS . The general meaning of this construction is "NP1 is more A than NP2".
qachvam chuʼ lawʼ juHlIj chu' puS. This building is newer than your home. (chuʼ be new, qachvam this building, juHlIj your home) literally: this-building new many – home-your new few - The structure NP1 A
lawʼ Hoch A puS is used to form superlatives, i.e. "NP1 has the most of quality A (= has more of quality A than anything/one else has)". (Hoch = all, everyone, everything)
qIDvetlh tlhaQ law' Hoch tlhaQ puS. That joke is the funniest. (tlhaQ be funny, qIDvetlh that joke) literally: joke-that funny many – everything funny few - The inverse structure,
Hoch A lawʼ NP1 A puS is used to indicate "NP1 has the least of quality A".[44]
Hoch quv lawʼ verengnan quv puS. Ferengi are the least honorable. (quv be honorable, verengnan Ferengi) literally: everyone honorable many – Ferengi honorable few - The structure A NP1; NP2
rur is used to form similes: "NP1 is A; he/she/it resembles NP2".
ʼIQ rav rur. He is as sad as a floor.[46] (ʼIQ be sad; he is sad, rav floor, rur to resemble; he resembles) literally: he is sad; he is like a floor QuestionsA yes–no question in Klingon can be formed by adding the suffix {{nowrap|-ʼaʼ }} to the regular form. The word for yes is HISlaH or HIjaʼ and the word for no is ghobeʼ .[38] Interrogative pronouns go where the answer would normally go, and don't reorder the sentence. Interrogative adverbs go at the beginning of the sentence.[47] NumbersKlingon uses a base-10 system to count numbers. To form a multiple of 10, 100, 1000, 1000000, the word for the multiple of ten is suffixed to the digit. For example. chorghmaH is a combination of the word chorgh eight and the number forming suffix {{nowrap|-maH }} ten. Larger powers go before smaller powers: chorghmaH Soch is eight-ten seven. The number suffix {{nowrap|-DIch }} is used to form ordinal numbers, and the number suffix {{nowrap|-logh }} indicates how many times an action has been repeated: loSDIch fourth, waʼmaH chaʼlogh twelve times.[48] 10 | -maH | 100 | -vatlh |
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1 000 | -SaD | -SanID |
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10 000 | -netlh |
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100 000 | -bIp |
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1 000 000 | -ʼuyʼ |
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0 | pagh | 5 | vagh | 1 | waʼ | 6 | jav |
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2 | chaʼ | 7 | Soch |
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3 | wej | 8 | chorgh |
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4 | loS | 9 | Hut |
---|
{{clear}}Notes1. ^Okrand 1992, p.59 2. ^1 Okrand 1992, p.56. Note exception neH only, merely from p.56 and jayʼ (swear word) from p.177. 3. ^Okrand 1992, p.180 4. ^Okrand 1992, p.66. Note exception neH want 5. ^Okrand 2011 6. ^1 Okrand 1992, p.22 7. ^Okrand 1992, p.29 8. ^1 Okrand 1992, p.21 9. ^Okrand 1992, p.174 10. ^Okrand 1992, p.23 11. ^1 Okrand 1992, p.55 12. ^Okrand 1992, p.24 13. ^1 Okrand 1992, p.25 14. ^Okrand 1992, p.26 15. ^1 Okrand 1992, p.27 16. ^Okrand 1992, p.28 17. ^1 2 3 Okrand 1992, p.44 18. ^1 2 Okrand 1992, p.33 19. ^Okrand 1992, p.52 20. ^{{cite web |url=http://klingonska.org/canon/1997-06-29a-news.txt |title=Re: Some quick questions... |last=Okrand |first=Marc |last2=Schermerhorn |first2=Neal|date=29 June 1997 |accessdate= 5 July 2013}} 21. ^Okrand 1992, p.35 22. ^1 Okrand 1992, p.36 23. ^1 Okrand 1992, p.37 24. ^1 2 Okrand 1992, p.38 25. ^-luʼ is not the same thing as the passive voice. -luʼ makes the subject indefinite, and keeps the object where it would be if it had a subject. Unlike the passive voice, it does not make the subject the patient of the verb, except when using the verb prefixes 26. ^Okrand 1992, p.40 27. ^1 2 Okrand 1992, p.175 28. ^Okrand 1992, p.41 29. ^1 Okrand 1992, p.42 30. ^1 Okrand 1992, p.43 31. ^{{cite journal |last1 = Okrand |first1 = Marc |last2 = Schoen |first2 = Lawrence M. |date=September 1994 |title= Interview: Okrand on -ghach |journal = HolQeD |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=10–13 |publisher = Klingon Language Institute |publication-place = Flourtown, Pennsylvania}} 32. ^Okrand 1992, p.176 33. ^Okrand 1992, p.62 34. ^Okrand 1992, p.46 35. ^1 Okrand 1992, p.47 36. ^Okrand 1992, p.48 37. ^Okrand 1992, p.49 38. ^1 Okrand 1992, p.68 39. ^Okrand 1992, p.51 40. ^Okrand 1992, p.49, says only -quʼ , but later canon examples expand the set, for example ngaDHaʼ in Okrand 1997, p.150 41. ^Okrand 1992, p.50 42. ^Okrand 1992, p.179 43. ^{{cite journal |last1 = Okrand |first1 = Marc |date=December 1995 |title= More from Maltz |journal = HolQeD |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=11 |publisher = Klingon Language Institute |publication-place = Flourtown, Pennsylvania}} 44. ^1 2 Okrand 1992, p.64 45. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last1 = Okrand |first1 = Marc |last2 = Schoen |first2 = Lawrence M. |date=June 1995 |title= Interview: Okrand on -bogh and more |journal = HolQeD |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=5–6 |publisher = Klingon Language Institute |publication-place = Flourtown, Pennsylvania}} 46. ^Native Klingon Simile from {{cite book |last=Okrand |first=Marc |authorlink=Marc Okrand |title=Klingon for the Galactic Traveller |publisher=Pocket Books |isbn=978-0671009953 |page=134}} 47. ^Okrand 1992, p.69 48. ^Okrand 1992, p.53-55
Sources- {{cite book|last=Okrand|first=Marc|authorlink=Marc Okrand|title=The Klingon Dictionary, 2nd Edition|publisher=Pocket Books|year=1992|isbn=978-0671745592}}
- Okrand, Marc. paq'batlh. uitgeverij. 2011.
References{{reflist|30em}}{{Star Trek}}{{Constructed languages|state=expanded}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Klingon grammar}} 3 : Grammars of specific languages|Klingon language|Grammars of constructed languages |