| 词条 | School of Nisibis |
| 释义 |
The School of Nisibis ({{lang-syr|ܐܣܟܘܠܐ ܕܢܨܝܒܝܢ}}), for a time absorbed into the School of Edessa, was an educational establishment in Nisibis (now Nusaybin, Turkey). It was an important spiritual centre of the early Church of the East, and like the Academy of Gondishapur, it is sometimes referred to as the world's first university.[1][2][3] The school had three primary departments teaching: theology, philosophy and medicine. Its most famous teacher was Narsai, formerly head of the School of Edessa. The school was founded in 350 in Nisibis. In 363, when Nisibis fell to the Persians, St. Ephrem the Syrian, accompanied by a number of teachers, left the school. They went to the School of Edessa, where Ephrem took over the directorship of the school there. It had been founded as long ago as the 2nd century by the kings of the Abgar dynasty. When Ephrem took over the school, its importance grew still further.[4] After the Nestorian Schism, when the Byzantine emperor Zeno ordered the school closed for its teachings of Nestorian doctrine, deemed heretical by Chalcedonian Christianity, the School moved back to Nisibis. Early historyThe school was founded around 350 by Jacob of Nisibis (Mar Yaqub). Its model was the school of Diodorus of Tarsus in Antioch. It was an ideal location for a Syriac school: in the centre of the Syriac-speaking world but still in the Roman Empire, which had just embraced Christianity. Most of Mesopotamia was under Sassanid Persian rule, which was still trying to revive the ancient Zoroastrian religion. Exile to EdessaThe Persians soon gained Nisibis, in 363, and the school was moved westward to an existing school in Edessa, Mesopotamia, where it was known as the 'School of the Persians' (Eskuli d-Forsoye/Eskuli d-Parsaye in Edessan Aramaic/Syriac). There, under the leadership of Ephrem, it gained fame well beyond the borders of the Syriac speaking world. Meanwhile, in Antioch, Theodore of Mopsuestia had taken over the school of Diodorus, and his writings soon became the foundation of Syriac theology. Even during his lifetime, they were translated into Syriac and gradually replaced the work of Ephrem. One of his most famous students was Nestorius, who became Patriarch of Constantinople, but the doctrine he was preaching made him run afoul of Cyril of Alexandria. Cyril sought to brand Nestorius as a heretic, and at the First Council of Ephesus in 431, he had Nestorius formally censured. The resulting conflict led to the Nestorian Schism, which separated the Church of the East from the Western Byzantine form of Christianity. The opponents of Nestorius attacked Theodore's School of Diodorus as well, and the Syrians answered by giving protection to the followers of Nestorius. In 489, the Byzantine emperor, Zeno, ordered the school closed for its Nestorian tendencies, and it returned to Nisibis.[5] Centre of Syriac theologyBack in Nisibis, the school became even more famous. It attracted students from all the Syriac churches, many of its students embodied important church offices, and its teaching was normative. The exegetical methods of the school followed the tradition of Antioch: strictly literal, controlled by pure grammatical-historical analysis. The work of Theodore was central to the theological teaching, and men like Abraham of Beth Rabban, who headed the school during the middle of the 6th century, spent great effort to make his work as accessible as possible. The writings of Nestorius himself were added to the curriculum only about 530. At the end of the 6th century, the school went through a theological crisis, when its director Henana of Adiabene tried to replace Theodore with his own doctrine, which followed Origen. Babai the Great (551-628), who was the unofficial head of the Church at that time and involved in reviving the strict Syrian monastic movement, refuted him. In the process, he wrote the normative Christology of the Church of the East, based on Theodore of Mopsuestia. A small sampling of Babai's work is available in English translation.[6] The Book of Union is his principal surviving work on Christology. In it, he explains that Christ has two qnome (essences), which are unmingled and eternally united in one parsopa (personality). That, not Nestorianism, is the teaching of the Church of the East.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} Influence on the WestThe fame of this theological seminary was so great that Pope Agapetus I and Cassiodorus wished to found one in Italy of a similar kind. The troubled times prevented their wishes from being realized, but Cassiodorus's monastery at Vivarium was inspired by the example of Nisibis that he had learned from the Quaestor Junillus during his time in Constantinople.[7] See also{{Portal|Syriac Christianity}}
References1. ^{{cite book|title=The Clash of Ideologies|author=Jonsson, David J.|year=2002|page=181|publisher=Xulon Press|isbn=978-1-59781-039-5}} 2. ^{{cite book|title=The politically incorrect guide to Islam (and the Crusades)|author=Spencer, Robert|page=91|isbn=978-0-89526-013-0|year=2005|publisher=Regnery Publishing}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/library/articles/monastic-life-in-the-syrian-orthodox-church-of-antioch|title=MONASTIC LIFE IN THE SYRIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH OF ANTIOCH|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728080135/http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/library/articles/monastic-life-in-the-syrian-orthodox-church-of-antioch|archivedate=2011-07-28|df=}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/library/articles/monastic-life-in-the-syrian-orthodox-church-of-antioch|title=MONASTIC LIFE IN THE SYRIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH OF ANTIOCH|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728080135/http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/library/articles/monastic-life-in-the-syrian-orthodox-church-of-antioch|archivedate=2011-07-28|df=}} 5. ^{{cite book | last=Foster| first= John| year=1939| title=The Church of the T'ang Dynasty| publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge| location=Great Britain| pages=31 |quote=The school was twice closed, in 431 and 489}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cired.org/faith/bawai.html |title=Bawai the Great Speaks Concerning Faith |accessdate=October 9, 2006|publisher=cired.org|format=archive.org mirror |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061009222658/http://www.cired.org/faith/bawai.html |archivedate = October 9, 2006}} 7. ^M.L.W. Laistner, Thought and Letters in Western Europe: A.D. 500 to 900 second edition (Ithaca: Cornell University, 1957), p. 96 Bibliography
8 : Church of the East|Educational institutions established in the 4th century|Osroene|Nestorianism|Christian terminology|History of Christianity in Turkey|Religious academies in Babylon|Christian schools |
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