| 词条 | Kolobeng Mission |
| 释义 |
| name = Kolobeng Mission | native_name = | native_language = | locmapin = Botswana | map_relief = yes | map_caption = Location of Kolobeng Mission in Botswana | coordinates = {{coord|-24.65470|25.66550|region:BW-KW_type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | location = Kumakwane, Kweneng, Botswana | area = | elevation = {{convert|1030|m|ft}} | height = | built = 1847 | built_for = David Livingstone | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = Department of National Museum and Monuments }}{{Quote box |title = |quote = Indeed, not ten inches of water fell during these two years, and the Kolobeng ran dry; so many fish were killed that the hyaenas from the whole country round collected to the feast, and were unable to finish the putrid masses. A large old alligator, which had never been known to commit any depredations, was found left high and dry in the mud among the victims. |source = David Livingstone on the drought between 1848–1849 |width = 240px |quoted = true }} Kolobeng Mission (also known as the Livingstone Memorial), built in 1847, the third and final mission of David Livingstone, a missionary and explorer of Africa. Located in the country of Botswana, {{convert|3|km|mi}} west of Kumakwane and {{convert|25|km|mi}} west of Gaborone off the Thamaga-Kanye Road, the mission housed a church and a school and was also the home of David Livingstone, his wife Mary Livingstone, and their children. While here, Livingstone converted Sechele I, kgosi of the Bakwena and taught them irrigation methods using the nearby Kolobeng River.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} A drought began in 1848, and the Bakwena blamed the natural disaster on Livingstone's presence. In 1852, Boer farmers attacked the tribes in the area, including the Bakwena at Kolobeng in the Battle of Dimawe. This prompted the Livingstones to leave Kolobeng, and the mission was abandoned. A fence was installed around the site in 1935, and the mission is now preserved by the Department of National Museum and Monuments under Botswana's Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism.{{citation needed|date=September 2017}} HistoryBefore David Livingstone arrived in Kolobeng, he was first assigned to a London Missionary Society mission in Kuruman in present-day South Africa in 1841.[1] He met Sechele I, leader of the Bakwena, while stationed in Kuruman. He later moved to Chonuane with the Bakwena and stayed there for a year. A drought occurred, and Livingstone convinced Sechele that rainmaking would not end the drought, and that the only way to water their crops was to "select some good, never-failing river, make a canal, and irrigate the adjacent lands".[1] They chose the Kolobeng River {{convert|40|mi|km}} away and immediately moved there. At their new location, the Bakwena built a dam and canal from the river as well as a school while Livingstone built Sechele's house, taught the clan how to irrigate fields, and practised Western medicine. Livingstone stated that their attempt at living at Kolobeng "succeeded admirably".[1] However, after the first year, a drought caused the river to run dry. Livingstone reported that the temperature of the soil in the sun {{convert|3|in|cm}} below the surface at noon reached {{convert|134|F|C}}.[1] Livingstone's fourth child, Elizabeth, died two months after being born during the drought and was buried at Kolobeng.[2] During the drought, the Bakwena, seeing that other tribes in the area were receiving rain, asked Livingstone to produce rain, but, while he sympathized, he tried to stop their rainmaking rituals and requested that they focus more on praying to God. Sechele's uncle had this to say about Livingstone and his response: {{quote|We like you as well as if you had been born among us; you are the only white man we can become familiar with (thoaela); but we wish you to give up that everlasting preaching and praying; we can not become familiar with that at all. You see we never get rain, while those tribes who never pray as we do obtain abundance.[1]}} In 1852, the Battle of Dimawe occurred. Boer farmers raided the settlement, stealing cattle, wagons, and women, but through the command of Sechele, the Bakwena successfully defended their settlement.[3] The raid and the ongoing drought caused unrest among the Bakwena so they left the settlement. Livingstone also left the mission for Cape Town to restock for his future travels further inland while his wife and children returned to England. Present-dayThe site sat unattended until 1935 when a doctor from the Scottish Livingstone Hospital in Molepolole built a fence around the mission. Today, only the remnants of the irrigation system and the foundations of the buildings remain.[4] LegacyIn honour of the 200th anniversary of David Livingstone's birth, a play, I Knew A Man Called Livingstone, was created. The play is told through the eyes of the African people whom he met during his travels, and part of the play focuses on his time spent at Kolobeng.[5] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|last=Livingstone |first=David |title=Missionary travels and researches in South Africa |url=http://www.thuto.org/ubh/etext/mtrav/liv01.htm |accessdate=13 June 2013 |authorlink=David Livingstone |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6HL1BzVuG?url=http://www.thuto.org/ubh/etext/mtrav/liv01.htm |archivedate=13 June 2013 |year=1857 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 2. ^{{cite web|last=Heidenreich |first=Marion |title=Kolobeng |url=http://www.afrika-reisefuehrer.de/botswana/html/kolobeng.html |publisher=Nyala Tours |accessdate=13 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6HL587Jya?url=http://www.afrika-reisefuehrer.de/botswana/html/kolobeng.html |archivedate=13 June 2013 |location=Stadthagen, Germany |language=German |deadurl=yes |df= }} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=7&aid=1242&dir=2012/June/Friday22 |date=22 June 2012 |last=Legodimo |first=Chippa |work=Arts & Culutre |accessdate=13 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/690XtIWUh?url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=7 |archivedate= 8 July 2012 |publisher=Mmegi |title=How the Battle of Dimawe shaped Botswana |deadurl=yes |df= }} 4. ^{{cite web|title=Livingstone Memorial – Kolobeng Botswana, Livingstone Safari Botswana|url=http://www.botswanatravelguide.com/botswana/livingstone-memorial|publisher=Botswana Travel Guide|accessdate=13 June 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091122002247/http://www.botswanatravelguide.com/botswana/livingstone-memorial|dead-url=yes|archivedate=22 November 2009}} 5. ^{{cite web|last=McVicar |first=Ewan |title=I Knew A Man Called Livingstone: Education resource pack |url=http://www.tototales.co.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Education-pack_I-Knew-a-Man-Called-Livingstone-1.pdf |publisher=Toto Tales |accessdate=13 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6HL7MWHc3?url=http://www.tototales.co.uk/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Education-pack_I-Knew-a-Man-Called-Livingstone-1.pdf |archivedate=13 June 2013 |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |df= }} External links
8 : Christian missions in Africa|Defunct Christian schools|Monuments and memorials in Botswana|1847 establishments in Africa|Religious buildings completed in 1847|Archaeological sites in Botswana|Christian schools in Botswana|Churches in Botswana |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。