| 释义 |
- Dams
- Peak generation
- References
- Further reading
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{{Infobox dam
| name = Koma Kulshan Hydroelectric Project
| name_official = Koma Kulshan Project
| image = Koma Kulshan Project map.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_caption = Image of project on Mount Baker as seen from space: red dot is powerhouse, green dot is dam(s). Bellingham on the upper left side of frame, Lake Shannon on lower right.
| image_alt =
| location_map = Washington
| location_map_size = 300
| location_map_caption =
| location_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|48.6802|N|121.7233|W|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = United States
| location = Mount Baker National Forest in Whatcom County, Washington
| purpose = Hydroelectricity
| status = Operational
| construction_began = 1989[1]
| opening = October 1990
| cost =
| owner = Covanta Energy and Atlantic Power
| operator = Puget Sound Energy
| dam_type =
| dam_crosses = Sulphur Creek, Rocky Creek
| dam_length = Rocky Creek Dam: {{convert|18|ft}}
Sulphur Creek Dam: {{convert|15|ft}}
| dam_height = Rocky Creek Dam: {{convert|32|ft}}
Sulphur Creek Dam: {{convert|37|ft}}
| plant_name = Koma Kulshan powerhouse
| plant_coordinates = {{coord|48.6802|N|121.7233|W}}
| plant_operator = Puget Sound Energy
| plant_commission = 1990
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type = R
| plant_hydraulic_head = c. {{convert|1600|ft|abbr=on}}
| plant_turbines = 1 x Sulzer Escher Wyss Pelton wheel
| plant_capacity = 13.3 MW @ maximum flow {{convert|120|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| plant_capacity_factor = 38.6% (2009-2010)[2]
| plant_annual_gen = 45,000,000 kWh (10/1/2009–9/30/2010[2])
| website = {{url|www.atlanticpower.com/koma-kulshan}}
| extra =
}}The Koma Kulshan Project is a 13.3 MW run-of-the-river hydroelectric generation facility on the slopes of Mount Baker, a stratovolcano in Washington state's North Cascades. The project commenced commercial operation in October 1990,[4][5][6] and is owned by a Covanta Energy–Atlantic Power joint venture. It supplies Puget Sound Energy via a Power Supply Agreement (PSA) contract.[4][8] Its single turbine is a Pelton wheel supplied by Sulzer Escher Wyss.[9] Located in the Mount Baker National Forest, it is one of six Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)-licensed small hydro installations on Federal Government land in Washington state.[10][11] Koma Kulshan is the name of Mount Baker in the Lummi dialect.[12]{{rp|241}} DamsIntakes are located at diversion dams on the Rocky Creek and Sulphur Creek tributaries of Lake Shannon. A {{convert|42|-|45|inch|adj=on}} diameter, {{convert|19250|ft|adj=on}} long penstock carries water from a bifurcation ({{coord|48.6914|-121.7919|type:landmark|name=Penstock head}}, {{convert|2750|ft}} a.s.l.) to the powerhouse.[ Water is discharged from the powerhouse through a short run on Sandy Creek to Baker Lake.[11][10][16][17] Up to {{convert|120|cuft/s}} is diverted to the powerhouse.[18][19]{{rp|3–16}}] {{vanchor|Rocky Creek Dam}} ({{coord|48.6849|-121.8065|type:landmark|name=Rocky Creek diversion dam}}) is {{convert|18|ft}} high, {{convert|32|ft}} long at {{convert|2770|ft}} a.s.l.[{{vanchor|Sulphur Creek Dam}} ({{coord| 48.6928|-121.7928|type:landmark|name=Sulphur Creek diversion dam}}) is {{convert|15|ft}} high, {{convert|37|ft}} long at {{convert|2755|ft}} a.s.l.]Diversion of the creek affected the appearance of Upper and Middle Sulphur Creek Falls.[22][23] Peak generation{{see|Washington (state)#Climate|inline=yes}}Power generation peaks in May through July coinciding with snowmelt, and has a smaller peak in November coinciding with the wet season.[2] References1. ^1 {{citation|title=Kulshan site|work=Power Plants Around the World|type=Website|editor=Christopher Bergesen|location=Bethesda, Maryland|url=http://www.industcards.com/hydro-usa-wa.htm|accessdate=2015-07-08}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=Koma Kulshan|url=http://www.atlanticpower.com/koma-kulshan|publisher=Atlantic Power Corporation|accessdate=8 July 2015}}
3. ^1 2 {{citation|title=Koma Kulshan site|publisher=Global Energy Observatory|year=c. 2006|url=http://globalenergyobservatory.org/geoid/954}}
4. ^1 2 Micro hydro at Virtual Nuclear Tourist
5. ^1 Covanta Energy sustainability report 2009/2010
6. ^1 Renewable Resources Development Report California Energy Commission, State of California, November 2003, principal authors: Ann Peterson, Pamela Doughman, Todd Lieberg
7. ^1 {{citation|title=Northwest Regional Forecast of Power Loads and Resources August 2007 – July 2017|publisher=Pacific Northwest Utilities Conference Committee (PNUCC)|location=Portland, Oregon|date=April 2007|via=efsec.wa.gov|url=http://www.efsec.wa.gov/PMEC/Adjudication/Prefile%20Applicant%20testimony/Krueger/Exhibit%20(TWK-2).pdf}}
8. ^1 {{citation|publisher=Washington Department of Ecology|title=Water quality certification, Koma Kulshan project|date=September 16, 1986|url=http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/ferc/existingcerts/komakulshanpjct401.pdf}}
9. ^1 2 3 {{citation|publisher=Koma Kulshan Associates|via=FERC|title=Power generation statement|date=October 22, 2010|url=http://elibrary.ferc.gov/idmws/common/opennat.asp?fileID=12473883}}
10. ^1 {{citation|url=http://elibrary.ferc.gov/idmws/common/opennat.asp?fileID=13751927|title=Site map|publisher=Hydrokinetics|date=September 8, 1980|via=FERC}}. Note: Site map shows two unbuilt diversion dams on Dillard Creek and Sandy Creek, and does not match as-built configuration of penstock.
11. ^1 {{citation|title=Upper Sulphur Creek Falls|author=Bryan Swan|work=Northwest Waterfall Survey|url=http://www.waterfallsnorthwest.com/nws/falls.php?num=5560|accessdate=2015-07-08}}
12. ^1 {{citation|title=Middle Sulphur Creek Falls|author=Bryan Swan|work=Northwest Waterfall Survey|url=http://www.waterfallsnorthwest.com/nws/falls.php?num=5561|accessdate=2015-07-08}}
13. ^1 {{citation|publisher=Koma Kulshan Associates|title=Koma Kulshan Hydroelectric Project average annual flows for the period 10/1/10 to 9/30/11|via=FERC|date=December 14, 2011|url=http://elibrary.ferc.gov/idmws/common/opennat.asp?fileID=12861342}}
14. ^1 {{citation|publisher=Puget Sound Energy |title=Initial Consultation Document: Baker River Project, FERC No.2150, Existing Conditions |url=http://pse.com/aboutpse/HydroLicensing/Documents/baker/docs/ICD/icd33water.pdf}}
15. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Burkardt|first1=Nina|title=Technical Clarity in Inter-Agency Negotiations: Lessons From Four Hydropower Projects|journal=Water Resources Bulletin|date=April 1995|volume=31|issue=2|pages=188–189|url=https://www.fort.usgs.gov/sites/default/files/products/publications/2556/2556.pdf|accessdate=10 July 2015|publisher=American Water Resources Association|doi=10.1111/j.1752-1688.1995.tb03372.x}}
16. ^1 {{citation|title=Native American Placenames of the United States|first=William |last=Bright|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=2004|ISBN=9780806135984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XfxzCm1qa4C&pg=PA241}}
}}Further reading- {{citation|work=Environmental Impact Assessment Review|date=November 1993|volume=13|number=6|pp=331–351| doi=10.1016/0195-9255(93)90002-S|title=
Assessing the "need to negotiate" in ferc licensing consultations: A study of two hydropower projects|authors=Beth A.K. Coughlan, Nina Burkardt, and David Fulton}} - {{citation|title=IMPACTS OF FLOW DIVERSION FOR SMALL HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS ON SEDIMENT TRANSPORT, NORTHWEST WASHINGTON|authors=Vassilia Angelaki and Jonathan M. Harbor | journal=Physical Geography|volume=16|issue=5|year= 1995| pages=432–443|doi=10.1080/02723646.1995.10642564}}
External links{{stack|{{Portal|Washington|Water|Renewable energy}}}}{{Geogroup}}- FERC document library of documents related to permit 3239, Koma Kulshan
- {{cite peakbagger|id=-38342|name=Dillard Point Lookout}} — area topographic map
{{Puget Sound Energy}} 7 : Hydroelectric power plants in Washington (state)|Buildings and structures in Whatcom County, Washington|Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest|Energy infrastructure completed in 1990|Run-of-the-river power stations|1990 establishments in Washington (state)|Puget Sound Energy |